材料表面及界面 第一章

1、6a. Components of aviation and aerospaceb. Coatings for civil usec. Special surface and interface functional materials: biological surface and interface with special functions and micro-structure; super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic materials.Applications：7 F22、F117 隐形飞机（复合材料-取代金属材料+吸波涂层)隐形涂料隐形涂

2、料：这种涂料含有大量的铁氧体粉末材料，依靠其自身自由电子的重排来消耗雷达波的能量。铁氧体隐形涂料隐形涂料的缺点也是比较明显的：吸波频带较窄，单一涂料只对特定频段的雷达波起作用；对环境要求高，需要为隐形飞机配备昂贵的空调机库，加重了后勤负担；重量大，会对飞机的机动性能产生影响。因此，很多国家都把目光瞄准了新一代的隐隐形涂料形涂料。8 水泥基表面的树脂涂层 9彩色钢板涂层示意图 10柱塞、阀座用耐磨陶瓷涂层 11哈利波特中隐身术在现实世界中也可以实现 12 Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, have for the firs

3、t time engineered 3-D materials that can reverse the natural direction of visible and near-infrared light, a development that could help form the basis for higher resolution optical imaging, nanocircuits for high-powered computers, and, to the delight of science-fiction and fantasy buffs, cloaking d

4、evices that could render objects invisible to the human eye.A schematic and two scanning electron microscope images with top and side views of a metamaterial that is composed of parallel nanowires embedded inside porous aluminum oxide. 1314荷叶的表面结构：由微米级的乳突组成，乳突结构又由纳米级的精细荷叶的表面结构：由微米级的乳突组成，乳突结构又由纳米级的精细

5、结构构成（见右图）该表面为超疏水特性结构构成（见右图）该表面为超疏水特性15Surface structure of SharkSimulated sharks surface was applied on airplane参见微/纳米生物摩擦学李健等译。16金龟子及其表面微结构金龟子及其表面微结构17科学家发现蝴蝶翅膀是天然科学家发现蝴蝶翅膀是天然发光二极管发光二极管非洲燕尾蝶翅膀上鳞状物的非洲燕尾蝶翅膀上鳞状物的光学显微图象光学显微图象蝴蝶翅膀上的鳞状覆盖物内包含着一些被称为蝴蝶翅膀上的鳞状覆盖物内包含着一些被称为“光子晶光子晶体体”(Photonic Crystals)(Photonic

6、 Crystals)的微小结构，而这和发光二极管中的微孔的微小结构，而这和发光二极管中的微孔的作用机制非常类似。的作用机制非常类似。 Ideal surfacedinteriorSurfaceIdeal surfaceTwo-dimentional lattice plane with a theoretically complete structure1. Ignoring the influence of the interruption of periodic potential inside at the surface of the crystal;2. Ignoring the t

7、hermal motion, thermal diffusion and thermal defects etc. of the atoms at the surface;3. Ignoring the external physical and chemical effects on the surface.The atomic sites and structure inside are infinitely periodic, and those on the surface are semi-infinitely periodic and exactly the same with t

8、hose inside.dClean surfacelClean surface is referred to a surface on which physical and chemical effects such as adsorption, catalyzing reaction, impurity diffusion, etc., do not exist.lThe chemical composition of the clean surface is the same as that inside, while the structure could be different f

9、rom inside.lTo obtain the clean surface, special methods are needed and the super-high vacuum of 1.331.331010-10-10 Pa must be maintained at the same time.完整的真空系统机械泵机械泵机械泵机械泵机械泵机械泵UHV腔腔分子泵分子泵离子泵离子泵Ti 泵泵热偶规热偶规热偶规热偶规热偶规热偶规B-A计计气瓶气瓶分子束分子束转盘转盘泄漏阀泄漏阀(1) ledge surface晶面1（平面）晶面3 （连接面）晶面2 （立面）The surface is

10、 composed of regular or irregular ledges.112111110(001)周期周期(2) relaxed surface指表面层之间以及表面和体内原子层之间的垂直间距指表面层之间以及表面和体内原子层之间的垂直间距ds和体内原子层间距和体内原子层间距d0相比有所膨胀和压缩的现象。相比有所膨胀和压缩的现象。可能涉及几个原子层。可能涉及几个原子层。ds内部内部表面表面d0(3) reconstructed surface表面原子层在水平方向上的周期性不同于体内，表面原子层在水平方向上的周期性不同于体内，但在垂直方向上的层间间距但在垂直方向上的层间间距d0与体内相同

11、。与体内相同。d0内部内部表面表面d0d0d0asa1.3 Adsorption surface来自体内扩散到表面的杂质和来自表面周围空间吸来自体内扩散到表面的杂质和来自表面周围空间吸附在表面上的质点所构成的表面。附在表面上的质点所构成的表面。吸附表面可分为四种吸附位置吸附表面可分为四种吸附位置：顶吸附、桥吸附顶吸附、桥吸附 、填充吸附、中心吸附、填充吸附、中心吸附 顶吸附顶吸附桥吸附桥吸附填充吸附填充吸附中心吸附中心吸附俯视图俯视图剖面图剖面图1.4 Surface segregation Surface segregation is the enrichment of the concentration of one component at the surface of the materials.0 XXXBS0)( 0TotalSBSNNXXX1.5 Machined surface (1)不同加工方法形成的材料表面轮廓曲线 机械加工面的表面粗糙度加工方法 Ra（m） 珩磨 0.01 0.05 研磨 0.08 0.63 磨削 0.32 2.5 铣削 1.25 5 车削 0.63 5 钻削 1.25 10 机械加工后的表面，表面粗糙