及物动词与不及物动词,瞬间动词与延续性动词转换

1、教师用英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成不及物动词与和及物动词。及物动词其实所谓“及物”，就是后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式，而不及物动词是没有被动式的，也不可直接加宾语，需加上介词。及物动词后面可直接接宾语，不及物动词后面不可直接接宾语，一般要加介词后再接宾语。实际上很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。我举一个例子，就说write。如I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一个句子write是不及物动词，在后一个句子write是及物动词。又如，see是及物动词，但在特殊情况下如seeing is believing。不及物动词就是一个动作不能

2、施加到另一个物体上，也就是后面不能加宾语。例如：He is running. run这个动词就是不及物动词，后面不能加sth。（不能说跑什么东西）不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了，如listen to,look at.如：look 看 (vi. x宾语(即不能直接加宾语. Look! She is singing.Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语look

3、 at 看.+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语分清及物不及物动词:a主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于："主谓宾"；"主谓双宾"；"主谓宾宾补"结构。如：He reached Paris the day before yesterday.Please hand me the book over there.They asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, off

4、er, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.b主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于："主谓"结构。This is the room where I once lived.类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail,

5、hurry, fail, succeed.c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.d既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"

6、消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。He lifted his glass and drank.类似的还有：beatvi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;grow vi.生长 vt.种植play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅ringvi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speak vi.讲话vt. 说（语言）hangvi. 悬挂 vt.绞死operate vi.动手术vt. 操作在英语错误中，“及物动词介词宾语”（transitive v

7、erb+preposition+object），是常见的一种。所谓及物动词，就是谓语动词（predicative verb），不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的，不及物动词（intransitive verb）是不带宾语的。有许多动词，虽然性质是及物的，但不一定要有宾语，如下列的a和a便是这种情形：a. We study every day.b. Do you study English every day.a. Please write clearly next time.b. Can you write your composition now?如果本质上就是不及物动词，就不会有宾语；若要宾语，

8、就要借介词之助，一起连用才行(不及物动词+宾语+介词，如b和b;a和a是错的；*a. The children are listening the music.b. The children are listening to the music.*a. She is laughing the crippled man.b. She is laughing at the crippled man.反之，及物动词不必靠介词，就可以带宾语，如上述的b和b ，又如和： John is giving a book to me. Who will answer this question?如果无意中把介词

9、加上，就错了，如：* Who will answer to this question?下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子，也犯了同样的错：“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”“Awaiting”是个及物动词，后面的介词“for”是多余的，要去掉；不然把“awaiting”改为“waiting for”也行。许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面，然后才带出宾语。最常见的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”，如： Singaporeans seem to have emp

10、hasized on material gains. In our education system, we stress upon examination results. World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.显然的，这三句里的介词“on/upon”和“about”是多余的，不必要的。下面是些类似的错误： The young must obey to their elders. Do not approach to that odd-looking man. The au

11、dience attacked on the rude speaker. Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes. Do you hope to serve for your nation? When did Susan marry with Paul?介词“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才对。为什么会有这些错误呢？主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次，就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一，要把“及物动词宾语”和“不及物动词介词宾语”划分清楚，如：I did not answer hi

12、m./ I did not reply to him.He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.第二，把及物动词转化为名词，然后加上适当的介词和宾语，如：Don't approach such a person.Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?A 有些动词只是及物动词; 它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。False: They always want after lunch.Right: They always want a cup

13、 of tea after lunch.False: He is sending now.Right: He is sending a letter now.B 有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。Right: He is looking around.False: He is looking me.Right: He is looking at me.Right: He is listening carefully.False: He is listening the teacher carefully.Right: He is listening

14、 to the teacher carefully.C 有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词; 但是有时候词义会改变。The customer is asking loudly.The customer is asking for you now.The customer is asking a question now.If you work hard, you will succeed.If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam (same meaning.If you work hard, you will succeed

15、 John as the manager of this company (different meaning.延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换表示一段时间的for和since短语，两者可相互转换。与for, since短语连用的现在完成时态中的动词应为延续性动词。某些非延续性动词也可以用于现在完成时的句子中，但如果有表示一段时间的状语，这些动词必须用延续性动词代替。如下，动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, wat

16、ch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How lon

17、g did you stay there last year?二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock;例:He died 5 years ago.否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。例:I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't

18、heard from him for 3 weeks.三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave-be away, borrow -keep, buy -have, begin/start-be on, die-be dead, finish-be over, join-be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, open sth-keep sth open, fall ill-be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold-have a cold, come here-be here, go there-be there, become-b

19、e, come back-be back, fall asleep-be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach-be (in, leave-be away from, get to know-know, go(getoutbe out，put onwear；catch a coldhave a cold等。例:The old man died 4 years ago. -The old man has been dead for 4 years.- It is 4 years since the old man died. -Four years has passed si

20、nce the old man died. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago. -I have had the book for 5 days.瞬间动词与延续性动词转换练习题1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for 20 minutes.A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I _ the

21、League for 5 years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. have gone to3. The factory _ since the February of 1988. A .has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5. You mustn't _ u

22、ntil he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left D. have left6. The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over D. ended7. Miss Gao _ this school for nearly 5 years. A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught D. taught8. Ben _ a teacher for 4 years .A. has been B. has

23、become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned D. am returned10. How long _ he _ ?A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead D. did, died11. He _ at eight yesterday afternoon.A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept12. He _ the car for a week. A. bought B. has bought C. has had