经济学基础第一次作业09答案

1、西方经济学第一次作业1?假设大学里篮球票的价格是由市场力量决定的。现在，需求与供给表如下：价格（美元）需求量（张）供给量（张）4 10000800098 8000800012 6000 800016 4000 800020 2000 8000a.画出需求曲线和供给曲线。这条供给曲线有什么不寻常之处？为什么会是这样的？b.篮球票的均衡价格和均衡数量是多少？c.明年你们大学计划共增加5000名学生。增加的学生的需求表如下：价格（美元）需求量（张）440008300012 200016 100020 0现在把原来的需求表与新生的需求表加在一起计算整个大学的新需求表。新a.的均衡价格和均衡数量是多少？

2、As Figure 2-25 shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant supply makessense becausethe basketball arena has a fixed number of seats no matter what the price.8,000Quantity of Basketball TicketsFigure 2-25b. Quan tity supplied equals qua ntity dema nded at a price of $8. The equilibrium quantit

3、y is 8,000 tickets.c.PriceQuantity DemandedQuantity Supplied$ 4 r14,0008,000811,0008,000128,0008,000165,0008,000202,0008,000The newequilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demandedto quantitysupplied.The equilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.2 .假设公务乘客和度假乘客对从纽约到波士顿之间民航机票的需求如下：价格需求量需求量（美元

4、）（公务乘客）（度假乘客）150 21001000200200080025019006003001800400a ?当票价从200美元上升到250美元时，公务乘客的需求价格弹性为多少 的需求价格弹性为多少？（用中点法计算。）b ?为什么度假乘客与公务乘客的需求价格弹性不同？a. For bus in ess travelers, the price elasticity of dema nd whe n the price of tickets rises from$200 to $250 is (2,000 - 1,900)/1,950/(250 - 200)/225 = 3/13 = 0.

5、23. For vacatio ners, the price elasticity of dema nd whe n the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is (800 - 600)/700 / (250 - 200)/225 = 9/7 = 1.29.b. The price elasticity of dema nd for vacati oners is higher tha n the elasticity for bus in ess travelers because vacati oners can more easily

6、choose a differe nt mode of tran sportati on (like drivi ng or tak ing the trai n).Business travelers are lesslikely to do so since time is more important to them and their schedules are less adaptable.3 . 这是一个热天，Bert 口干舌燥。下面是他对一瓶水的评价:对第一瓶水的评价7 美元 对第二瓶水的评价5 美元 对第三瓶水的评价3 美元对第四瓶水的评价1 a. 美元根据以上信息推导出Ber

7、t的需求表。画出他对瓶装水的需求曲线b.如果一瓶水的价格是4美元，Bert会买多少瓶水？Bert从他的购买中得到了多少消费者剩余？在你的图形中标出Bert的消费者剩余。c .如果价格下降到2美元，需求量会有何变化？Bert的消费者剩余会有何变化？用你的图形说明这些变化a. Bert 's dema nd schedule iPriceQuantity DemandedMore than $70$5 to $71$3 to $52$1 to $33$1 or less4Bert 's dema nd curve is show n in Figure 9.$76 -5 - A 4

8、3 - B21234Quantity of WaterFigure 9b. Whe n the price of a bottle of water is $4, Bert buys two bottles of water.Hisconsumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He values his first bottleof water at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has con sumer surplus of $3. He values his sec ond bottle of wa

9、ter at $5, but pays only $4 for it, so has con sumer surplus of $1. Thus Bert 'otalt con sumer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area ofA in the figure.c. Whenthe price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys three bottles of water, an in crease of one. His con sumer surplus con

10、sists of both areas Aand B in the figure, an in crease in the amount of area B. He gets con sumer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value mi nus $2 price), $3 from the seco nd bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 value minus $2 price), for a total con sumer surplu

11、s of $9. Thus con sumer surplus rises by $5 (whichis the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2.4、假设技术进步使生产电脑的成本降低了。a?用供求图说明电脑市场上价格、数量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余会发生什么变动。b?电脑和加法机是替代品。用供求图说明加法机市场上的价格、数量、消费者剩余和生产者剩余会发生什么变动。电脑技术进步对加法机生产者而言是有幸还是不幸？c.电脑和软件是互补品。用供求图说明软件市场上的价格、数量、消费者剩余和生产者

12、剩余会发生什么变动。电脑技术进步对软件生产者而言是有幸还是不幸？a. The effect of falli ng product ion costs in the market for computers results in a shiftto the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, theequilibrium price of computers decli nes and the equilibrium qua ntity in creases.The decli nein the pric

13、e of computers in creases con sumer surplus from area A to A + B +C + D, an in crease in the amount B + C + D.Qi Q2 Quantity of ComputersFigure 14Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer

14、surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus cha nges by the amount F + G -B, whichmaybe positive or n egative. The in crease in qua ntity in creases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Since con sumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by

15、 F + G -B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.Q2 Qi Quantity of Adding Machines Figure 15b. Since add ing mach ines are substitutes for computers, the decli ne in the price of computers meansthat people substitute computers for addi ng machin es, shift ing the dema nd for add ing mach ines to the

16、left, as show n in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of adding mach in es. Con sumer surplus in the add in g-mach ine market cha nges from area A + B to A + C, a net cha nge of C -B. Producer surplus cha nges from area C + D + E to area E, a n

17、et loss of C + D. Addi ng mach ine producers are sad about tech no logical adva nee in computers because their producer surplus decli nes.c. Since software and computers are complements, the decline in the price and in crease in the qua ntity of computers meansthat the demand for software in creases

18、, shift ing the dema nd for software to the right, as show n in Figure 16.The result is an in crease in both the price and qua ntity of software.Con sumersurplus in the software market cha nges from B + C to A + B, a net cha nge of A - C. Producer surplus cha nges from E to C + D + E, an in crease o

19、f C + D, so software producers should be happy about the tech no logical progress in computers.P2P1SJIBMros JO ssQ1 ?2Quantity of SoftwareFigure 165、说明消费者的预算约束线以及红酒与奶酪的无差异曲线。说明最优消费选择。 如果一杯红酒的价格是3美元，而一磅奶酪的价格是6美元，在这种最优时边际 替代率是多 少？Figure 3-3A shows the con sumer's budget con stra int and in differe

20、 nee curves for wine * *and cheese. The consumer's optimum consumption choice is shown as wand c. Since the marginal rate of substitution equals the relative price of the two goods atthe optimum, the margi nal rate of substituti on is $6/$3 = 2.0)° c* 500CheeseFigure 3-3A6营业性渔民注意到了钓鱼时间与钓鱼量之

21、间的以下关系：小时 钓鱼量（磅）0 0110218324428530a ?用于钓鱼的每小时的边际产量是多少？b ?根据这些数据画出渔民的生产函数。解释其形状。c?渔民的固定成本为10元（他的钓鱼竿）。他每小时时间的机会成本是 5元。画 出渔民的总成本曲线。解释它的形状。a. The follow ing table shows the marg inal product of each hour spe nt fish ing:HoursFishFixed CostVariable CostTotal CostMarginal Product00100101101051510218101020

22、8324101525642810203045301025252b. Figure 4-7A graphs the fisherma n's product ion function.The product ion function becomesflatter as the nu mber of hours spe nt fish ing in creases, illustrat ing diminishing marginal product.Hours Spent FishingFigure 4-7Ac. The table shows the fixed cost, varia

23、ble cost, and total cost of fishi ng.4-8A showsthe fisherman's total-cost curve. It slopes up because catching additional fish takes time. The curve is convex because there are dimi nish ing returns to fish ing time 一 onal hour spent fishing yields fewer additional fish.Figureadditionaleach addi

24、ti5 .°10203040Quantity of FishFigure 4-8A与产量7、九洋公司是一家生产扫帚并挨家挨户出售的公司。下面是某一天中工人数量 之间的关系：工人数 产量 边际产量总成本 平均总成本边际成本0 01202503904120514061507155a ?填写边际产量栏。你看到了什么形式？你如何解释这种形式？b ?一个工人的成本是一天100元，企业的固定成本是200元。根据这些信 息填写总 成本栏。c ?填写平均总成本栏（记住ATC=T（ZQ。你看到了什么形式？d ?现在填写边际成本栏 （记住M/C/AQ）。你看到了什么形式？e ?比较边际产量栏和边际成本栏

25、。解释其关系。f ?比较平均总成本栏和边际成本栏。解释其关系。Here 's the table of costs:WorkersOutputMarginalProductTotalCostAverage TotalCostMarginalCost002001202030015.005.00250304008.003.33390405005.562.504120306005.003.335140207005.005.006150108005.3310.00715559005.8120.00a. See table for marginal product. Marginal produ

26、ct rises at first, the n decli nes because of diminishing marginal product.b. See table for total cost.c. See table for average total cost. Average total cost is U-shaped. When qua ntity is low, average total cost declines as quantity rises; when quantity is high, average total cost rises as quantit

27、y rises.d. See table for marg inal cost. Marginal cost is also U-shaped.e.When marginal product is rising, marginal cost is falli ng, and vice versa.falling;f. When marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is when marg inal cost is greater tha n average total cost, average t

28、otal cost is rising.8、汇源果汁店有以下成本表：产量可变成本总成本（桶）（元）（ 元）003011040225553457547010051001306135.165a.计算每单位产量的平均可变成本、平均总成本和边际成本。b ?画出这三条曲线。边际成本曲线与平均总成本曲线之间的关系是什么？边际成本曲线与平均可变成本曲线之间的关系是什么？解释原因。a. The following table shows average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), and marg inal cost (MC) for each qua ntity.QuantityVariableCostTotalCostAverage VariableCostAverage TotalCostMarginal Cost0030110401040102255512.527.5153457515252047010017.525255100130202630613516522.527.535b. Figure 4-10A gr