逻辑关系及其标志性词语

1、 逻辑关系及其标志性词语1 转折but prep.除.以外 conj.而是, 但是 adv.几乎, 仅仅conj.而是；但是Not one, but two!不是一，而是二！尽管还是tired but happy尽管累却很快活可是；然而I was going to write, but I lost your address.我本来要写信的，可是把你的地址弄丢了。however adv.无论如何, 可是, 仍然, 究竟 conj.不管用何种方法, 然而, 可是adv.无论如何；不论到什么程度He can answer the question however hard it is.不管问题有多

2、难他都能回答。However did you get here?你是怎么到这里来的?不过；然而He hasn't arrived. He may, however, come later.他还未到，不过，他可能过一会儿来。"I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full.""我很想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。"yet adv.仍, 至今, 益发, 更 conj.然而, 但是adv.还，尚，仍He has not come yet.他还没有来。She is yet a child.她

3、还是个孩子。He was poor, yet happy.他很穷，可是很快乐。The driver's not yet conscious after the accident.驾驶员在出事后,还没有苏醒过来。The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.医生们尚未确定这位妇女的死因。nevertheless conj.然而, 不过 adv.仍然, 不过adv.仍然(还), 不过He succeeded nevertheless.不过他还是成功了。though adv.虽然, 可是 conj.虽然, 尽管conj.虽然；纵然；即

4、使；尽管Though it was raining, he went there.虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。Though he was poor he was happy.虽然他很穷却很快乐。whereas conj.然而, 反之, 鉴于, 尽管, 但是conj.但是；相反Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。鉴于，因on the contrary adv.正相反contraryadj.（常与to连用）别扭的；格格不入的；固执的Mrs. Smith is too contrary to

5、make friends easily.史密斯太太过于固执而不易交朋友。by contrast with 和.成对照； 和.比起来Contrast n.（常与to连用）对照；对比；对立反差；差异There is a great contrast between good and evil.善与恶有明显的差别。vt., vi.（常与with连用）使对照；使对比The writer contrasts good with evil.作家使美好与邪恶形成对照。对比时显示差别；成对照Your action contrast with your principles.你的行为和道义对比时就显示出差别。Y

6、our actions contrast unfavourably with your principles.你的行为与你的处世原则相差甚远。on the other hand adv.另一方面unfortunately adv. 不幸地 可惜地，遗憾地adv.不幸地Unfortunately belts are worn only by a small percentage of drivers and passengers.不幸的是,只有数量很少的驾驶员和旅客系保险带。可惜地，遗憾地Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest we have

7、 ever seen.不幸得很,这次演出是我们所看过的最乏味的演出。in fact adv.事实上Indeed adv.真正地, (加强语气)确实, (表示让步)当然, 甚至, 真的吗?adv.的确是；实在是I was indeed very glad to hear the news.我听到这消息的确很高兴。'Did you hear the explosion last night?' 'Indeed I did.'"'昨天夜里你听到爆炸声了吗?''当然,我听到了。'"（表示惊奇、反语等）真的，的确Who

8、is this woman? Who is she, indeed!(I wonder at your asking.)“这个女人是谁？”“她是谁，真是！”（难道你不知道吗？）'I earn $1000 a day.' 'Indeed?''我一天赚一千美元。''真的吗?'（用于very + 形容词或副词后，加强语气）Thank you very much indeed.实在太感谢你了。I shall be very glad indeed.那我真太高兴啦。Instead adv.代替, 改为, 抵作, 更换adv.替代；更换If

9、you cannot go, let him go instead.如果你不能去，让他替你去。I didn't have a pen, so I used a pencil instead.我没有钢笔，因此我就用铅笔了。（与of连用）代替We'll have tea in the garden instead of in the house.我们将改在花园喝茶，而不在屋里喝。I will go instead of you.我代你去。Though adv.虽然, 可是conj.虽然, 尽管conj.虽然；纵然；即使；尽管Though it was raining, he wen

10、t there.虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。Though he was poor he was happy.虽然他很穷却很快乐。The article is very important though it is short.那篇文章虽然很短，但很重要。as though好像The animal was walking as though it had hurt its leg.这动物走路的样子好像伤了腿似的。While n.一会儿, 时间conj.当.的时候, 虽然vt.消磨prep.<古><方>直到n.一会儿a long while好长一会儿A short

11、while ago, however, he became a busdriver and he has not regretted it.可是,不久前他当了一名公共汽车驾驶员,而且他不后悔。once in a while有时；偶而worth one's while值得；有价值in spite of 虽然；尽管仍Spite spaItn.(in of)不顾, 不管, 敌意v.困扰n.恶意；怨恨He took my best toy just out of spite!他仅仅出于怨恨拿走了我最好的玩具！I went out in spite of the rain.尽管下雨我还是出去了。

12、In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through."尽管我们作出了巨大努力,我们还是没能完成计划。"Regardless of adj.不管, 不顾Regardless adv.In spite of everything; anyway:不顾后果；无论如何：continues to work regardless.不顾后果地继续工作regardless adj.Heedless; unmindful.毫不在意的；毫不顾及的2 让步Even if/though conj.即使Although con

13、j.虽然；尽管Although they are poor they are happy.虽然他们很穷，但很快乐。Though adv.虽然, 可是conj.虽然, 尽管conj.虽然；纵然；即使；尽管Though it was raining, he went there.虽然当时正下着雨，他还是到那里去了。Though he was poor he was happy.虽然他很穷却很快乐。The article is very important though it is short.那篇文章虽然很短，但很重要。as though好像The animal was walking as th

14、ough it had hurt its leg.这动物走路的样子好像伤了腿似的。Much asDespiteprep.不管, 尽管, 不论despite prep.不管；不顾；即使Despite the bad weather we enjoyed our holiday.尽管天气不好，我们的假期仍过得很愉快。Won the game despite overwhelming odds.尽管差异悬殊，还是赢得了比赛in spite of 虽然；尽管仍Spite spaItn.(in of)不顾, 不管, 敌意v.困扰n.恶意；怨恨He took my best toy just out of

15、 spite!他仅仅出于怨恨拿走了我最好的玩具！I went out in spite of the rain.尽管下雨我还是出去了。In spite of great efforts we failed to carry our plans through."尽管我们作出了巨大努力,我们还是没能完成计划。"For all adv.尽管3 并列And 连接并列的名词、代词或数词同, 和, 与, 如： Father and I went to Xinhua bookstore yesterday. 父亲和我昨天到新华书店去过。conj.和；及；并Let's go an

16、d play basketball.我们去打篮球吧。Mathews and Tyler are singing and dancing.马修斯和泰勒在唱歌跳舞。然后； 接着又She read for an hour and went to bed.她读了一小时的书，然后就去睡了。And also 连，也Or conj.或, 或者, 还是conj.也不He never smokes or drinks.他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。或，或者； 还是Will you have tea or coffee?你喝茶还是喝咖啡？I'd like it to be black, (or) white, o

17、r grey.我希望它是黑色的，（或）白色的，或灰色的。I don't know where I left my book - either at school or on the bus.我不知道把书丢在哪儿了。不是落在学校，就是丢到公共汽车上了。"She wants to live in Madrid or London or Rome.; She wants to live in Madrid, London, or Rome."她希望住在马德里、伦敦或者罗马。（要）不然；否则Put on your overcoat, or you will catch co

18、ld.穿上你的大衣，不然你会着凉。He must pay the debt or else go to prison."他必须还债,否则就得去坐牢。""Go quick, or else you'll miss the bus.""快走,否则你要赶不上公共汽车了。"就是；或者说This medicine, or rather drug, has a violent effect.这种药品，或者说麻醉剂，有强烈的效果。as well as adv.也, 又Neithernor 既不.也不.Nn.两者都不

19、conj.既不.又不, 也不Eitheror 不是.就是., .或. Eitheradj.任一的, (两方中的)每一方的pron.任一, 随便任一个conj.或者, 也Similarly adv.同样地, 类似于Similar terms同类项Directly similar直接相似的Inversely similar逆相似的In a similar way以与.相似的方式Be similar to与.相似, 类似于.Equally adv.相等地, 平等地, 公平地adv.平等地，相等地treated them equally平等对待他们Divide it equally.平均分配这个。同样

20、地equally important同样重要The two girls can run equally fast.这两个女孩能跑得一样快。equally well同样They're equally strong.他们一样强壮。in the same way adv.同样地bothand 既.又.bothadj.两者, 双方的pron.双方, 两者what is more 更甚者not only but also conj.不但.而且4条件 If conj.(表条件)如果, (表假设)要是, 是否, 即使 n.条件, 设想conj.如果；假如If you ask him, he will

21、 help you.如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。"If need be, we'll work all night.""如果需要,我们就干个通宵。"即使；虽然We'll go even if it rains.即使下雨我们也要去。是否She asked if that was enough.她问那是否够了。He asked if Mr Gilbert's operation had been successful and the doctor told him that it had been."他问吉尔伯特先生的手术是

22、否成功,医生告诉他,手术是成功的。"n.条件，限制条件I don't want any ifs and buts; do it at once."我不想听任何要推延的理由,立刻干吧。"Your investigation report seems to have too many ifs.你的调查报告似乎假设太多了一些。Only ifas long as 只要, 在.的时候Provided that 假如, 设若providedconj.（常与that连用）假若；倘若；倘使You may keep the book a further week provi

23、ded (that) no one else requires it.倘若这本书没有其他人想借的话，你可以再续借一个礼拜。在的条件下；如果：will pay the bonus provided the job is completed on time.如果工作及时完成的话将发奖金providingconj.倘若Unless conj.如果不, 除非conj.除非；如果不My baby sister never cries unless she is hungry.我刚出生的妹妹除非饿了，她是从来不哭的。I shall go there tomorrow unless I'm too

24、busy.如果我不太忙，明天将到那儿去。Unless you go at once you will be late.如果你不马上走，就会迟到的。Exceptional talent does not always win its reward unless favored by exceptional circumstances(Mary Elizabeth Braddon)“除非得到特殊的情况的护佑，否则有特殊才能的人并不总能赢得对其才能的回报”(玛丽·伊丽莎白·布雷登) in care conj.万一caren.忧虑；焦虑；烦恼Care killed a cat.(谚

25、)忧虑伤身。He was worried by all the cares of the family.他为家庭的各种牵累所烦恼。照管；管理；看护Take care of your brother while I am away.当我不在的时候，你要照顾好你弟弟。注意Handle with care!小心轻放！小心；留神He handled the test sample with care, because he was afraid of spoiling it.他小心地拿着试验标本,怕把它弄坏。Cross the road with care.过马路要留神。由转交Address my m

26、ail in care of Mary.我的邮件请由玛丽转交。take into care（将小孩）送进公立机构照顾in care of adv.假设, 万一in the event that 如果 在.情况下5因果because conj.adv.因为conj.因为I do it because I like it.我做这件事是因为我喜欢。He's called 'Ginger' because of his bright ginger hair.他长着一头淡黄色的头发,因而被人叫着'黄毛'。He eats because of greed, not

27、hunger.他不是因为饿了,而是因为贪嘴才吃的。John didn't attend the meeting because he was ill.约翰没有出席会议, 因为他病了。B-he is tired, he does not want to go with us.因为他太疲劳所以他不想和我们一起去。I criticized him, not because I hate him but because I love him.我批评他不是因为我恨他而是因为我爱他。A traditional rule holds that the construction the reason

28、is because is redundant, and should be avoided in favor of the reason is that. The usage is well established, however, and can be justified by analogy to constructions such as His purpose in calling her was so that she would be forewarned of the change in schedule or The last time I saw her was when

29、 she was leaving for college. All three constructions are somewhat less than graceful, however. · When because follows a negated verb phrase, it should be preceded by a comma when the because clause explains why the event did not occur. He didn't marry her, because she was frivolous means r

30、oughly, “Her frivolity was his reason for not marrying her.” When no comma is used, the because clause is understood as part of what is being negated. He didn't marry her because she was frivolous means roughly, “His reason for marrying her was independent of her frivolity.”传统的原则认为结构 the reason

31、is because太累赘，应避免，而赞同使用 the reason is that 。这种用法被广泛地接受，并可以用类似的结构证明是正确的，如 他 呼唤她的目的是以便 她能预先知道时间安排的改变，或者 最近一次 我看见她是当 她正要去学院时。然而所这三种结构都有不够完美的地方。当 because跟着一个否定动词短语时，该在它前面加一个逗号来表示这个 because从句解释的是为什么这件事 没有发生。 他不娶她，因为她很轻浮。粗略的意思是， “她的轻浮是他不娶她的原因。”当没有用逗号时，这个 because从句被理解为被否定的部分。 他不娶她不是因为她轻薄，粗略的意思是，“他和她结婚的原因与她

32、的轻薄无关。”because of因为; 由于; 为了(I didn't go out because of rain. 因为下雨, 所以我没有出去。)【说明】在reason is的后面, 人们常用that而不用because开头的从句。for prep.(表示目的)为了, 因为, 至于, 对于, 适合于conj.因为prep.给；为a present for Mary给玛丽的礼物I've got a little present for your birthday.我有一件小礼物送给你过生日。I can do it for myself.我自己能做这件事。These inve

33、stigations are not done for nothing.这些调查工作自然不是白做的。以为目的地；开往；前往We set off for London.我们动身去伦敦。在时间She's coming for Christmas.她在圣诞节来。代；替；代表Red is for danger.红色代表危险。What do you want for a present?你要什么样的东西作礼物?为了for existence为了生存"Did you come to Paris for the purpose of simple leisure, or for busin

34、ess purposes?""你到巴黎来的目的纯粹是为了休闲,还是为了做生意?"对于；关于For him to forfeit his favourite hobby would be impossible.要他放弃他所喜爱的业余爱好是不可能的。I have no ear for music.我对音乐外行。For many of these families a college education was something new."对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。"因为He's learning English for t

35、he fun of it.他为了好玩才学习英语的。for several reasons因为种种原因We bought this house with a much higher price than others just for its convenience."我们买下这幢房子花的钱比其它房屋要贵得多,就是图的方便。"仅管For all his efforts, he didn't succeed.他虽然竭尽全力还是没有成功。"For all your explanations, I understand no better than before.

36、""尽管你作了解释,我还是不懂。"以为价钱；付出a pen for 50 pence 50便士一枝笔以的价格，值He paid 50 pence for the book.他付了50便士买这本书。经过（时间、距离）We ran for two miles.我们跑了两英里。He stayed for a week.他待了一周。We haven't seen each other for ages.我们好久没见面了。用于for + 名词或代词 + to + 不定式动词的名词短语中The bell rang for the lesson to begin.开始上

37、课的铃响了。for example例如You can buy fruit here oranges and bananas, for example.你可以在这里买水果，例如买柑橘和香蕉。"The government has reduced spending in several areas, for example in the construction of highways.""政府已经在几个方面削减了开支,例如高速公路的建设。"That's for you!就是这样！There's . for you!恰好相反He just g

38、rabbed the money and left There's gratitude for you!他抓了钱就走，你可真会感激人！Since adv.以后, 后来, 以前prep.自从, 自.以来conj.自.以后, 自.以来, 因为, 既然ever since从那时起, 一直到现在long since好久以前, 早已not long since就在不久since then其后, 从此一直conj.自以后； 自以来What have you been doing since I last saw you?自我上次和你见面以后，你在做什么？既然；因 为Since you ask, I

39、 will tell you.你既然问，我就告诉你。"Since many of the customers work during the day, Billy has to collect the money at night.""因为许多顾客白天上班,所以毕利只好晚上去收钱。"sinceadv.其后，后来At first he refused but since has accepted.他最初拒绝，但后来接受了。We have been friends ever since.自此以后我们一直是朋友。"The fish, which ha

40、s since been sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish.""这条后来被送到一个博物馆,在那里接受一位科学家的观察、研究的鱼,名叫皇带鱼。"以前How long since is it?那是在多久以前？since adv.From then until now or between then and now: 自从以后从那时代到现在或那时和现在之间：They left town and haven't been here sin

41、ce.他们离开了镇子，从那以后再也没有来过这儿Before now; ago:以前；从前：a name long since forgotten.一个以前长久为人所遗忘的名字After some point in the past; at a subsequent time: 从那以后从过去某一点以后；在后来的一段时间：My friend has since married and moved to California.我的朋友从那以后就结了婚并移居到加利福尼亚since prep.Continuously from:连续地自以来：They have been friends since c

42、hildhood.他们从幼时起一直是好朋友Intermittently from:从以来：She's been skiing since childhood.她从幼时起就开始滑雪since conj.During the period subsequent to the time when:在以后的一段时间里：He hasn't been home since he graduated.他毕业后没回过家Continuously from the time when:从时起一直：They have been friends ever since they were in grad

43、e school.他们从小学起就一直是好朋友Inasmuch as; because:既然；因为：Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it.既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你了as adv.同样地, 被看作, 象prep.当做conj.与.一样, 当.之时, 象, 因为adv.同样；相同He runs fast, but I run just as fast.他跑得快，但我跑得同样快。被看作；被认为是man as described by scientists科学家所描述的人类asconj.（用于比较）与一样He

44、can run as fast as I can.他能跑得和我一样快。She works in the same building as my sister.她和我的妹妹在同一大楼上班。This is the same as it was before.这个与以前一样。诸如such animals as cats and dogs诸如猫、狗之类的动物当；正值He dropped the glass as he stood up.他站起来时，把杯子摔了。thus adv.因而, 从而, 这样, 如此adv.如此，像这样He sold his farm and thus he had enough

45、 money for his journey.他卖掉了农场，这样他就有足够的钱旅行了。因此；于是There has been no rain thus, the crops are drying.天没下雨，因此庄稼要枯死了。thus far至今，迄今hence adv.因此, 从此adv.因此，所以It is very late; hence you must go to bed.时间已经很晚了，因此你必须睡觉去。"The town was built among the hills, hence the name Hilltown.""该城镇修建在群山之中,故取

46、名'山城'。"Hence the play.因而就有了这出戏。从此后，从今后seven years hence七年以后therefore adv.因此, 所以adv.因此；所以I was ill, and therefore could not come.我病了，所以没能来。He has broken his leg and therefore he can't walk.他摔坏了腿，因此不能走路了。We do not have enough money. Therefore we cannot afford to buy the new car.我们的钱不够,因此买不成这辆新车。（用于推论）因而，因此He was the only candidate; therefore, he was elected.他是唯一的候选人，因此，他当选了。So conj.因而, 所以, 那么, 这样看来adv.表示程度 如此, 那么, 非常, 很, 表示方式 这样, 那样, 如此, 因此adv.如是；这样；照 此而行；如此Hold your pen so.这