部分语法基本知识的讲解

1、Lecture 2Teaching Aims：1. 部分语法基本知识的讲解；2. 时态与语态的讲解。 Teaching Important Point： 讲与练的结合Teaching Difficult Point：如何掌握基本知识、时态及语态Teaching methods： 讲授法、 举例法Teaching Procedures: Step I: 语法 - 基本知识（一）名词A. 知识要点名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单、复数之分。1不可数名词只用单数形式。如果要表示数量多少，需在其前面加量词来表达。如：a piece of news（一条新闻）；two pieces of a

2、dvice（两条建议）2名词所有格的构成是名词加“s”，如：Marys room；如原词已有复数词尾-s，则只加“”，如：the students hall, 通常用于有生命的存在物的名词；名词所有格也可以由介词of加名词构成，通常用于无生命的存在物的名词, 如：the window of the classroom. B例题讲解1. What a beautiful house! Especially there are many _.A. furnitureB. furnituresC. pieces of furnitureD. pieces of furnitures解析：此题考查名词

3、的单复数。Furniture 为不可数名词，后面不能加s。很多家具用many pieces of furniture，因此答案为C。2. He opened the letter and it contained _. A. an important information B. some important informations C. many important information D. some important information 解析：此题考查名词的单复数。information 为不可数名词，如果说一个重要的消息，应为：a piece of important inf

4、ormation, 表示复数时，后面不能加s, 也不能用many修饰。因此答案为D。3. I have views quite different from my _. A. teacher view B. teacher C. teacher D. teachers解析：“我有与老师不同的观点”。比较的对象应是“我”与“老师”，不是“我的观点”与“老师的观点”，所以答案应为：B 但是如果题为：My views are quite different from my _. 就另当别论了，比较的对象为“观点”，就应用名词所有格 teachers = teachers view. 4 Sorry,

5、 I dont know he is a friend of_A. your brother B. your brothers C. your brothers friend D. your brothers解析：此题考查名词的所有格。a friend of + 名词性物主代词,(一个谁的朋友)， 如a friend of mine = a friend of my friend, a friend of his/hers/toms, 所以本题答案应为D：a friend of your brothers (相当于a friend of your brothers friend). 5. Th

6、e salary of driver is much higher than _salaryA. the teachers B. the teacher C. of the teacher D. teacher解析：此题考查名词的所有格。 “司机的薪水比老师的薪水高的多了”.比较的对象是 “的薪水”, 故而后面就用所有格the teachers salary, 相当于the salary of teacher. 所以答案应为A6. The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took_ pict

7、ures of them.A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of解析：此题考查名词的单复数。 “穿着漂亮的服装，这些年轻的舞蹈演员看起来是如此的可爱，因此我们拍了很多她们的照片”. Picture 是可数名词，“许多照片”，所以不能用a large amount of 来修饰，A、C项均是错项，应为“many, a number of “才正确，masses of 既可修饰可数，也可修饰不可数名词（二）冠词A. 知识要点冠词是一种虚词，用在名词前面，说明名词是特指还是泛指。冠词分不定冠词和定冠词。1. 不定冠词

8、: a / an表示“一”、“某一”概念，用于单数可数名词前。a用在辅音开头的词前，an用在元音开头的词前。如：an English teacher/ a second year一位老师/又一年；2. 定冠词：the表示“特指的一个或一些”。通常用在形容词最高级及序数词前，或世界上独一无二的事物前；也用于乐器名词前。如：the best season最好的季节/the first lady第一夫人/the earth 地球/play the piano 弹钢琴；3. 不使用冠词的情况：在三餐饭、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称之前。在某些惯用词中也不用冠词，以具体名词表示抽象概念。 如：have lu

9、nch吃午饭/ play basketball打篮球/ go to school上学B例题讲解1）_ girl dressed _ black is her sister Rose. （大学英语（B）Test 2, 34）A. A; inB. A; onC. The; onD. The; in解析：D。介词in可表示“穿（戴）”的意思。此外，特指“穿黑色衣服的女孩”，用定冠词the.2）He is fond of playing _ piano while his brother is interested in listening to _ music. （大学英语（B）Test 5, 36

10、） A. /; theB. /; /C. the; /D. the; the解析：C。演奏的乐器名词前+the。Music为不可数名词，其前不用可用a/an，而题意“对音乐感兴趣”并没有特指哪种音乐，也不可用the.3）He goes to _ church every Sunday. _ church he usually goes to has seating for over a thousand.A. a, theB. /, The C. The, theD. /, a解析：B。go to church“做礼拜”是惯用法，不用冠词。“他常去的教堂”表特指，前加the。4） I earn

11、 10 dollars _ hour as _ supermarket cashier on Saturdays. A. a, anB. the, a C. an, a D. an, the解析：C。译为:星期天我在一家超市做收银员，一小时赚10美元。an hour即per hour,每一小时, hour中h不发音,所以选an; 后面泛指是一种职业，所以用a。5) They have never heard any _.A. a customer complaint. B. the customers complaints C. customers complaint D. the custo

12、mers complaints解析：C。not any 用法同not a ,所以这里无需用冠词.（三）代词代词用于指代。包括：人称、物主、反身、疑问、不定代词等。1many, few和a few一般只能修饰或指代可数名词，much, little和a little 一般只能修饰或指代不可数名词。a few 和a little表示“有一些”，具有肯定意义，而few和little表示“几乎没有”，具有否定意义。many和much表示“许多”。2表示“全部”：两者用both，三者以上用all; 表示“全无”：两者用neither，三者以上用none；表示“任一”：两者用either，三者以上用any

13、。3other, others, the other, the others, another的区别（1）other作形容词修饰名词，泛指“别的、其他的”。有时会放在some, any, every, no等词之后。e.g. We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons.（2）others是代词，泛指“其他人或物”。如：Im glad to help others.（3）the other特指范围内的另一个（范围内一共两个）。e.g. I have two friends. One is from Australia, the other

14、 is from Japan.（4）the others特指范围内的另一些（范围总数通常多于两个）。e.g. There are forty students in our class. Twenty-eight of us are boys, the others are girls.（5）another指同类中（三个或三个以上）的“另一个”，是指不确定的另一个。e.g. Would you like another cup of coffee?B例题讲解1）The baby is hungry, but theres _ milk in the bottle. （大学英语（B）Test 2

15、, 28）A. littleB. a littleC. fewD. a few解析：A。milk是不可数名词，所以只能用little/a little修饰，而根据题意“宝宝饿了，但瓶里几乎没有牛奶了”，只能选little。2）She has two best friends. _ of them is in the country. （大学英语（B）Test 2, 44）A. AllB. BothC. No oneD. Neither解析：D。代词all表“所有”和both表“两者都”，其后的谓语动词需要用复数。neither表“两者都不”，其后的谓语动词用单数。3）Its time to t

16、idy your room, Harry! （大学英语（B）Test 5, 33） See the tidy room, Mum! _ is where it should be. Test 5 A. SomethingB. AnythingC. EverythingD. Nothing解析：C。根据说话人所说内容可以知道，房间里一切都很整洁，含有整体性，应用everything。Anything用于肯定句时，表强调，该句没有强调之意。4）The red flower goes from one to _ in the class. （大学英语（B）Test 6, 27） A. the oth

17、erB. othersC. anotherD. other解析：C。按照句意传花不是两者之间（from one to the other），而是三者以上（from one to another），故选C。5) The bicycle you saw isnt .It belongs to .A. me; you B. mine; hers C. hers; his D. his; her解析：D。此题考察代词的用法，第一个应用物主性代词（mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, ours）,第二个介词后应用代词的宾格形式（me, you, her, his, i

18、t, them ,us.）6. Would you like some more coffee? Theres still _ left.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few解析：此题考查名词的单复数。 Coffee 为不可数名词，所以应用a little, little. 根据题中的“still”，此题应为肯定句，所以答案应为A（四）数词A. 知识要点数词分为两大类：基数词和序数词。1基数次表示数量（one, two, three），序数次表示次序（first, second, third）。2数词hundred, thousand, million不用

19、复数；其“复数+of”可表示上百、成千、数百万，如：three thousand 三千/ thousands of trees（成千上万的树）3在年龄的表达时，注意以下表达法：He is six years old.（其中year须用其复数）He is a six-year-old boy.（其中year不用复数）“他6岁了。”B例题讲解1）They have learned about _ in recent years. （大学英语（B）Test 2, 37）A. several hundreds English wordsB. hundreds of English wordsC. hu

20、ndred of English wordsD. several hundred English word解析：B。hundreds of 之类的短语之前也可加many，several之类的词修饰。A项的错误在于hundreds后缺少of。2）Nancy is _ girl. （大学英语（B）Test 2, 29）A. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-years-oldC. a eighteen-years-oldD. an eighteen-year-old解析：D。eighteen-year-old是一个由连字符连接的复合形容词（其中year不用复数）

21、，作girl的定语。同时，由于eighteen是元音开头的词，前面的不定冠词用an。（五）形容词和副词的比较级与最高级A. 知识要点1比较级和最高级的构成形式（1）绝大多数单音节和部分双音节词后加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级。如：nice nicer nicest（2）大部分双音节词和所有的多音节词，前面加more构成比较级，加the most 构成最高级。如：careful-more careful-most careful2形容词和副词的应用（1）同等程度比较：as + 原级 + as e.g. Tom is as bright as Mark.汤姆和亨利一样聪明。（2）不同程度

22、的比较：比较级 + than e.g. Tom is taller than Mark.汤姆比亨利高。not as/so + 原级 + as e.g. Tom is not as/so bright as Mark.汤姆不如亨利聪明。（3）对比与比较：the +比较级, the +比较级 e.g. The older I get, the happier I am.我越变老，越觉得幸福。比较级+ and +比较级 e.g. Jane became more and more beautiful.珍妮越来越漂亮了。（4）当几个形容词修饰一个名词时，其排列顺序是： 好坏、美丑 + 大小、新旧、颜色

23、 + 质地、属性 + 名词（5）当被修饰的是以-thing, -one, -body结尾的不定代词时，作定语的形容词要后置。 e.g. I read something interesting. 我读了一些有趣的东西。例题讲解1）Your box is mine.A. four times as big as B. four times as bigger asC. as four times bigD. as big as four times解析：A。在asas句型中，如有表示程度的状语（如 twice, three times），则置第一个as之前，表示前者是后者的几倍。2）Todays

24、 weather is _ worse than yesterdays. （大学英语（B）Test 2, 40）A. veryB. muchC. very muchD. much too解析：B。very用来修饰形容词的原级形式；much修饰比较级；very much一般用来修饰动词； much too常用来修饰形容词的原级形式。3）Did the medicine make you feel better? （大学英语（B）Test 6, 43）No. The more _, _ I feel. A. medicine I take; and the worseB. medicine I t

25、ake; the worse C. I take medicine; the worseD. I take medicine; worse解析：D。 本题是“越越”句型，要用“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”句型，前后分句都用陈述语气。4）What will you buy for your boyfriends birthday? （大学英语（B）Test 5, 34）I want to buy a _ wallet for him. A. black leather smallB. small black leather C. small leather blackD. black

26、 small leather解析：B。根据多个形容词作定语次序排列规律，应该是small（大小）+black（颜色）+leather（质地）。5) Nancy is considered to be _ the other students in her class. A. less intelligent B. the most intelligent C. intelligent as well D. as intelligent as 解析：D。 A 应用于结构：be less than” , B 结构应略去：the other student就正确6） Some people thin

27、k _about their rights than about their duties.A. too much B. as much C. much more D. many more解析：C。题中有“than”结构，所以应用比较级，而much常被用来修饰比较级，故答案应为：C Step II: 语法 - 常用时态和语态一、一般现在时 表达形式 主动语态is/are/am; do/does；被动语态is/are done基本用法：1. 主要用来表示经常性的动作，常与always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, once a week, every d

28、ay等时间状语连用The bank opens at 8:00 a.m. on weekdays. /However busy I am, I call my mother regularly. The Olympic Games are held every four years. 2. 表示人或物基本特征，特性及目前的状态 Now I am busy; I cant spare time for a holiday. That street is in bad condition, and smells terrible.3. 表示客观真理，科学事实，格言及没有时限的客观存在 Knowle

29、dge is strength. / Light travels faster than sound./ Japan lies to the east of China.考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth_around the sun when I was in primary school. A. was going B. went C. go D. goes 考点二：在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中、主句是一般将来时, 时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 常用的引导词有：时间：when, until,

30、 after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.二、一般过去时 表达形式 主动语态was/were; did；被动语态was done表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time(在那时); once; du

31、ring the war; before; a few days ago; when, the night before( 前天晚上), the other day (前几天) 如： I got to know him two years ago. / He was seriously ill last week.考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up ea

32、rly.考点二：在“It is/has been时间段since 用过去时。” （自从有多少时间了） 例：It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.三、现在完成时 表达形式 主动语态have done ；被动语态have been done表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。 起点 NowHe has finished reading the book. He has been in Beijing for two years.现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：考点一：for + 时间段；sin

33、ce + 时间点They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995. 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the

34、 past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries等考点四：表示“第几次做某事” This is the first/second timethat或在 “到现在为止是最的” It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I

35、 have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.考点五: have been to / have gone to 的区别： 四、过去完成时表达形式 主动语态had done ；被动语态had been done表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语By the time he came we had worked for two hours. That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

36、考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I got into the room than it began to snow. （注意主谓倒装）考点二：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan

37、 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。 I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 五：现在进行时表达形式 主动语态am/is/are doing; 被动语态is/are being done表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。考点一：进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever等副词连用，作为一种修辞手段，用于表达赞扬、不满、抱怨等情绪。 He is always thinking of others. 他总是为别人着

38、想。（赞扬） At school he was constantly playing trick on others. 在校读书时，他老是捉弄人。（厌恶）考点二：表示按计划安排即将发生的动作,常用于动词如：leave, come, go, arrive etc. Marry is leaving on Friday.六、过去进行时 表达形式 主动态：was / were doing ；被动形式：was / were being done 用于表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 The boy was doing his homework when his father came b

39、ack from work.In those years we were having a hard time.七、一般将来时 表达形式 主动形式：shall / will do ；shall / will be doing被动形式：shall / will be done shall用于第一人称，will用于所有人称表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种:Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008. 考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语

40、从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.考点四：“am (is, are) goin

41、g to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算即将发生“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May.八、将来进行时 表示在将来某一刻或某一段时间中一个动作正在进行或发生 例如： When you get to the station at nine tomorrow, your uncle will be waiting for you there. 九、将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）

42、将完成的动作。考点：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间，如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year；以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got rea

43、dy for the exams.十、现在完成进行时 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续下去）的动作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.被动语态动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考， 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive,

44、 die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation. 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；be worth (值得) Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sel