浅谈略谈汉语中几种特殊句型的翻译

1、浅谈略谈汉语中几种特殊句型的翻译    摘要：汉语中有些特殊句型，如”是”字句、”得”字句、”把”字句、”搞”字句等，不是与英语非完全对应，就是为英语所无。本文分析了这些句型的特点，归纳了翻译这些句型的基本技巧。     关键词：汉语；英语；特殊句型；翻译；技巧 汉语中有些常见句型，如”是”字句、”得”字句、”把”字句、”搞”字句等，其翻译没有、也不可能有固定的公式可以套用，如汉语的判断词”是”不一定总是翻译成英语的系动词be。但是，通过纷繁的译例，我们仍然可以探索出翻译这些句型的有效方法和策略。(一) “是”字句的翻译:“

2、是”字句在汉语中占有相当的比例，但并非所有的”是”都是判断词，因此不能机械地用英语的连系动词be来翻译，必须结合语境含义译之。汉语中的”是”可表示等同、类属、特征、存在等意义；”是的”含有被动意义；与”才”、”就”、”正”等连用表示强调；”是”还可以表示一种直观表象或结果。下面介绍一些”是”字句的翻译方法。1. 译为英语连系动词be-改革是振兴中国的唯一出路，是人心所向，大势所趋，不可逆转。reform is the only process through which china can be revitalized, a process which is irreversible and

3、which accords with the will of the people and the general trend of events.-那年月，有钱人是天天过年。in those years, the rich peoples extravagance was such that everyday was a spring festival.-是党和政府的正确方针和政策，促进了广大农村的经济繁荣。it is the correct principles and policies of our party and government that have promoted the

4、economic prosperity of chinas vast rural areas.2. 省略”是”字-武汉是长江中下游地区的特大城市，是湖北省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。wuhan, a metropolis situated in the middle reaches of the changjiang river, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological center of hubei province. (译文利用同位语，将第一个”是”省略)-中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，社会生产

5、力水平总的还比较低。as the largest developing country in the world china has a relatively low level of productive forces on the whole.-工业企业效益差是当前许多矛盾的症结所在。all the contradictions existing in industrial enterprises today boil down to scanty economic returns.3. 译为被动语态-革命者是杀不完的。revolutionaries can never be wiped

6、out.-这双皮鞋是定做的。this pair of leather shoes are custom-made.-这种装置在机械表制造工业中是很需要的。this kind of device is much needed in the mechanical watch-making industry.4. 根据”是”的实际意义翻译-创新是一个民族进步的灵魂。innovation sustains the progress of a nation.-这是大势所趋，人心所向。this represents the general trend of development and the comm

7、on aspiration of the people.-澳门问题的圆满解决，是中葡两国关系史上的一个重要里程碑。the successful settlement of the macao question marks an important milestone in the annals of sino-portuguese relation.-这个增长速度是指导性的，是就全国来说的。this growth rate serves as a guide which applies to the country as a whole.5. 译为but it is (was)-这个故事好是好

8、，就是长了点。it is a good story all right, but its a bit too long.6. 用there be结构翻译表示”凡是”的”是”字-是重活，他都抢着干。whenever theres a tough job, he is always the first to do it.(二) “得”字句的翻译汉语结构助词”得”一般用在动词或形容词之后，连接补语成分，表示能力、可能性、结果、程度等。汉语的”得”字，可根据其语法功能，利用英语的词法或句法手段翻译。1. 用情态助动词翻译”得”字英语的情态助动词can, could, be able to可以表示能力；

9、may, might, can, could表示可能性，因此可以利用它们来翻译表示能力或可能性的”得”字。例如：-她的英语讲得好。she can speak english well.-你干得了这件事吗？can you do it?-他看得出两者的差别。he was able to see the difference between the two.2. 用词法手段翻译”得”字英语的后缀-ible, -able构成的词语可以表示能力或可能性，因此也可利用这类词翻译”得”字。例如：-有些星星肉眼都看得很清楚。some stars are quite visible to the unaided

10、 eye.-这个人靠得住吗?is the man reliable ?-这个道理讲得通。the reason is acceptable.3. 用固定结构翻译”得”字当”得”字表示结果或程度时，可利用英语中表示相同意义的固定结构如so that等来翻译。例如：-地板霉烂得有许多地方不能再擦洗了。the floors were in so rotten a condition that many of them could not be scrubbed.-不要高兴得忘乎所以。dont be so happy as to forget everything.-天气闷热得大家喘不过气来。it wa

11、s such a hot and stuffy weather that people were out of breath.-这些苹果酸得不能吃。these apples are too sour for eating.4. 省略”得”字有时，”得”字无需翻译，只需翻译”得”字位于其中的短语即可。例如：-他们俩人很合得来。both of them got well along with each other.-学生们听课听得很入神。the students listened to the lecture attentively.-你来得正是时候。you came in the nick of

12、 time.-游客们玩得很开心。the visitors had a wonderful time.-这件事情做得非常出色。its exceedingly well done. (三) “把”字句的翻译同汉语”是”字句一样，”把”字句也是汉语的一种常见句型。汉语中的”把”字主要起引导受事者的作用，语态形式上表现为主动式，因此使汉语减少了被动句的使用频率，很多被动意义都可借助”把”字句来表达。”把”字”常与表示人的生理或心理状态的词语，如”忙、累、急、气”等搭配，引导表示结果的补语；”把”字可与”一”、”当作”、”给”等连用，构成”把一”、”把当作”、”把给”句型；”把”可用于句首建构

13、祈使句。”把”字的翻译要兼顾其语法及语义功能以及英语的表达习惯。1. 省略”把”字-我错把她当作她的孪生妹妹了。i mistook her for her sister.-他的话几乎把我给气疯了。what he said almost made me go mad.-房地产商人把沿海滩的空地全部抢购一空。the real estate businessmen took up all the land available along the beach.-今天是什么风把你给吹来的?what has brought you here today ?2. 译为被动句-他所做的一切把我感动得流下了眼泪

14、。i was moved to tears by what he had done.-把这些救灾物资送到洪灾区是当前的第一要务。it is currently the first and foremost thing that these disaster-relief supplies should be dispatched to the flood-stricken areas.-隆隆的大炮声把傀儡军吓坏了。the puppet soldiers were frightened to death by the rumbling of cannons.(四) “搞”字句的翻译目下，”搞”字

15、在汉语里的流行之势，使有人发出”怎一个搞字了得”的感叹。关于”搞”的妙用，作家孙绍振说：“搞字的功能可分为两类：丑的则遮蔽，不丑的则美化；可谓有美皆备，无丽不臻。”鉴于”搞”在汉语中倍受青睐这一语言事实，其翻译就成为绕不过去的问题。”搞”字意思之丰富，用得之活，不是汉语的”做”所能望其背项的，如果不考虑风格和情感，倒有点像英语的do，几乎是个”万能”动词。”搞”字的翻译，应当具体问题具体分析，弄清其在具体语境中的具体含义，然后再选择恰当的词语译之。1. 译为动词或动词短语“搞”最常见的意义是”做”、”干”、”弄”、”从事”、”进行”等，因此可用do, get, make, work, prac

16、tise, engage in, go in for等来翻译。例如：-搞字对字的翻译常常是行不通的。it is often unacceptable to do a word-to-word translation.-这事没啥搞头。theres no point in doing that.-中国现在实行对外开放、对内搞活的政策。china is now implementing the policy of opening to the outside world and invigorating the domestic economy.-他俩合起来搞我。the two of them jo

17、ined in making things difficult for me.-我们想搞水果蔬菜生意。we are thinking of starting up in the fruit and vegetable trade.-他一心要把对手搞臭。he is bent on discrediting his opponent.2. 译为其他词类-你们在搞什么名堂?what are you up to ? (“搞”译为副词短语up to)-我们的国家大，人口众多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。agricultural advance in so

18、vast a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in china, requires above all else mobilizing the initiative of peasants to work hard and self-reliantly. (“搞”译为名词advance)3. 省略“搞”字-我们确定搞两个开放：一个是对内开放，一个是对外开放。we have decided on an open policy in two respects: namely, to open up both externally and internally.-但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。but there h