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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上电093 高小燕The inverted pendulumKey words: inverted pendulum, modeling, PID controllers, Fuzzy controllers, state space controllersWhat is an Inverted Pendulum? Remember when you were a child and
2、;you tried to balance a broom-stick or baseball bat on your index finger or the palm of your hand? You had to constantly adjust the position of your hand
3、to keep the object upright. An Inverted Pendulum does basically the same thing. However, it is limited in that it only moves in one dimension, while your hand c
4、ould move up, down, sideways, etc. Check out the video provided to see exactly how the Inverted Pendulum works. An inverted pendulum is a physical device consisting
5、;in a cylindrical bar (usually of aluminum) free to oscillate around a fixed pivot. The pivot is mounted on a carriage, which in its turn can move on a hor
6、izontal direction. The carriage is driven by a motor, which can exert on it a variable force. The bar would naturally tend to fall down from the top vertical
7、60;position, which is a position of unsteady equilibrium. The goal of the experiment is to stabilize the pendulum (bar) on the top vertical position. This is possible
8、60;by exerting on the carriage through the motor a force which tends to contrast the 'free' pendulum dynamics. The correct force has to be calculated measuring th
9、e instant values of the horizontal position and the pendulum angle (obtained e.g. through two potentiometers). The system pendulum+cart+motor can be modeled as
10、a linear system if all the parameters are known (masses, lengths, etc.), in order to find a controller to stabilize it. If not all the parameters are known, one
11、 can however try to 'reconstruct' the system parameters using measured data on the dynamics of the pendulum. What is it used for?Just like the broom-stick, an
12、60;Inverted Pendulum is an inherently unstable system. Force must be properly applied to keep the system intact. To achieve this, proper control theory is required. The I
13、nverted Pendulum is essential in the evaluating and comparing of various control theories. The inverted pendulum is a traditional example (neither difficult nor trivial) of a
14、 controlled system. Thus it is used in simulations and experiments to show the performance of different controllers (e.g. PID controllers, state space controllers, fuzzy contr
15、ollers.). The Real-Time Inverted Pendulum is used as a benchmark, to test the validity and the performance of the software underlying the state-space controller algorithm, i.
16、e. the used operating system. Actually the algorithm is implement form the numerical point of view as a set of mutually co-operating tasks, which are periodically activat
17、ed by the kernel, and which perform different calculations. The way how these tasks are activated (e.g. the activation order) is called scheduling of the tasks. It i
18、s obvious that a correct scheduling of each task is crucial for a good performance of the controller, and hence for an effective pendulum stabilization. Thus the inv
19、erted pendulum is very useful in determining whether a particular scheduling choice is better than another one, in which cases, to which extent, and so on. Modeling
20、;an inverted pendulum.Generally the inverted pendulum system is modeled as a linear system, and hence the modeling is valid only for small oscillations of the pendulum.
21、 Prescribed trajectory tracking with certain accuracy is a main task of robotic control. The control is often based on a mathematical model of the system. This model
22、 is never an exact representation of reality, since modeling errors are inevitable. Moreover, one can use a simplified model on purpose. In this paper, the structured
23、0;and unstructured uncertainties are of primary interest, i.e., the modeling error due to the parameters variation and unmodeled modes, especially the friction and sensor dynamics,
24、 neglected time delays, etc. The erroneous model and the demand for high performance require the controller to be robust. The sliding mode controllers(SMC) based on
25、;variable structure control can be used if the inaccuracies in the model structure are bounded with known bounds. However, an SMC has some disadvantages, related to
26、;chattering of the control input signal. Often this phenomenon is undesirable, since it causes excessive control action leading to increase wear of the actuators and to e
27、xcitation of unmodeled dynamics. The attempts to attenuate this undesirable effect result in the deterioration of the robustness characteristics. This is a well-known problem
28、0;and widely treated in the literature. In order to obtain smoothing in the bang-bang typed discontinuities of the sliding mode controller different schemes have been su
29、ggested. Another important issue limiting the practical applicability of SMC is the over conservative control law due to the upper bounds of the uncertainties. In practice
30、60;most often the worst case implemented in control law does not take place and the resulting large control inputs become unnecessary and uneconomical. In this paper we&
31、#160;suggest an approach to the design of decentralized motion controllers for electromechanical systems besides the sliding mode motion controller structure and disturbance torque esti
32、mation. The accuracy of the estimation is the critical parameter for robustness in this scheme, as opposed to the upper bounds of the perturbations themselves. Consequently,
33、160;the driving terms of the error dynamics are reduced from the uncertainties (as in the conventional SMC) to the accuracy in their estimates. The result is a much&
34、#160;better tracking accuracy without being over conservative in control. Experimental robustness properties of fuzzy controllers remain theoretically difficult to prove and their synthesis
35、 is still an open problem. The non-linear structure of the final controller is derived from all controllers at the different stages of fuzzy control, particularly from
36、60;common defuzzification methods (such as Centre of Area). In general, fuzzy controllers have a region-wise structure given the partition of its input space by the fuzzificat
37、ion stage. Local controls designed in these regions are then combined into sets to make up the final global control. A partition of the state space can be found
38、 for which the controller has region-wise constant parameters. Moreover, each fuzzy controller tuning parameter (i.e. the shapes and the values of input or output variables
39、60;membership functions) influences the values of parameters in several regions at the same time. In the particular case of a switching line separating the phase plane in
40、to one region where the control is positive whereas in the other it is negative, the fuzzy controller may be seen as a variable structure controller. This kind
41、of a fuzzy controller can be assimilated to a variable structure controller with boundary layer such as in, for which stability theorems exist, but with a non-linear
42、;switching surface. With the use of trapezoidal input membership functions and appropriate composition and inference methods, it will be shown that it is possible to obtain
43、160;rule membership functions which are region-wise affine functions of the controller input variable. We propose a linear defuzzification algorithm that keeps this region-wise affine
44、160;structure and yields a piece-wise affine controller. A particular and systematic parameter tuning method will be given which allows turning this controller into a variable
45、;structure-like controller. We will compare this region-wise affine controller with a Fuzzy and Variable Structure Controller through the application to an inverted pendulum control.
46、60; So far, in the application note series, we have provided several examples showing how to create fuzzy controllers with FIDE. However, these examples do not provide to
47、pics on implementation of the designed system. In this application note, we use an example of an inverted pendulum to provide details on all aspects of fuzzy logic
48、160;based system design. We will begin with system design; analyzing control behavior of a two-stage inverted pendulum. We will then show how to design a fuzzy controller
49、;for the system. We will describe a control curve and how it differs from that of conventional controllers when using a fuzzy controller. Finally, we will discuss ho
50、w to use this curve to define labels and membership functions for variables, as well as how to create rules for the controller. In the formulation of any contr
51、ol problem there will typically be discrepancies between the actual plant and the mathematical model developed for controller design.This mismatch may be due to unmodel
52、led dynamics, variation in system parameters or the approximation of complex plant behavior by a straightforward model.The engineer must ensure that the resulting controller
53、 has the ability to produce the required performance levels in practice despite such plant/model mismatches. This has led to an intense interest in the development
54、of so-called robust control methods which seek to solve this problem. One particular approach to robust control controller design is the so-called sliding mode control methodo
55、logy. Sliding mode control is a particular type of Variable Structure Control System (VSCS). A VSCS is characterized by a suite of feedback control laws and a decis
56、ion rule. The decision rule, termed the switching function, has as its input some measure of the current system behavior and produces as an output the particular fee
57、dback controller which should be used at that instant in time. A variable structure system,which may be regarded as a combination of subsystems where each subsystem
58、;has a fixed control structure and is valid for specified regions of system behavior, results. One of the advantages of introducing this additional complexity into the
59、160;system is the ability to combine useful properties of each of the composite structures of the system. Furthermore, the system may be designed to possess new propertie
60、s not present in any of the composite structures alone. Utilization of these natural ideas began in the Soviet Union in the late 1950's. In sliding mode control
61、, the VSCS is designed to drive and then constrain the system state to lie within a neighborhood of the switching function. There are two main advantages to thi
62、s approach. Firstly, the dynamic behavior of the system may be tailored by the particular choice of switching function. Secondly, the closed-loop response becomes totally inse
63、nsitive to a particular class of uncertainty. The latter invariance property clearly makes the methodology an appropriate candidate for robust control. In addition, the ability
64、0;to specify performance directly makes sliding mode control attractive from the design perspective. The sliding mode design approach consists of two components. The first involve
65、s the design of a switching function so that the sliding motion satisfies design specifications. The second is concerned with the selection of a control law which wi
66、ll make the switching function attractive to the system state. Note that this control law is not necessarily discontinuous. We will provide the reader with a thorough gro
67、unding in the sliding mode control area and as such is appropriate for the graduate with a basic knowledge of classical control theory and some knowledge of state-sp
68、ace methods. From this basis, more advanced theoretical results are developed. Resulting design procedures are emphasized using Matlab files. Fully worked design examples are an
69、60;additional tutorial feature. Industrial case studies, which present the results of sliding mode controller implementations, are used to illustrate the successful practical application
70、0;of the theory. The “INVERTED PENDULUM, ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION” is a collection of MATLAB functions and scripts, and SIMULINK models, useful for analyzing Inverted Pe
71、ndulum System and designing Control System for it. This report & MATLAB-files collection are developed as a part of practical assignment on Control System Analysis, Design
72、 & Development practical problem. The assigned problem of INVERTED PENDULUM is a part of Lab Work of Control System. The Inverted Pendulum is one of
73、0;the most important classical problems of Control Engineering.Broom Balancing (Inverted Pendulum on a cart) is a well known example of nonlinear, unstable control problem. T
74、his problem becomes further complicated when a flexible broom, in place of a rigid broom, is employed. Degree of complexity and difficulty in its control increases with
75、160;its flexibility. This problem has been a research interest of control engineers. Control of Inverted Pendulum is a Control Engineering project based on the&
76、#160;FLIGHT SIMULATION OF ROCKET OR MISSILE DURING THE INITIAL STAGES OF FLIGHT. The AIM OF THIS STUDY is to stabilize the Inverted Pendulum such that the position&
77、#160;of the carriage on the track is controlled quickly and accurately so that the pendulum is always erected in its inverted position during such movements. This practi
78、cal exercise is a presentation of the analysis and practical implementation of the results of the solutions presented in the papers, “Robust Controller for Nonlinear &
79、0;Unstable System: Inverted Pendulum” and “Flexible Broom Balancing” , in which this complex problem was analyzed and a simple yet effective solution was&
80、#160;presented. 倒立摆系统关键词:倒立摆,建模,PID控制器,模糊控制器,状态空间控制器什么是倒立摆?记得你在儿童时期用你的食指或者掌心试图去平衡一扫帚柄或者棒球棍吗?你需要不停地动你手的位置来让对象垂直。一倒立摆实质上就是做一样的事。但是,因为受限制它只能在一 定的范围内动,即使你的手可以往上、往下、往斜等等。看录象里的画面来观察倒立摆的工作。 倒立摆是一个物理设备。它包括一个圆柱形的棒子(通常是铝的)在一个支点附近振荡。这个支点是安装在一个车架上的,它是水平方向偏转的。小车是由一个马达控制,它可以用在一个变力上。棒子自然的趋势从最高的竖直的地方开始下落
81、,这是一个不稳定的平衡位置。 实验的目的是使摆(棒球棍)稳定在最高的竖直位置。这是有可能会实现的,只要运用通过带有马达的小车的一个力,该力可以抵消“自由”摆的动力学。这正确的力必须用计算来测量水平偏转的瞬时值和摆的角度(获得两个电位计)。系统摆+小车+马达可以建成一个线性系统。如果所有的参数都已知(质量、长度等),要寻找一个控制器来稳定它。如果不是所有的参数都是已知的,那就可以用多种方法去“推理”系统参数,比如摆的动力学的测量数据。 实时倒立摆作为一个基准,去测试软件在状态空间控制器的运算法则下的有效性和功能,也就是实用操作系统。实际上运算法则是通过把数值点来实现的该数值点看作一组互助操作的任
82、务,它是有周期的通过核心的活动,它是执行不同计算的。这些如何活动任务的方法(例如激活命令)被称作任务的时序安排。对于每个任务的时序安排很明显这是对控制器的性能来说是至关紧要的,因此这对于摆的稳定性是有用的。如此来说倒立摆是很有用的决定是否一个特殊的时序安排的选择比另一个好,在什么情况下,在哪种程度等等。 倒立摆是干什么的呢?它就象是扫帚柄,一个倒立摆是一个注定的不稳定系统。力度须被精准地应用来保持系统的完整性。为了来实现它,严格的控制理论是必须要有的。倒立摆有必要用于在求数值和各种控制理论的比较中。倒立摆是控制器系统中的一个比较传统的例子(既不是很困难也不是没有价值)。尽管它是用仿真和实验来显示不同的控制器的性能(例如PID控制器,状态空间控制器,模糊控制器)。 倒立摆的建模。一般倒立摆系统建模成一个线形系统,因此模型只有对小幅度内的摆动的摆才有效。 轨道通过的精确性是机器控制的一个首要任务。控制通常是基于系统的数学模型。模型不是一 个准确的实际表现,模型出现误差是不可避免的。此外,我们可以特意建一个简单的模型。在这篇论文中, 构造好的和未构造好的不确定性因素是主要的,简单来说就是模型
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