定语从句及相关术语

1、定语从句及相关术语1. 定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修 饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它 所修饰的先行词后面。where, whe n, why3，在定语从句中担2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等； 关系副词有等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。当一个成分。注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般 whom作为宾语。限定作用4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词

2、起修饰、的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担 任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则 放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。限定性定语从句which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语, which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。一、关系代词1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，eg : thisthat在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，is the book (which ) you want 。而且，如果 which 在从句中作 不及物动词+介词的介词的宾语，注意介

3、词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置which 之2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与 间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用 which ，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everyth ing, no thi ng , none等不定代词时，或者是由 every,any, all, some, no, little, few, much前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时等修饰时等，这时的 that常被省略还有先行词，或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有

4、物时.还有句中前面有which时，都只能用thatwhom 作4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语二、关系副词关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhe n=dun ng/ on/ in/ . which (where=i n/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)介词同先行词搭配)whose=of which/ whom1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句2. whe n引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间 语从句只用 when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当

5、然也不用"time，一词的定that引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I stillremember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to bus in ess trip, he brings alot of livi ng n ecessities, such as towels, soa p, toothbrush etc.3. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格导的从句可以

6、修饰人和物，当它引导的从句修饰物体时，可以与 of which 调换，表达.它引的意思一样.4. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,或nothing时，常用 there is 来引导这里有人要和你说话。someth ing, anything, everyth ingThere is somebody here who wants to sp eak to you.（二）非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明

7、前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部通常是引导词和先行2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是 非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.退休了，他曾经是我的老师。查理史密斯去年My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garde n.幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。我去年买的的那This no vel, which I have read three times, is very touch ing.我已经读了三遍

8、。这本小说很动人,3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如:He seems not to have gras ped what I meant, which greatly up sets me.没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。他似乎Liquid water cha nges to vapor, which is called eva po rati on.这就叫做蒸发。液态水变为蒸汽,4.有时as也可用作关系代词5.在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词whom代表人，用 which,whose代表事物.；why和关系代词 that，而用

9、 who,（三）关系代词引导的定语从句I.who指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(注: 大区别，可以通用。)who禾n whom 已无太(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to

10、 see.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 注意：关系代词 whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如果在从句中做宾语，就用 whom 或who.比如：He is the man whom/who I talk to.如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比女0 : He is the man who has an Englishbook.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) Thi

11、s is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时，相当于who或者 whom ;指物时，相当于在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。which。(5) The nu mber of the people that/who come to visit the city each year risesone milli on.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose fathe

12、r is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has falle n in. whose构来代替指物时，常用以下结(3) The classroom whose door is broke n will soon be rep aired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broke n will soon be rep aired.(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the colo

13、r of which is yellow?(四)注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词 +关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magaz ine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magaz ine

14、for which you asked.We 'II go to hear the famous sin ger (whom/that/who) we have ofte n talkedabout.We ' 注意：1.女0： look for, look after, take carell go to hear the famous sin ger about whom we have ofte n talked. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，of等=正确）=错误）whom，不可用 who 或者 that ;whose(1) This is the watch whi

15、ch/that I am look ing for. (T（2） This is the watch for which I am look ing. （F2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用指物时用 which，不能用that ;关系代词是所有格时用(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Can ada is very comfortable. (T)(4)

16、The plane in that we flew in to Can ada is very comfortable. (F)3. 介词 + 关系代词 "前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents dee ply, both of whom are very ki nd to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many appi es, some of which have gone bad.(3) There

17、 are forty stude nts in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.（五）关系副词引导的定语从句1. whe n指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day whe n I first came to the school.(2) The time whe n we got together fin ally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shan ghai is the city where I was born.(2) The hou

18、se where I lived ten years ago has bee n p ulled dow n.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) P lease tell me the reas on why you missed the plane.(2) I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reas on why/ for which he refused the in vitati on is not clear,(2) From t

19、he year whe n/in which he was going to school he bega n to know what he wan ted whe n he grew up.(3) Great cha nges have take n p lace in the city in which./where I was born.（六）判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语， 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mou ntain villa

20、ge where I stayed last year.ril n ever forget the days whe n I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错）（错）This is the moun ta in village where I visited last year.I will n ever forget the days whe n I spent in the coun tryside.(对)This is the moun tai n village (which) I visited l

21、ast year.ril n ever forget the days (which) I spent in the coun tryside.where, whe n 联系在一起。此两题（对）习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分选择出关系代词 /关系副词。例1. Is this museum（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确you visited a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例 2. Is this the museumthe exhibition w

22、as held?A. where B. thatC. on which D. the one 答案:例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句:This museum isyou visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museumthe exhibiti on was held.在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one 可以，而后面的 you visited a few daysone的定语从句。2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where ,又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which弓I导地点状语。而

23、此题中，介词ago则做而句on用的不对，所以选关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选 择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 语，why原因状语）。（where 地点状语，whe n时间状介词+关系词介词后面的关系词不能省略。that前不能有介词。某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的畐y词 when ,where 禾R why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago."介词+关系词”结构可以同关系This is t

24、he house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如 '。Do you remember the day whe n you joined our club?This is the reas on why he came late.This is the reas on for which he came late.(八)先行词和关系词二合一"Whoever sp its in p ublic

25、will be puni shed here.(Whoever 可以用 anyonewho 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technicalschool. (what可以用all that代替)(九)as,which弓I导的非限定性定语从句as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句，相当于 andthis 或and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。As we know, smok ing is harmful to on e's health.

26、The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题1) Alice received an invitation from her boss,came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用 which. , it和he都使后 句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2) The weather turned out to be very good,was more than we could exp e

27、ct.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。what不可。That不能用于非限which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterday,preven ted me from going to the p ark.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整 个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：which 不可。(1 ) as

28、引导的定语从句可置于句首，而(2 ) as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用在本题中，P reve nt由于是行为动词，As的用法例从句中的谓语必须是系动词;which.。所以正确选项应为1. the same as ; such as 中的as是一种固定结构,和一样I have got into the same trouble as he (has).As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's heal

29、th.As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know 要用被动式。“as / which ”特殊定语从句的先行成分1.形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，My g randmother's house was always of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表 示人的身份、 职业、状态的名词。 值得一提的是，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who

30、 / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词如果是动态动词短语，它们在do 和 as / which 一起代替。 do 可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有 时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。as/which ”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，种情况：as/which ”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作 先行成分， “as / wh

31、ich 特”殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。as / which 特”殊定语从句"as”殊定语2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时， 置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时， 从句可以移至句子之首。可以置于先行成分之前、3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”殊定语从句的位置较灵活，之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“ as特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“ as特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“ as特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which '特殊定语从

32、句可以出现在先行成分之中。as/which ”特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来， as 与 which 的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时， 它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, en able, cause和形容词result, make, en able, cause从句中往往in teresti ng.等。surprising, delightful, disgraceful2.表示评注它通常表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向， 与那些

33、表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示n atural, known to all,合乎自然规律”、众所周知”或经常发生”等意义的词语，如 usual 等。3. 有无状语意义"which'特殊定语从“ as特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而句则无状语意义。“ as特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which '特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。四、关系代词as与which的句法功能1. as / which在特殊定语从句中作主语。as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem ），主语

34、补语为usual、a rule、 a matter of fact 等时，系动词 从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词 特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有which而不用as。如:be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as特殊定语be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”happen 词。如：Freddie, as might be exp ected, was atte nding the conference.Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助 动词be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as和which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如

35、:We thought him a gen tlema n, as/which he could n ever be.“ as特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“ which 从句中则不能主谓倒装。如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用He talked like a n ative, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：I was told to go not by train

36、 but bus, which advice I followed.（十）关系代词that的用法（1）不用that的情况 在引导非限定性定语从句时。（错）The tree, that is four hun dred years old, Is very famous here.（b）介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 在there be 句型中，只用 that，不用

37、which 。在不定代词，如：anything, no thi ng, the one, all, much, few, any, little作先行词时，只用that，不用 which 。先行词有 the only, the very,the same,the last,just先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用先行词既有人，又有物时。先行词指物，在主句中作表语时.为了避免重复.(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h) 先行词是 the way 时举例：修饰时，只用 that。that o .Is this the book that you borrowed in the lib

38、rary? 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？Who that break the window should be puni shed 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚.All that is n eeded is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。Fin ally, the thief han ded everyth ing that he had stole n to the p olice. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。(十一)难点分析(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1 .当先行词是any thi ng, everythi ng, nothing (someth

39、 inglittle, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时除外),few, all, none.,each(1) Have you take n dow n everyth ing that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems imp ossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has bee n done.(4) There is little that I can

40、 do for you.注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将 that用括号括住。注意2:当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won2.当先行词被序数词修饰't do such a thing.(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被 the very, the only ，

41、the same,the last修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is

42、standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?(二)关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句， 有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1 As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2)

43、 He was honest, as/which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割 一个主句； which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。正像”的意思另外， as 有 “正如(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Pari

44、s more than several times, which I don 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用' t believe.which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，常用 as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lo

45、st last week. 注意：当先行词由 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。' s wedding.(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 一样的裙子。她穿着和她妹妹所穿的( 三)以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 省略。in which, that 引导，而且通常可以(1) The way in wh

46、ich/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) There are very few but understand his idea.( but= who don ' t )( 五 ) 区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；定语从句同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London.同位语从句(2) The fact that he has bee

47、n dead is clear. 2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以 省略；等词引导，充当成分同位语从句主要由 that 引导，在句中一般不做成分； 句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is di