专升本英语基本语法知识

1、专升本英语语法命题的若干规律规律 1 考查英语语法基础知识尽管专升本英语的单项填空题的考点分布很广,但可以肯定的是,它主要涉 及的还是英语语法的基础知识, 只有具备一定的语法基础, 同时兼顾一定的解题 方法和技巧,大部分考题都是可以做出来的。如:1. Judy is going to marry the sailor she _ in Rome last year. (2008重庆卷 A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet【分析】 B 。 根据句末的 last year可知, 空格处应用一般过去时。 注:she met in Rome last yea

2、r为修饰 the sailor的定语从句。2. Isnt it amazing how the human body heals _ after an injury? (2008江西 卷 A. himself B. him C. itself D. it【分析】 C 。同学们在初中英语中就学过,当主语和宾语指同一个人或事物 时, 宾语必须要用反身代词, 不能用宾格代词。 注:heal oneself在此指 “自愈” 。 规律 2 在语境中考查语法运用近年来专升本英语单项填空的一个最大特点就是突出语境考查, 即将具体的 语法知识置于特定的语境中进行考查, 既考查运用语法知识的正确性, 同时也考

3、查运用语法知识的得体性。如:1. I thought youd be late for the concert, _ we ended up getting there ahead of time. (2008湖南卷 A. but B. or C. so D. for【分析】 A 。比较空格前后两句的意思:前面说“我原以为你听音乐会会迟 到的” , 后面说 “结果我们提前赶到了” 。 很显然空格处应填一个表转折的连词, 这样才符合句子的语境。2. You _ be hungry already you had lunch only two hours ago! (2008浙 江卷 A. wou

4、ldnt B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt【分析】 B 。 做好此题要注意句子后半部的语境。 既然 you had lunch only two hours ago(你两个小时前才吃过中饭,所以你现在“不可能”就饿了,所以答 案选 B 。规律 3 综合考查语法基础知识这里说的综合考查语法知识,指的是一道考题同时考查两个或多个语法点, 如将时态考点与语态考点综合, 将时态考点与主谓一致考点综合, 将非谓语动词 考点与并列句考点综合,将复合句考点与简单句考点综合,等等。如:1. Did you go to the show last night? Yeah. Every bo

5、y and girl in the area _ invited. (2008陕西卷 A. were B. have been C. has been D. was【分析】 D 。此题既考查时态的用法,同时又考查主语一致。根据问句中的 时态和 last night这一短语可知,此处谈的是昨晚的事,故应用一般过去时,而 不用现在完成时。 另外, 根据英语语法, 当两个或多个名词并列作主语, 且受到 every 的修饰时,其后谓语动词要用单数。故答案选 D 。2. Do you have any problems if you _ this job? Well, Im thinking about

6、 the salary. (2008湖南卷 A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered【分析】 C 。此题既考查时态,同时又考查被动语态。由于 if 引导的是条件 状语从句, 所以要用一般现在时表示将来意义, 而不能直接使用将来时态, 故可 排除 B 和 D ;再根据 offer sb sth(为某人提供某物这一句式可知, sb 与 offer 之间为被动关系,故要用被动语态。规律 4 在特定语境中考查边缘知识这里所说的边缘知识,指的是一般语法上涉及得较少,许多同学在复习中接 触较少的知识点。 这类考点有的虽然一般语法书讲得

7、较少, 但并不意味着它在英 语中并不重要。如:1. When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have _ for her, but now all her worries are gone. (2008湖北卷 A. in need B. in time C. in preparation D. in store【分析】 D 。 in store for是习语,其意为“为储备着”“等待着”, 如:The runner kept some energy in store for spurting at

8、the end. 那名赛跑的人为最 后的冲刺贮存精力。 Theres a surprise in store for you.你一定会大吃一惊的。 2. Elizabeth has already achieved success _ her wildest dreams. (2008陕西 卷 A. at B. beyond C. within D. upon【分析】 B 。 beyond ones wildest dreams为习语,其意为“远远超出想象或 希望” , 这可能是许多同学不太熟悉的一个用法, 并且它在教材中也没有出现过。 又如:The scheme succeeded beyo

9、nd my wildest dreams. 这个计划超乎异常地成功 了。3. Engines are to machines _ hearts are to animals. (2006山东卷 A. as B. that C. what D. which【分析】 C 。这是一个比较难的考题,就算是放到大学四、六级考试中也绝 对算是难题, 一般的英语语法书也绝对没有涉及此问题, 就是连最新出版的 牛 津高阶英汉双解词典和朗文当代高级英语辞典的 what 词条下也找不到此 用法。现分析如:what 在此用作连词,其意为“好比”“犹如”“就像”,用 以引导相似状语从句。如:Air is to us

10、what water is to fish. 我们离不开空气,就 像鱼儿离不开水一样。 Reading is to the mind what food is to the body. 读书与思想 的关系就好比食物与健康的关系。规律 5 在复杂语境中考查简单知识有的知识点本来很简单,如果是单独进行考查,一般学生都不会出错,但是 如果将其置于一个较复杂的语境中, 许多考生就可能受复杂句子结构的影响而选 错。如:1. Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street? (2008辽宁卷 【分析】 C 。此题考查指示代词 that 的远指用法,这是同学们

11、在初中就学过 的知识了。 但是, 由于命题者将这个本来很简单的知识点放到了一个比较复杂的 对话背景中, 分散了同学们对被考查知识点的注意力, 所以许多同学在做此题时 选错了答案。请再看一个类似的例子:That day we visited an old house. Thats where he spent his last years. 那天我们去参观了一座老房子, 那就是他去世前几年 他住的地方。这类句式如果改用 this ,则表近指,如:This is where the river is deepest. 这是河流的最深处。 This is where we change from c

12、ar to bus. 这就是我们 从小汽车换乘公共汽车的地方。2. If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it _ all day. (2008全国 A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining【分析】 A 。此题考查一般过去时的用法,但试题使用了虚拟语气作为命题 背景,且该虚拟语气谈的是过去情况(根据句中的 had been和 could have had可 知,句意为“要是(当时天气好一点,我们就可以去野餐了”。该虚拟语气 的言外之意是“(由于天气不好我

13、们没有去野餐”。为什么没去呢? but 后说 的就是其原因:整天都在下雨。这里说的“下雨”,显然指的是过去的情况,故 用一般过去时。规律 6 利用思维定势设置干扰项同学们在对某个知识点或重要句式进行反复操练后, 往往会形成一定的思维 定势。 由于思维定势在很大程度上带有惯性, 有时甚至是惰性, 所以同学们在做 题时若不仔细读题,认真分析,很可能会受此影响,步入误区。如:1. Nancy enjoyed herself so much _ she visited her friends in Sydney last year. (2008福建卷 A. that B. which C. when

14、D. where【分析】 C 。 本题很容易让考生受思维定势的负面影响, 见到 so 马上选择 that , 殊不知此题考查的是 when 引导的时间状语从句,句意为:南希去年拜访悉尼的 朋友时过得非常开心。 如果选 A , 则句意为:南希玩得如此开心以至于拜访了悉 尼的几个朋友。显然,意思不合逻辑。2. Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time? Yes, since she _ the Chinese Society. (2008宁夏卷 A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined【分析】 D 。

15、许多同学认为 since 总是要与现在完成时连用的, 所以误选了 A 。 其实,本句中 since she join the Chinese Society为 I have known Dr. Jackson since she joined the Chinese Society之省略。 连词 since 所搭配的时态通常是:主句用现 在完成时,从句用一般过去时。3. They are quiet, arent they? Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals. (2008江苏卷 A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking

16、 D. to not talking【分析】 D 。此题设计得很巧妙。有的同学在排除选项 B 时,同时也会排除 选项 D ,因为它们的结构太相似了。但事实上,正确答案正是 D 。 be accustomed to 的意思是“习惯于做”,其中的 to 通常被认为是介词,后接名词或动名 词,但在现代英语中,其后也可接动词原形,即其中的 to 被视为不定式符号。 照此分析,好像四个答案都可以,但其实只有 D 最佳。因为根据语境分析 (注意 其中的 are quiet, yes等关键词 ,此题应选一个否定式,故可排除 A 和 C 。另外, 从语法上分析, 非谓语动词的否定式总是将 not 置于非谓语动

17、词之前, 所以 C 应 改为 not to talk才对; 至于 D , 由于其中的 to 是介词, 其后接动名词 talking 作宾 语,动名词 talking 的否定式为 not talking,所以说 to not talking是正确的。 规律 7 直接引用词典原句进行命题近年来,专升本英语命题一直有个习惯,就是喜欢从一些原版英语词典上直 接引用例句进行命题。这点希望引起同学们的注意。下面请看几个例子:1. My neighbor asked me to go for _ walk, but I dont think Ive got_ energy. (2008辽宁卷 A. a; 不

18、填 B. the; the C. 不填 ; the D. a; the【分析】 D 。 go for a walk为固定表达,意为“去散步”; have got the energy意为 “有精力” 。 此题出自 Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary的 the 词条, 词典上的原句为:Id like to go out this evening, but I dont think Ive got the energy. 2. Id like some more cheese. Sorry, theres _ left. (2008浙江卷 A. some

19、B. none C. a little D. few【分析】 B 。由于 cheese 不可数,故可排除 D ;再根据句中的 sorry 可知, 此处应填表否定意义的 none 。注:此题出自 Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary 的 none 词条, 词典上的原句为:“Id like some more cheese.” “Im sorry theres none left.”3. He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail. (200

20、8山东卷 A. though B. for C. but D. so【分析】 B 。 for 在此表原因。又如:He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇了摇头, 因为他有不同想法。 注:此题出自 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English的 for 词条,词典上的原句为:He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail.专升本英语语法感官动词 + doing/( to do感官动词

21、 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性,真实性; +doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。 (强调 " 我看见了 " 这个事实 I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调 " 我见他正干活 " 这个动作 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1 They knew her

22、very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. growB. grewC. was growingD. to grow答案:A 。因题意为,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正 在长的动作,因此用 see sb do sth 的句型。2 The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A. playingB. to be playingC. playD. to play答案 A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用 see sb. doing sth句型。独立主格(一 :独立主格结构

23、的构成:名词 (代词 +现在分词、过去分词;名词 (代词 +形容词;名词 (代词 +副词;名词 (代词 +不定式;名词 (代词 +介词短语构成。(二 独立主格结构的特点:1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关 系。3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。举例:The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。The president assassinated,

24、the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。W eather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后,我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结

25、束后,每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆With 的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用 with 的复合结构。with +名词 (代词 +现在分词 /过去分词 /形容词 /副词 /不定式 /介词短语举例 : He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand

26、raise.典型例题The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案 D. with +名词(代词 +分词 +介词短语结构。 当分词表示伴随状况时, 其主语常常用 with 来引导。由于本句中名词 " 手 " 与分词 " 绑 " 是被动关系,因此 用过去分词,选 D.注意 :1 独立主格结构使用介词的问题:当介词是 in 时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词 , 也不用复

27、数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加 his 。2 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去 分词。He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 典型例题:W eather_, we'll go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting答案 B. 本题中没有连

28、词, 它不是复合句, 也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号, 且 we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with 的 复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构, 其结构为:名词 +分词。 由 于 permit 在这里翻译为 ' 天气允许 ' ,表主动,应用现在分词,故选 B 。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改 为 If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将 if 去掉,再将谓语动词改 为非谓语动词即可。判断关系代词与关系副词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取

29、决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词 后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错 :(错 This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(错 I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(对

30、This is the mountain village (which I visited last year.(对 I'll never forget the days (which I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此 两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 (主、谓、宾、定、状 ,也能 正确选择出关系代词 /关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on wh

31、ichD. the one例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one答案:例 1 D,例 2 A例 1变为肯定句:This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2变为肯定句:This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.在句 1中,所缺部分为宾语,而 where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作 用,只有 the one既做了主句的表语,又可做从句的宾语,可以省

32、略关系代词, 所以应选 D 。而句 2中 , 主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where ,又因 in the museum词组, 可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。 而此题 中,介词 on 用的不对,所以选 A 。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语 时, 选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose; 先行词在从句中做状语时, 应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语, when 时间状语, why 原因状语 。主谓一致中的靠近原则1 当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近

33、的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2当 either or 与 neither nor , 连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近 的主语保持一致。 如果句子是由 here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语 通常也和最邻近的主语一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelops and

34、 some paper for you.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语后面跟有 with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.谓语需用单数1 代词 each 和由 every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语,或主语中含 有 each, every, 谓

35、语需用单数。Each of us has a tape-recorder.There is something wrong with my watch.2 当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。The Arabian Nights is a book known to lovers of English.<<天方夜谭 >>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。3 表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时,通常把这些名词看 作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。 (用复数也可,意思不变。 Three weeks was allowed for making the neces

36、sary preparations.T en yuan is enough.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1 在代词 what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其 指代的词的单复数决定。All is right.(一切顺利。 All are present.(所有人都到齐了。 2 集体名词作主语时, 谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。 如 family, audience, crew , crowd, class, company, committee 等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中 的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。His

37、family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词 people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。 Are there any police around?3有些名词,如 variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作 单数,有时看作复数。A number of +名词复数 +复数动词。The number of +名词复数 +单数动词。A number of books

38、have lent out.The majority of the students like English.与后接名词或代词保持一致1 用 half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与 of 后 面的名词,代词保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2 在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动 词多用单数形式。但由 more t

39、han of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词 保持一致。Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生 都来自这个城市。It is (high time thatIt is (high time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原 形,但 should 不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the

40、children should go to bed.虚拟语气虚拟语气一直都被认为是英语学习中的一个难点,因此也便成为了各类考 试的热点。现就虚拟语气的一些问题归纳如下,以帮助解决拟语气这个语法难 点。一、 动词 wish 后宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. 用 wish 表示现在的祝愿和报歉。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语 be 和 were(was,实义动词用过去式。例: I wish they were at home this time.2. 用 wish 表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时或 could+现在完成时。例:I wish I hadn' t hur

41、t him so much。3. 用 wish 表示对将来事情的愿望。其句子结构为宾语从句的谓语为 would/could/might+动词原形。 例:I wish Imight be able to come tomorrow 。二、 用在一般虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气(一 表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反的假设1. 与现在事实相反的假设。其句子结构为:从句:if+主语 +动词的过去式(be 变 were +其他主句:主语 +would(should, could, might+动词原形 +其他例:If I were you, I would go with him.2. 与过去事实相反的假设。其

42、句子结构为:从句:If+主语 +过去完成时 +其他主句:主语 +should(would, could, might+现在完成时 +其他。 例:If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.3.表示对将来事实实现的可能性不大的假设。其句子结构为:从句:If+主语 +should (were to +动词原形 +其他主句:主语 +would (could, should, might+动词原形例:If he were to go tomorrow. He might tell you.(二 从句和主句要根据各自发所

43、生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形 式1. 从句表示过去,主句表示现在。If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. 2. 从句表示将来,主句表示过去。If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night。3. 从句表示过去,主句表示将来。If we hadn' t made adequate p

44、reparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。4.从句表示将来,主句表示现在。If we shouldn' t have an exam this afternoon. I would go shopping now. 三、 可以引起与事实相反的方式状语从句,用虚拟语气由 as if、 as though引起的与事实相反的句子,不论主句的谓语是现在时或 者说过去时,其谓语表示的时间概念和句子结构,都基本上与 wish 后的宾语从 句相同。例:John pretends as if he didn&#

45、39; t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设 The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back totime 20 years ago.(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形, 表示与将来事实相反 四、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面,其宾语从句的谓语用

46、 “ should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气常用的此类动词有:表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示 “提议、 劝告、 建议” 的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“决定、命令”的:decide, order表示“主张”的:maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的:consent, insist例:The doctor suggested that he (should try to lose his weight.He insisted that we (

47、should tell him the news.上述动词的名词形式, demand, desire, requirment, advice, order , decision, recommendation, suggestion, 以及 necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea 等名 词,其后的表语从句或同位语从句,也用“ should+动词原形“表示虚拟语气。 现代英语,特别是美国英语,常省去“ should” ,例:The advice is that we (should leave at once.He idea that we (shou

48、ldvisit Great Wall was warmly welcomed.五、在“ It is (was+形容词(或过去分词 +that” 结构中,主语从句的 谓语也用“ should+原形动词“表虚拟语气美国英语中省去 should, 常用的形容词和过去分词有:表示“要求”的:required, demanded, requested, desired, desirabl。表示“建议”的:suggested, recommended,表示“迫切、紧近、重要”的:imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital表示“适当、

49、较好”的:appropriate, advisable, better, preferable表示“可能”的:probable, possible表示“命令”的:ordered例:It was necessary that we (should make everything ready ahead of time. It is required that nobody (shouldsmoke here.六、由下列名词或短语引导,或含有某些词的从句中应用的虚拟语气 1. “ Iest 以免、惟恐”引导的从句用“ shuld+动词原形” 。He took a map with him lest

50、 he (should lose his way there.2. “ whether 不管、无论”引导的让步状语从句,有时用动词原形。All things, whether you know or don' t know, exist in the world.3.用“ would rather/had rather' would just as soon"表示“宁愿、但愿” ,后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式或动词原形表示对将来的要求,用过去时表示对 现在的愿望,用过去完成时表示对过去做的事的懊悔。Don' t live in the world, I woul

51、d rather( I would just as soon you die.I would rather you go tomorrow.I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.4.用“ had hoped” 表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从 句的谓语用“ would+动词原形” 。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.5.在“ It is(

52、high/about time+that” 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的主谓 语用一般过去时,偶尔也可以用 would(或 should+动词原形,或 had rather (would rather+动词原形。It is hihg (abouttime that we left/should leave/ had better leave/had rather leave/ were leaving.(注意与“ This is the first/secondtime” 后从句中用现在完成 时的区别。6.用“ without/but for/in the absence of ” 表示“要不

53、是” , “如果没有” (相 当于 if it were not for 表示条件时, 句中一般用虚拟语气。 (也可用陈述语气 Without your help, I couldn' t finish my work on time.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.7.由“ providing (that/ provide d (that/on condition that/ in order that” 引 导的条件从句或目的从句,根据情况,可用虚拟语气。 (有时也可用陈述语气 They are willing

54、 surrender provided they are given free passage.8.在 if 引导的虚拟条件句中,若有 were, had, should, 在书面语中可省去 if ,将 were 等提到主语前,形成倒装。Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you. W ere it not for your help. I wouldn' t be succeed.关系代词的用法(1 如果先行词是 all, much, anything, something, not

55、hing, everything, little, none 等不定代词,关系代词一般只用 that ,不用 which 。例如:All the people that are present burst into tears.(2 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, only, few , mush, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用 that, 不用 which, who,或 whom 。例如: (3 非限制性定语从句中, 不能用关系代词 that, 作宾语用的关系代词也不能 省略。例如:There are about seven milli

56、on people taking part in the election, most of whom 、 are well educated.(4 which 还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替 主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。 在这种从句中, which 可以作主语, 也可以 作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5 that可指人或物, 在从句中作表语, (指人作主语时多用 who 仅用于限 制

57、性定语从句中。(6 which 可作表语,既可指人,以可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业 或是有种特征.品性或才能的人。 Which 引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可 以是非限制性的。(7 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体, 关系代词用 which; 若是指 集体中的各个成员,则用 who 。(8 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用 that 。例如: The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9 如 果 先 行 词 是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 关系代词应该用 who 或 whom ,不用 which 。例如:Is there anyone here who will go with you?“介词+关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1 “ 介词+关系代词 “可以引导限制性定语从句, 也可以引导非限制性定语 从句。 “ 介词+关系代词 “结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用 whom 或 which, 不可用 that 。(2 from where为 “介词+关系副词 “结构, 但也可以引