英语语法句子种类

1、句子是具有一定的语法结构, 表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。口头表达中,句与句之间略有停顿。 书面上, 这 种停顿用标点符号表示, 如句号、逗号、分号或感叹号。按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1 陈述句(Declarative Sentences :说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。 (说明事实The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。 (说明看法2 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences :提出问题。有以下四种:a. 一般疑问句(General Questions

2、 :Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?b. 特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions :Where do you live?你住那儿?How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions :Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions :He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?3 祈使句(Imperative Sentences :提

3、出请求,建议或发出命令,Sit down, please.请坐。Don't be nervous!别紧张!4 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences :表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,What good news it is!多好的消息啊!(二句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:简单句, 并列句, 主从复合句1 简单句(Simple Sentences :只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。(主 (谓 2 并列句(Compound Sentences :包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之

4、间通常用并列连词或 分号来连接,例如:The food was good, but he had little appetite.(主 (谓 (主 (谓 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。3复合句(Complex Sentences :包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导, The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。(三基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns :英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、 变化而来的:I 句子成分句子的组

5、成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成 成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。 英语的基本成分有六种:主语(subject 、谓语(predicate 、表语(predicative 、 宾语(object 、定语(attribute 和状语 (adverbial。II 基本句型基本句型一:S V (主+谓基本句型二:S V P (主+谓+表基本句型三:S V O (主+谓+宾基本句型四:S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾基本句型五:S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补1 基本句型 一S V (主+谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动

6、词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、 介词短语、状语从句等2 基本句型 二 S V P (主+谓+表此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语 构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。 be, look, keep, seem, get, grow, become, turn等 This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。Everything looks different.

7、 一切看来都不同了。He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。His face turned red. 他的脸红了。3 基本句型 三S V O (主+谓+宾此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 S V(及物动词 O1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案?2. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。3. He enjo

8、ys reading. 他喜欢看书。4. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。5. He said "Good morning." 他说:" 早上好!4 基本句型 四 S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。 这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者, 另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前 时,这一介词往往被省略。S V(及物 o(多指人 O(多指物1. She ordered herself a ne

9、w dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。5. I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。5 基本句型 五S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成 分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。S V(及物 O(宾语 C(宾补1. T

10、hey appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。2. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色。3. This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。4. What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想?5. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。6. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。注意:以上只是五个基本句型,但是我们在阅读中碰到的是血肉更丰满的句子。 下面以基本句型五为例一个句子来扩 充一个句子,

11、我们可以加上适当的定语,状语等,使之更血肉丰满:We found the hall full.我们发现礼堂坐满了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听一个重要报告的学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listein

12、g to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告的学生和教师。我们知道按照句子的结构我们可以把句子分为简单句,并列句和复合句。下面我们对三种句式作一说明,以帮助我们对 英语句子有更好的理解。1、简单句不管是我们阅读还是写作,构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中,记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说:在英语简单句中,只能有而且(一般情况下必须有一个谓语部分。英语的简单

13、句只有五种基本句型,也就是我们上面 提到的五中基本句型,所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型,所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益 的。 再重复一下, 这五种句型是:SV , SVC , SVO , SVOC , SVOiOd。 其中 S = Subject, 也就是主语; V = Verbal phrase, 也就是谓语部分; C = Complement ,表示跟在系动词之后的补语; O = Object,也就是句子的宾语,在最后一种句型 中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。2、并列句(compound sentence英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍,因为在分句之间往往有固定的

14、连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连 接词有以 and 为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以 or 为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以 but 为代表的表示转折 的并列连词和表示原因的 for 四个类型。对此我们分别举例句来说明问题:第一种 and 型 , ( and, both A and B, not only A but also B, neither A nor B 1.The camera takes good picyures, and the price is reasonable.2.He doesnt care for money, nor does he care for fa

15、me.第二种 or 型 (or, either . or 1.The children can go with us , or they can stay at home.2.Take a map with you, or you will be lost.第三种 but 型 ( but, while He doesnt earn much, but he spends money freely.Some people waste food, while others have none.第四种 for 型1. He must have done something wrong, for th

16、e teacher called him to the office.2. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.3、复合句(complex sentence 如果一个句子充当另一个句子的组成部分, 如主语、 宾语、 表语、同位语、定语、状语等, 具有这样结构的句子称 为主从复合句。充当某一成分的句子称为从句,带着从句的句子称为主句。从句对主句的关系是从属关系。住句和从句 之间有一定的连接词加以连接。从属关系的复合句包括名词性从句 (Nominal Clauses(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语 从句、同位语从句 、定语从句(

17、Relative Clauses 、状语从句(Adverbial Clauses 。下面我们分别来探究一下什么是名词性从句, 定语从句, 状语从句。名词性从句:在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语与同位语的句子分别叫做主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句, 这些从句统称为名词性从句。(一主语从句 在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。That you are leaving is a pity. 你要走,真遗憾。What matters is how you live. 重要的是你如何生活。Where he lives is not clear. 他住哪儿不清楚。Who will stay make

18、s no difference. 谁留下来都一样。Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。注意:J 主语从句中的连接词(引导词为:从属连词 that , if , whether连接代词 who , whom , whose , which , what连接副词 when , where , how , whya. 所有 wh-疑问词引导的主语从句不仅起连接主句与从句的作用,而且还在从句中担任各类成分及具有词汇意义, 而 that 在从句中仅起连接作用, 没有词汇意义,但 th

19、at 引导的主语从句时, that 不可以省 .b. 主语从句表示是否只能用 whether 引导。c. 主语从句的语序是陈述句的语序但是大部分主语从句都可以用 it 作形式主语,这主要是为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用 it 作形式主语,将主语从句后 置。用 it 作形式主语的主语从句结构有如下几种:a.It is + 名词 + that从句It's a pity that we can't go. 很遗憾我们不能去。It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 英语正在被人们

20、接受为一种国际语言,这是一 个事实。b.It is + 形容词 + that从句It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。c.It + 动词 + that从句It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.艾丽丝似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 (= I happene

21、d to be out that day.d.It is + 过去分词 + that从句It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地 球卫星。注意:用形式主语 it 引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有:It is said that. 据说 It is reported that. 据报导 It i

22、s well known that. 众所周知 It is announced that. 据宣布 It is believed that. 人们相信 It is thought that. 人们认为 It is understood that. 自不待言 It must be pointed out that. 必须指出 It must be admitted that. 必须承认 其他情况It doesn't matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall ha

23、ve the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。It suddenly occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想到她忘记锁门了。并且当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时,宜用 it 作形式主语,而把主语从句后置。Is it possible that they may complete the task ahead of time?他们有可能提前完成任务吗?Does it matter much that he won't be able to come tomorrow?他明天来不了很要紧

24、吗?此外连接代词 what, whoever, whatever, whichever等引导的主语从句不宜用 it 作形式主语。Is what he told us really true? 他所告诉我们的的确是真的吗?Whichever of you want to come to our party will be welcome. 你们中任何想来参加我们晚会的人都欢迎。使用虚拟语气的主语从句 在 It is suggested, ordered, requested, insisted, etc. + that从句中,谓语部分用 should + 动 词原形, should 常被省略。I

25、t is suggested that we (should do the experiment a second time.有人建议我们再做一次实验。在 It is important, natural, necessary, funny, strange, surprising, a pity, a shame, no wonder etc. + that从句中,谓语部 分常用 should + 动词原形, should 常被省略。It is important and necessary that we (should keep the balance of nature. 我们要维持生

26、态平衡,这是重要而且必不可 少的。It is a pity that you (should miss such a good chance.真遗憾你竟然失去这么好的机会。(二宾语从句 宾语从句 The Object Clause,在复合句中作主句的宾语,它属于名词性从句。它可以作主句谓语动词 的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。宾语从句有四步曲1. 连接词(引导词相同于主语从句从属连词 that , if , whether连接代词 who , whom , whose , which , what连接副词 when , where , how , why2. 语序

27、:从句的词序用陈述语序(主 + 谓3. 时态:如主句的时态如果是过去时,从句的时态应以过去时为基础作相应的变化。一般来说宾语从句的时态作以下相 应的变化a. 从现在时间推移到过去时间:一般现在时 一般过去时 现在进行时 过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时b. 从过去时间推移到过去的过去时间 一般过去时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时c. 从将来时间推移到过去将来时间 一般将来时 一般过去将来时4. 人称:要根据句中的意义作相应的变化注意:1.使用宾语从句还有一个要注意的问题是在 think, believe, suppose, expect等动词所跟的宾语中

28、,如果从句谓语是否 定的,一般要将否定词移到主句谓语上,而将从句的谓语变为肯定形式。I don't think he has time to play football with you.我想他没有时间和你踢足球。I don't suppose it is the rush hour yet.我估计现在未到(交通高峰时间。（三）表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。 1可接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, seem,ound, appear 等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国

29、了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。 At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。 注意：表语从句中的连接词如主语从句，宾语从句，但是同主语从句一样连词 that 引导的表语从句中 that 不可以省，表 语语从句表示是否只能用 whether 2 使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、 劝告、 命令含义的名词后的表语从句， 谓语动词需用

30、"should+动词原形"表示， should 可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea 等。 My suggestion is that we (should start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 His proposal was that they (should challenge the other classes to a friendly competition. 他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。 （四）同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进

31、一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由 that 引导，但 也可以由 whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。 1 同位语从句一般跟在名词的后面 同位语从句一般跟在名词 fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule 等后面。 They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都

32、很焦虑。 Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？ We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。 There is no doubt that we will win. 毫无疑问我们会赢的。 注意：当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提前，使同位语从句与名词隔开，以避免头重脚轻的 现象。 Word came that Mr P

33、resident would come and inspect our school himself. 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。 2 使用虚拟语气的同位语从句在一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用"should + 动词原 形"，should 可省略。 This is our only request that this (should be settled as soon as possible. 尽快解决这个问题，这是我们惟一的请求。 He made the suggestion that we (should go by tra

34、in. 他建议我们坐火车去。 状语从句： 状语从句 Adverbial Clause，从句用作状语称为状语从句。根据用途，状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、 条件、方式、让步、结果、目的、比较等状语从句。 （一） 时间状语从句 时间状语从句表示时间，常用的关联词有 when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as soon as, whenever,no soonerthan, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen, the moment, every time 等等。 1 When you cross a main road, yo

35、u must be careful. 2 He went out to play football after he had finished his homework. 3 Wait until you are called. 4 I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met. 5 He is so terrible once he is drunk. （二） 地点状语从句 地点状语从句表示地点，常用的关联词有 where, wherever 等。 1 Put it where you found it. 2

36、Sit down wherever you like. （三） 原因状语从句 . that(由于考虑到等。 1 I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food. 2 As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman. 3 Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else. （四）条件状语从句条件状语从句表示真实的或现实的条件， 引导从句所用的关联词有 if, unless, suppose, in case(that, in the

37、event (that, as (so long as，provided/providing that, on condition that 等等。 1.If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 2.You'll be late, unless you hurry. 3.Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose 从句必须放在主句之前 我们如果迟到了，他会说什么？ 4.In the event that our team wins, there will be a party. 5.

38、In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨，就不要等我了。 6.He will do anything as(so long as it is interesting. 只要好玩，他什么都愿意做。 （五）. 方式状语从句方式状语从句表示动作的方式，回答 How 的问题，常用关联词 as, as if, as though, the way(that, in the way(that等引导，一般置于主语之后。 Do as I say. I did just as you told me. 照我说的去做。我就是照你说的去做的。 He acts as if/as

39、 though he were the owner. 他行为举止好象是这儿的主人似的。 They did it in a way that I had never seen before. 他们以我从没见过的方式行事。 I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to. 我从未被允许用自己想用的方式唱歌。 （六） 让步状语从句让步状语从句表示“虽然、尽管、即使”等概念，使句子具有对比的因素。常用的关联词有 although, though, even if, even though,whether, as, however, while, no m

40、atter+特殊疑问词，特殊疑问词+ever 1 Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease. 2 We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive. 3 I wouldnt go to see the new movie no matter who recommends it. (七 结果状语从句 结果状语从句表示结果， 常由连词 sothat, such(a/anthat, so that, such that 等引导，置于主 语之后。 1

41、She was so frightened about the dog that she cried. 2The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night. 3They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them. 4We arrived early, so that we got good seats. （八）目的状语从句 目的状语从句表示目的，回答 what for 或 for what purpose 的问题，常用关

42、联词 so that, in order that，lest 等引导，一般置于主语之后。目的状语从句中的谓语动词常由“情态动词+动词原形”构成 1 We arrived early so that we could get good seats. 2 Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks. 3They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it. （九）比较状语从句 常用的关联词有 as, t

43、han, asas, not soas, the morethe more 原因状语从句表示原因或理由， 常用的关联词有 because, as, since,for, now that, considering 1Air is to men as water is to fish. 2 The more civilized a man becomes,the less he is limited by the disadvantage of his environment. 定语从句 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词

44、即先行词。 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后， 由关系词 （关系代词或关系副词） 引出。 关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有：when, where, why 等 （一）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 1）先行词指人，关系代词用 who, whom, that，这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语） He i

45、s the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 （whom/that 在从句中作宾语） 2）先行词指物， 关系代词用 which, that，它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等， The package (which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾 语 3 Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换） ， They rushed over to

46、help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose cover is green. =Please pass me the bok the cover of which is green. =Please pass me the book of which the cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 4 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。 b在不定代词，如：anything,

47、nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which。 c先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时，只用 that。 d先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。 e先行词既有人，又有物时,只用 that。 （二）关系副词引导的定语从句先行词是指时间、地点或理由的名词，引导词可用关系副词并在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 是关系副词，它们的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.

48、 There are occasions when (on which one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）怎样判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面跟宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而 不及物动词后不跟宾语，则要求用关系副词。 This is the mo

49、untain village where I stayed last year. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one 2. Is this the mus

50、eum _ the exhibition was held？ A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one 答案：例 1 D，例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中，所缺部分为表语（也是先行词） ，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到先行词的作用，只有 the one 既做了主 句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，而关系代词在宾语从句中作宾语，我们就可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词 where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。 所以关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分， 先行词在从句中做主、 宾语时， 定、 选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语 。 （三