汉译英翻译技巧-

1、汉译英翻译技巧在四级考试中,翻译题所占分值为5%。由5个句子组成,要求考生将句子的一部分由中文翻译成英文。它考查的内容主要包括两部分,一是意群的表达,二是句法。汉译英主要的考点有:固定结构的用法、词性的转换、语态之间的转换、长短句之间的转化和词语选择的恰当性。一解题步骤1.通读全句,确定语法成分汉译英题型中的汉语和英语部分共同构成一个完整的达意单位,不能将其割裂开来,同时,由于两种语言之间的语法结构相去甚远,考生不应该将汉语部分直接翻译成英语,而是要首先阅读整个句子,确定要求翻译的部分在整个英语句子中的语法成分。例如:_(她目不转睛地看着窗外,she told us that our frie

2、nd Tom had died in the air crash.解析:很多学生看到给出的汉语部分是一个完整的主谓句,就想当然地将其翻译成一个英文的简单句。但仔细研究逗号以后的英文部分我们就会发现,这一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗号没有连接两个分句的功能,而本句逗号后面没有连接词,因此划线部分不是一个句子,而是一个状语成分。由此可知,我们必须使用非谓语结构或独立主格结构。可接受的答案包括:Keeping her eyes fixed out of the window;Staring out of the win-low;With her eyes fixed out the windo

3、w;Her eyes fixed out of the window等。2.审查时态,决定表达方式确定语法成分以后,考生要有意识地审查时态,要特别注意句中的时间状语,并对照所给英语部分的时态。此外,还应该根据汉语意思推断出题人想考查的语法或词汇项目,避免将汉语词汇逐个机械地翻译成英语的情况。例如:Since we're here _(我们不如四处看看.解析:首先通读全句,我们发现Since we're here是一个条件状语从句,意思是“既然我们在这里”,因此划线部分应该是主句,有完整的主谓结构。随后我们开始分析汉语表达,“不如(做”的英文表达法是may/ might as w

4、ell do sth.,与“四处看看”对应的英文短语是look around,而且全句使用的是一般现在时态。因此正确答案是we may as well look around。3.付诸笔墨,保证拼写无误经过仔细的斟酌以后,真正的翻译工作就变得简单得多,但对很多考生来说单词的拼写是一大难题,因此考生应该在确保关键结构无误的前提下尽量选用自己有把握的单词和短语。例如:By contrast,American parents were more likely _(把孩子的成功归因于natural talent. 解析:通过分析可知,本题考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做”和att

5、ribute sth.to sb./another thing“将归因于”的用法,对这两点很熟悉的考生可以不费吹灰之力就做出完美的答案,但正确地写出attribute和success并不是件容易的事。正确答案为to attribute their childrens success to。4.重新审视,确认句法合理在检查的时候,考生应该确认自己翻译的部分与题目给出的英文部分共同构成了一个语法正确达意清晰的句子。在这一阶段,考生还应该重点检查句首字母的大写、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致的问题。二、汉译英技巧1.恰当选词在中译英题型中,考生应注意恰当词语的选择。首先要尽量避免过于笼统的词语,选用其

6、下义词或更确切的词语。例如:He is a good man.就不如He is a kind-hearted man.确切。而“他养了一条牧羊犬”译为“He raised a dog ",就不如“He raised a shepherd dog.”准确。此外,还要注意近义词之间的选择。例如"He runs very fast.”和“He gave us a quick answer.”。2.中英文句式之间的对应与转换有些中文句子结构与含义可以对应英文中的某些句型。若考生可以恰当使用这些句型,可达到事半功倍的效果。这些句子结构通常出现在大学英语课本每一课的课后练习中,如:“只

7、有在海洋中我们才能发现鲸鱼”译为“Only in the ocean can we find whales.”3.语态之间的转换通常中文中的主语过于宽泛的时候,如“人们”,“别人”“这”等等,都可以转化成英文的被动语态,省略原来的主语。例如:人们让我们相信,得到心里渴望的东西是件很容易的事。We have been assured that achieving our heart's desires would be a piece of cake.4.词性的转换1名词转换成动词例如:查理的梦想是将来成为一个侦探。(“梦想”是名词译为:Charlie dreams of becomin

8、g a detective in the future.(“dream "是动词2动词转化成名词例如:用害怕这个词来描述可能会更准确。(“描述”是动词译为:Afraid would be a more accurate description.(" description"是名词3名词转化成形容词例如:吉姆成功的可能性很小。(“可能性”是名词译为:It is almost unlikely/impossible for Jim to succeed.(“unlikely"和“impossible"都是形容词4形容词转化成名词例如:在这紧张的时刻

9、他感到非常紧张。(“紧张的”是形容词译为:The intensity of the moment filled his mind with intensity.(" intensity"是名词此外,在翻译过程中,还需要注意的就是,中文句子通常比较短小,逗号使用较多,且逗号可连续使用。而英文中则经常出现由并列结构和主从结构所构成的长句,逗号不可以随意使用。这时需要注意所译英文句子不要因中文影响而出现残句或粘连句。例如:“我收到了。”译成“I have received.”就是残句,应为“I have received it.”。将“玛丽五年前住在旧金山,在那儿她写了三本小说。

10、”译成"Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago,there she wrote three novels.”就是粘连句,应该是“Mary lived in San Francisco five years ago,and there she wrote three novels.”三.考点预测1.重点句型预测1It is+形容词+that如:it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。2It is

11、+形容词+to do/ doing如:She had said what it was necessary to say.她已经说了一切有必要说的话。3祈使句/名词+and/ or如:Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.努力工作,你就能实现自己的目标。4as+many/ much+名词+as如:It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don.据说,游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦

12、敦的一半。5倍数词+as+形容词+as如:The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。6 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than如:Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.吸烟对人体健康的危害极大,每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。7(notas/ so. as(和(不一样如:The envir

13、onmental problems are not as serious as they suggested in their report.环境问题没有他们在报告中说得那么严重。8no more. than(与一样不如:She is no more fit to be a manager than a schoolgirl would be.女学生固然不宜当经理,她也同样不宜。9Nothing is more. than(没有比更的;是最的如:Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。10感官动词+of+

14、名词如:They hurriedly escaped into a cave that smelt of terror.他们仓皇地逃人一个充满恐怖气氛的山洞。11without/ not so much as(甚至没有如:Disappointed with her husband,Mary left home without so much as looking back at him.出于对丈夫的失望,玛丽离开了家,甚至都没有回头看他一眼。12may/ might as well(as(与其还不如如:One may as well not know a thing at all as kno

15、w but imperfectly.与其一知半解还不如彻底蒙在鼓里。13too.to.二(太而不能;极其地如:It was not too bright of them to settle in an area where earthquakes frequently occur.他们选择在地震多发的地区定居,这可不是个明智的决定。14only to find/ see(结果却;没想到会如:He spent almost all his money to buy the hen which was said to be able to lay gold eggs, only to find i

16、t could not lay eggs at all.为了买那只据说能下金蛋的母鸡,他几乎倾家荡产,没想到这只鸡根本不会下蛋。15It is undoubted that/ There is no doubt that(毫无疑问,如:There is no doubt that war can be avoided if we get down to peace talk.毫无疑问,如果我们肯认真和谈就能避免战争。16rather than(而不是如:Rather than pursue money to achieve happiness,we should focus on the im

17、provement of ourselves.我们应该集中精力改善自我,而不是追求金钱的享乐。17not. until(直到才如:We can't release the film until we have the approval from the authority concerned.直到获得有关当局的批准我们才能发行那部电影。18so/ such(that(如此以至于如:With the rumor spreading fast, their anxiety was such that they could not sleep/they became so anxious t

18、hat they could not sleep.在谣言迅速散播的情况下,他们焦虑异常,无法人睡。19(Thechances are that(很可能如:Chances are that she has already known it, and there is no need for us to keep the secret.她很可能已经知道了,所以我们没有必要再保守这个秘密。20It occurred to sb. That(突然想到如:It had never occurred to Cinderella she would become a princess someday. Ci

19、nderella从来没有想到她会成为一位王妃。21not. but.(不是而是如:To our disappointment, the plan caused not development but destruction.让我们失望的是,这个计划带来的不是进步而是破坏。22It is taken for granted that(被认为是理所当然的takefor granted如:It has been taken for granted that women should take on all the housework.多年来人们一直认为女性做家务是理所当然的。23It is/ was

20、 that如:it is said that man is the least biologically determined species of all because he possesses features absent in other natural species.据说人类是生物学上最难归类的物种,因为人类拥有其他天然物种所缺乏的特性。24When it comes to.(提及,当提到的时候例如:When it comes to physics,I know nothing.谈到物理学,我一无所知。25be not much of a. . .(是个不太好的如:Mike is

21、 not much of a teacher for he often skips from one subject to another.麦克不是个好老师,因为他总是从一个话题跳转到另一个话题。26As far as sb./sth. is concerned(就而言,在看来如:As far as I am concerned, fashion .belongs to women.在我看来,时尚是属于女性的。27not only. but also(不但而且如:Shakespeare is not only a great playwright but also a brilliant po

22、et.莎士比亚不仅是一位伟大的剧作家而且是一位才华横溢的诗人。28(n either.(n or.(既不也不;或者或者如:Liking neither the story nor the background music,he fell asleep in the cinema.他既不喜欢故事情节也不喜欢背景音乐,所以在电影院里睡着了。29no sooner than/ hardly when/ scarcely when(刚就如:I had hardly opened the door when he rushed in.我刚开门他就冲进来了。30the morethe more(越越如:T

23、he faster a country's economy develops,the slower its population grows.一个国家的经济发展越快,它的人口增长就越慢。2.重点语法结构预测1虚拟语气虚拟语气强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重从以下几方面进行复习和训练:一些能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词,如:lest,in case,without,otherwise等;一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语或同位语从句往往采用“(should子动词原形”的虚拟形式,如:suggest, pro

24、pose, command, order, request, requir e等;一些形容词后面的主语从句中往往采用“(should+动词原形”,如:It is necessary that,It is essential that,It is important that, It is desirable that等;省略了if的虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish,as if,It is time that等句型中使用适当的虚拟形式表达主观愿望。例如:It is necessary that _.(采取有效措施来防止环境污染。答案:effective actions(shou

25、ldbe taken to prevent environmental pollution2时态转换英语中一共有16个时态,最常用的5个时态是一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时。在以往的四级考试中考查最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。因此在翻译时,考生首先要抓住的就是已知信息中的时间状语,是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间、是短暂时间还是延续性时间。例如: _(自从她上了高中,she has worked very hard. 答案:Since the time she went to senior high school3倒装结构英语中的倒装结构分

26、为全部倒装和部分倒装。哪些否定词或者短语前置能引起倒装句,部分倒装和全部倒装有何区别, as和so在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等,都是考生应当重视的地方。例如:_(鲇鱼walking fish不仅可以离开水存活, but they can also travel short distances over land.答案:Not only can walking fish live out of water(部分倒装例如:The peace talk turned out to be a failure. Then _(两国之间开始了一场恶战.答案:begana bitter war between the two countries(全部倒装4非谓语结构和独立主格结构一般说来,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是不能连接两个句子的,其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式,要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都作状语,不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语,而非谓语结构则需要考生判断逻辑主语和非谓语动词之间的关系,确定使用主动语态或被动