词汇学Chapter3

1、Chapter 3Three Major Processes of Word-formation (55 %)1. Compounding or composition (about 27 %): space craft; job-finding2. Derivation or affixation (about 17.5 %): ex-wife; greenish3. Conversion (about 10.5 %): bus (v.); buy (n.), Eight Minor Processes of Word-formation (26.5 %)1. Initialisms and

2、 acronyms (about 9 %): U.N.; TV; UNESCO2. Blending (about 6 %): brunch; boatel3. Clipping (about 2 %): phone; lab4. Words from proper names (about 2 %): an Uncl Tom; xerox5. Back formation (about 1 %): gangle (from gangly (a.); vacuumclean6. Reduplication (about 0.5 %): walkie-talkie; go-go7. Neo-cl

3、assical formations (about 4 %): psychodelic; neurolinguistic8. Others (about 3 %): pizzazz; gazump(borrowing (18.5 %)Plant structure:root:Stem:base: Compounding:Three relative criteria of a compound word:1. Spelling/orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in various ways.(a) solid: airtight, a

4、irmail;(b) hyphenated: air-conditioning;(c) open: air force, air raid.It is difficult to decide which form should be used as criteria; for sometimes the same compound may appear in three different forms, e.g. flowerpot flower-pot flower pot airline air-line air line2. Speaking/phonological criterion

5、: Compounds are usually first element stressed.Compounds Phrases' bluebird "a species of bird" a ,blue ' bird "a bird that is blue" ' blackboard a ,black ' board "a board that is black in colour"'blue ,bottle "a large buzzing a ,blue ' bottl

6、e " a bottle which fly with blue body" is blue"Sometimes two compounds have similar construction, but one may have a compound accent, and the other may have a phrase accent, e.g. 'grass ,hopper but: ,grass ' roots' red ,brick but: ,red ' tape3. Meaning/semantic criteri

7、on: The meaning of a compound is related to, but not always inferred from, the meaning of its component parts.workday: a day for work sunset: the time of the suns settingdog days: NOT: days for a dog, BUT: the hottest days of the yearin July and Augustblue blood: NOT: blood that is blue in color, BU

8、T: the quality of being a nobleman by birthPossible rules of compound formation:Some productive compound types:Noun compounds (Quirk, et al. 1985: 1570-1578)(i) subject and verb: sunrise, rattlesnake, dancinggirl(ii) verb and object: bloodtest, sightseeing, drinking-water, songwriter(iii) verb and a

9、dverbial: living-room, daydreaming, babysitter, homework(iv) subject and object:table leg, toy factory, chairperson(v)subject and complement: girlfriend, blackboard, frogman, coffee timeAdjective compounds (Quirk, et al. 1985: 1570-1578)(i) verb and object: breathtaking, self-defeating(ii) verb and

10、adverbial: fist-fighting, lip-sucking (iii) verbless:carsick, duty-free, grass-green, auditory-visualVerb compounds(i) verb and object: housekeep, proof-read(ii) verb and adverbial: babysit, vacuum cleanCompound modifiers, esp. in journalistic writings:the do-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-need poli

11、cynever-to-be-forgotten daysthe still-to-be-discovered elementsString compound:testtube babyother compounds:has-been: a person or thing that was formerly popular or effective but is no longer solions share: largest or best partDerivation: (Quirk, et al. 1985: 1515-1558)Prefixes:1. negative :un-

12、 (unfair  unforgettable); non- (non-smoker  non-perishable); in- (incomplete); dis- (disobey  disorder); a-/an-(amoral; anarchy)2. reversative or privative : un- (undo; untie); de- (defrost; decentralize); dis-(discontent; disinfect)3. pejorative

13、0;: mis- (miscalculate; misfire); mal- (maltreat; malfunction); pseudo-(pseudo-intellectual; pseudo-scientific)4. degree or size: arch- (arch-enemy; archbishop); super- (superman; supermarket); out- (outnumber; outgrow); sub- (subconscious; subnormal); over- (overe

14、at; overwork); under- (undercharge; underestimate); hyper- (hypersensitive; hyperactive); ultra- (ultramodern; ultrasound); mini-(mini-skirt; mini-market); co-(co-education; co-pilot)5. orientation and attitude: counter-(counteract; counter-revolution); contra-(contrafactual; contrafl

15、ow); anti-(anti-social; anti-war); pro-(pro-communist; pro-American)6. locative: fore-(forearm; foreleg); sub-(subway; subsection); inter-(international; interweave); trans-(transatlantic; transplant)7. time and order: fore-(foretell; forehusband); pre-(pre-marital; pre-school); post-(post-election;

16、 post-classical); ex-(ex-president; ex-serviceman); re-(re-use; re-evaluate)8. number, neo-classfical: uni-/mono-(unilateral; unidirectional); bi-/di-(biplane; bilingual; dioxide; dichotomy); tri-(tricycle; trimester); multi-/poly-(multiform; multiracial; polytechnic; polysemy)9. miscellaneous, neo-

17、classifical: auto-(autosuggestion; autocraft); extra-(extra affectionate); neo-(neo-Nazi; neo-classicism); pan-(pan-African; pan-American); proto-(prototype; Proto-Germanic); tele-(telegram; telephone); vice-(vice-chairman; vice-president)10. conversion: a-(asleep; aglow); be-(befogged; bedewed); en

18、-/em-(endanger; embitter)Suffixes:1. Noun suffixesDenominal nouns: abstract(A) -age: mileage; frontage(B) -dom: officialdom; kingdom(C) -ful: spoonful; glassful(D) -hood: boyhood; falsehood(E) -ing: carpeting; farming(F) -ism: idealism; racism(G) -ocracy: democracy; aristocracy(H) -ship: friendship;

19、 membershipDenominal nouns: concrete(A) -eer: mountaineer; profiteer(B) -er: villager; Londoner(C) -ess: lioness; waitress(D) -ette: kitchenette; leatherette(E) -let: booklet; starlet(F) -ling: duckling; princeling(G) -ster: trickster; gamesterDeverbal nouns(A) -ant: contestant; informant(B) -ee: no

20、minee; examinee(C) er/-or: singer; actor(D) -age: coverage; breakage(E) -al: refusal; dismissal(F) -ation: exploration; starvation(G) -ing: opening; filling(H) -ment: puzzlement; arrangementDe-adjectival nouns(A) -ity: rapidity; regularity(B) -ness: meanness; happinessNoun/adjective suffixes(A) -ese

21、: Chinese; Japanese(B) (i)an: Chomskyan; Russian(C) -ist: violinist; stylist2. Adjective suffixesDenominal(A) -ed: pointed; blue-eyed(B) -ful: useful; successful(C) -ish: foolish; coldish(D) -less: careless; restless(E) -like: childlike; monkeylike(F) -ly: manly; motherly(G) -y: hairy; wealthy(H) (i

22、)al: dialectal; professorial(I) -esque: romanesque(J) -ic: atomic; heroic(K) -ous: desirous; ambitiousDeverbal(A) -able: debatable; washable(B) -ive: attractive; effective3. Adverb suffixes(A) -ly: personally; extremely(B) -ward(s): northward(s); onward(s)(C) -wise: clockwise; moneywise4. Verb suffi

23、xes(A) -ate: hyphenate; chlorinate(B) -en: deafen; sadden(C) (i)fy: simplify; beautify(D) -ize/-ise: hospitalize; publize; avertiseConversion: (Quirk, et al. 1985: 1515-1567)Conversion to noun:Deverbal:1. state of mind or sensation: desire; smell; want2. event/activity: attempt; fall; laugh3. object

24、 of V: answer; catch4. subject of V: cheat; coach5. instrument of V: cover; wrap6. manner of V-ing: walk; throw7. place of V: rise; divideDe-adjectival:Bitter; weekly; monthlyConversion to verb:Denominal:1. to put in/on N: bottle; carpet2. to give N, to provide with N: butter; mask3. to deprive of N: peel; skin4. to with N