france法国葡萄酒工业

1、French wine French wines are usually made to accompany food. Vineyards in Vosne-Romane in Burgundy, a village that is thesource of some of Frances most expensive wines.French wine is produced in several regions throughoutFrance, in quantities between 50 and 60millionhectolitres per year, or 7 8billi

2、on bottles. France hasthe worlds second-largest total vineyard area, behindSpain, and is in the position of being the worlds largestwine producer losing it once (in 2008 to Italy.1French wine traces its history to the 6th century BC,with many of Frances regions dating theirwine-making history to Rom

3、an times. The winesproduced today range from expensive high-end winessold internationally, to more modest wines usually onlyseen within France.Two concepts central to higher end French wines arethe notion of terroir, which links the style of thewines to the specific locations where the grapes aregro

4、wn and the wine is made, and the AppellationdOrigine Contrle (AOC system. Appellation rulesclosely define which grape varieties and winemakingpractices are approved for classification in each ofFrances several hundred geographically definedappellations, which can cover entire regions, individualvill

5、ages or even specific vineyards.France is the source of many grape varieties (such asCabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir,Sauvignon Blanc, and Syrah that are now plantedthroughout the world, as well as wine-making practicesand styles of wine that have been adopted in otherproducing countries.

6、Although some producers havebenefited in recent years from rising prices and increased demand for some of the prestige wines from Burgundy andBordeaux, the French wine industry as a whole has been influenced by a decline in domestic consumption as well asgrowing competition from both the New World a

7、nd other European countries.HistoryFrench wine originated in the 6th century BC, with the colonization of Southern Gaul by Greek settlers. Viticulturesoon flourished with the founding of the Greek colony of Marseille.2 The Roman Empire Chteau Pichon Longueville Baron in Bordeaux corresponds well tot

8、he traditional image of a prestigious French chteau, but in reality,French wineries come in all sizes and shapes.licensed regions in the south to produce wines. St.Martin of Tours (316 397 was actively engaged inboth spreading Christianity and planting vineyards.3During the Middle Ages, monks mainta

9、ined vineyardsand, more importantly, conserved wine-makingknowledge and skills during that often turbulent period.Monasteries had the resources, security, and motivationto produce a steady supply of wine both for celebratingmass and generating income.4 During this time, thebest vineyards were owned

10、by the monasteries and theirwine was considered to be superior.5 Over time thenobility developed extensive vineyards. However, theFrench Revolution led to the confiscation of many ofthe vineyards owned by the Church and others.6The advance of the French wine industry stopped abruptly as first Mildew

11、 and then Phylloxera spread throughout thecountry, indeed across all of Europe, leaving vineyards desolate. Then came an economic downturn in Europefollowed by two world wars, and the French wine industry didnt fully recover for decades. Meanwhile competitionhad arrived and threatened the treasured

12、French brands such as Champagne and Bordeaux. This resulted in theestablishment in 1935 of the Appellation dOrigine Contrle to protect French interests. Large investments, theeconomic upturn following World War 2 and a new generation of Vignerons yielded results in the 1970s and thefollowing decades

13、, creating the modern French wines we know today.7Quality levels and appellation systemIn 1935 numerous laws were passed to control the quality of French wine. They established the AppellationdOrigine Contrle system, which is governed by a powerful oversight board (Institut National des Appellations

14、d Origine INAO. Consequently, France has one of the oldest systems for protected designation of origin for winein the world, and strict laws concerning winemaking and production.8 Many other European systems are modelledafter it.9 The word appellation has been put to use by other countries, sometime

15、s in a much looser meaning. AsEuropean Union wine laws have been modelled after those of the French, this trend is likely to continue with furtherEU expansion.French law divides wine into four categories, two falling under the European Unions Table Wine category and twofalling under the EUs Quality

16、Wine Produced in a Specific Region (QWPSR designation. The categories and theirshares of the total French production for the 2005 vintage, excluding wine destined for Cognac, Armagnac and otherbrandies, were:10Table wine: Vin de Table (11.7% Carries with it only the producer and the designation that

17、 it is from France. Vin de Pays (33.9% Carries with it a specific region within France (for example Vin de Pays dOc fromLanguedoc-Roussillon or Vin de Pays de Ctes de Gascogne from Gascony, and subject to less restrictiveregulations than AOC wines. For instance, it allows producers to distinguish wi

18、nes that are made using grapevarieties or procedures other than those required by the AOC rules, without having to use the simple andcommercially non-viable table wine classification. In order to maintain a distinction from Vin de Table, theproducers have to submit the wine for analysis and tasting,

19、 and the wines have to be made from certain varietiesor blends.QWPSR : Vin Dlimit de Qualit Superieure (VDQS, 0.9% Less strict than AOC, usually used for smaller areas or as a waiting room for potential AOCs. This category will be abolished at the end of 2011. Appellation dOrigine Contrle (AOC, 53.4

20、% Wine from a particular area with many other restrictions, including grape varieties and winemaking methods.The total French production for the 2005 vintage was 43.9million hl (plus an additional 9.4million hl destined for various brandies, of which 28.3% was white and 71.7% was red or ros.10 The p

21、roportion of white wine is slightly higher for the higher categories, with 34.3% of the AOC wine being white.In years with less favourable vintage conditions than 2005, the proportion of AOC wine tends to be a little lower. The proportion of Vin de table has decreased considerably over the last deca

22、des, while the proportion of AOC has increased somewhat and Vin de Pays has increased considerably.In 2005 there were 472 different wine AOCs in France.11ReformsThe wine classification system of France has been under overhaul since 2006, with a new system to be fully introduced by 2012. The new syst

23、em consists of three categories rather than four, since there will be no category corresponding to VDQS from 2012. The new categories are:12 Vin de France, a table wine category basically replacing Vin de Table, but allowing grape variety and vintage to be indicated on the label. Indication Gographi

24、que Protge (IGP, an intermediate category basically replacing Vin de Pays. Appellation dOrigine Protge (AOP, the highest category basically replacing AOC wines.The largest changes will be in the Vin de France category, and to VDQS wines, which either need to qualify as AOP wines or be downgraded to

25、an IGP category. For the former AOC wines, the move to AOP will only mean minor changes to the terminology of the label, while the actual names of the appellations themselves will remain unchanged.While no new wines will be marketed under the old designations from 2012, bottles already in the distri

26、bution chain will not be relabelled.Wine styles, grape varieties and terroirAll common styles of wine red, ros, white (dry, semi-sweet and sweet, sparkling and fortified are produced in France. In most of these styles, the French production ranges from cheap and simple versions to some of the worlds

27、 most famous and expensive examples. An exception is French fortified wines, which tend to be relatively unknown outside France.In many respects, French wines have more of a regional than a national identity, as evidenced by different grape varieties, production methods and different classification

28、systems in the various regions. Quality levels and prices vary enormously, and some wines are made for immediate consumption while other are meant for long-time cellaring.If there is one thing that most French wines have in common, it is that most styles have developed as wines meant to accompany fo

29、od, be it a quick baguette, a simple bistro meal, or a full-fledged multi-course menu.13 Since the French tradition is to serve wine with food, wines have seldom been developed or styled as bar wines for drinking on their own, or to impress in tastings when young.14Grape varietiesNumerous grape vari

30、eties are cultivated in France, including both internationally well-known and obscure local varieties. In fact, most of the so-called international varieties are of French origin, or became known and spread because of their cultivation in France.15 Since French appellation rules generally restrict w

31、ines from each region, district or appellation to a small number of allowed grape varieties, there are in principle no varieties that are commonly planted throughout all of France.Most varieties of grape are primarily associated with a certain region, such as Cabernet Sauvignon in Bordeaux and Syrah

32、 in Rhne, although there are some varieties that are found in two or more regions, such as Chardonnay in Bourgogne (including Chablis and Champagne, and Sauvignon Blanc in Loire and Bordeaux. As an example of the rules, although climatic conditions would appear to be favorable, no Cabernet Sauvignon

33、 wines are produced in Rhne, Riesling wines in Loire, or Chardonnay wines in Bordeaux. (If such wines were produced, they would have to be declassified to Vin de Pays or French table wine. They would not be allowed to display any appellation name or even region of origin.Traditionally, many French w

34、ines have been blended from several grape varieties. Varietal white wines have been, and are still, more common than varietal red wines.At the 2007 harvest, the most common grape varieties were the following:1617 TerroirA Cahors chateau and vineyardThe concept of Terroir, which refers to the unique

35、combination ofnatural factors associated with any particular vineyard, is important to French vignerons . 15 It includes such factors as soil, underlying rock,altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, andmicroclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations,etc. E

36、ven in the same area, no two vineyards have exactly the sameterroir, thus being the base of the Appellation dorigine contrle(AOC system that has been model for appellation and wine lawsacross the globe. In other words: when the same grape variety isplanted in different regions, it can produce wines

37、that are significantlydifferent from each other.18 In France the concept of terroir manifestsitself most extremely in the Burgundy region.19 The amount of influence and the scope that falls under thedescription of terroir has been a controversial topic in the wine industry.20Labelling practicesThe a

38、mount of information included on French wine labels variesdepending on which region the wine was made in, and what level of classification the wine carries. As a minimum, labels will usually state thatclassification, as well as the name of the producer, and, for wines above theVin De Table level, wi

39、ll also include the geographical area where the winewas made. Sometimes that will simply be the wider region where the winewas made, but some labels, especially for higher quality wines, will alsoinclude details of the individual village or commune, and even the specificvineyard where the wine was s

40、ourced. With the exception of wines fromthe Alsace region, France had no tradition of labelling wines with details ofthe grape varieties used. Since New World wines made the names ofindividual grape varieties familiar to international consumers in the late20th century, more French wineries started t

41、o use varietal labelling. Ingeneral, varietal labelling is most common for the Vin de Pays category,although some AOC wines now also display varietal names. For mostAOC wines, if grape varieties are mentioned, they will be in small print on a back label.Labels will also indicate where the wine was b

42、ottled, which can be an indication as to the quality level of the wine,and whether it was bottled by a single producer, or more anonymously and in larger quantities: Mis en bouteille .21 . au chteau, au domaine, la proprit: these have a similar meaning, and indicate the wine was estatebottled, on th

43、e same property on which it was grown or at a cooperative (within the boundary of theappellation of which that property is a member. . par . the wine was bottled by the concern whose name follows. This may be the producing vineyard or itmay not. . dans la rgion de production: the wine was not bottle

44、d at the vineyard but by a larger business at itswarehouse; this warehouse was within the same winemaking region of France as the appellation, but notnecessarily within the boundary of the appellation itself. If a chateau or domaine is named, it may well notexist as a real vineyard, and the wine may

45、 be an assemblage from the grapes or the wines of several producers. . dans nos chais, dans nos caves: the wine was bottled by the business named on the label. Vigneron indpendant is a special mark adopted by some independent wine-makers, to distinguish them fromlarger corporate winemaking operation

46、s and symbolize a return to the basics of the craft of wine-making. Bottlesfrom these independent makers carry a special logo usually printed on the foil cap covering the cork.If varietal names are displayed, common EU rules apply:22 If a single varietal name is used, the wine must be made from a mi

47、nimum of 85% of this variety. If two or more varietal names are used, only the displayed varieties are allowed. If two or more varietal names are used, they must generally appear in descending order.Wine regions of France Map of the principal wine regions in FranceThe recognized wine producing areas

48、in France are regulated by the InstitutNational des Appellations dOrigine INAO in acronym. Every appellationin France is defined by INAO, inregards to the individual regionsparticular wine character. If a winefails to meet the INAOs strict criteriait is declassified into a lowerappellation or even i

49、nto Vin de Pays orVin de Table. With the number ofappellations in France too numerous tomention here, they are easily definedinto one of the main wine producingregions listed below:AlsaceAlsace is primarily a white-wineregion, though some red, ros,sparkling and sweet wines are alsoproduced. It is si

50、tuated in easternFrance on the river Rhine and borders Germany, a country with which it shares many grape varieties as well as along tradition of varietal labeling. Grapes grown in Alsace include Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris, PinotBlanc, Pinot Noir, and Muscat.BordeauxBordeaux is a large reg

51、ion on the Atlantic coast, which has a long history of exporting its wines overseas. This isprimarily a red wine region, famous for the wines Chteau Lafite-Rothschild, Chteau Latour, ChteauMouton-Rothschild, Chteau Margaux and Chteau Haut-Brion from the Mdoc sub-region; Chteau Cheval Blancand Chteau

52、 Ausone in Saint-milion; and Chteau Ptrus and Chteau Le Pin in Pomerol. The red wines producedare usually blended, from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and sometimes Cabernet Franc. Bordeaux also makes dry andsweet white wines, including some of the worlds most famous sweet wines from the Sauternes appel

53、lation, such asChteau dYquem.BurgundyBurgundy or Bourgogne in eastern France is a region where red and white wines are equally important. Probably more terroir-conscious than any other region, Burgundy is divided into the largest number of appellations of any French region. The top wines from Burgun

54、dys heartland in Cte dOr command high prices. The Burgundy region is divided in four main parts: The Cote de Nuits (from Marsannay-La-Cote down to Nuits-Saint-Georges The Cote de Beaune (from north of Beaune to Santenay The Cote Chalonnaise The MaconnaisTwo parts of Burgundy that are sometimes consi

55、dered as separate regions are: Beaujolais in the south, close to the Rhne Valley region, where mostly red wines are made in a fruity style that is usually consumed young. Beaujolais Nouveau is the only wine that can be legally consumed in the year of its production (Third week end of November Chabli

56、s, halfway between Cte dOr and Paris, where white wines are produced on chalky soil giving a more crisp and steely style than the rest of Burgundy.There are two main grape varieties used in Burgundy Chardonnay for white wines, and Pinot Noir for red. White wines are also sometimes made from Aligot,

57、and other grape varieties will also be found occasionally .ChampagneChampagne, situated in eastern France, close to Belgium and Luxembourg, is the coldest of Frances major wine regions and home to its major sparkling wine. Champagne wines can be both white and ros. A small amount of still wine is pr

58、oduced in Champagne (as AOC Coteaux Champenois of which some can be red wine.CorsicaCorsica is an island in the Mediterranean the wines of which are primarily consumed on the island itself. It has nine AOC regions and an island-wide vin de pays designation and is still developing its production methods as well as its regional style.23JuraJura, a small region in the mountains close to Switzerland where some unique wine styles, notably Vin