工业能源效率：国际最好实践的案例

1、 2全球范围内，工业领域占全球总能耗和与之相关的CO2排放量的37%。Globally, the industrial sector accounts for 37% of energy use and energy-related CO2 emissions 这一比重在发展中国家更高，因为这些国家的基础设施建设和城市化进程对工业原料的需求更大。Share is higher in developing countries, where infrastructure construction and urbanization places heavy demands on industrial

2、 materials取决于定义的不同，中国的工业领域占了全国总能耗的60%到70%。Depending upon how it is defined, industrial sector in China accounts for 60% to 70% of all energy consumption 3 4注：此处工业包括农业用能。来源：de la Rue du Can 和 Price, 2021; Murtishaw et al., 2005; Price et al., 2006; 美国EIA, 2007; 中国国家统计局, 2005 5 大规模的工业生产和高能耗造成了严重的环境污染H

3、igh levels of industrial production and energy use can have serious environmental consequences including: 空气污染 air pollution 水污染 water pollution 工业废物 industrial waste 温室气体排放带来的全球气候的变暖greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming 不挖掘提高能效的潜力也相当于造成经济损失Untapped potential energy efficiency impr

4、ovements also represent economic losses 能效的提高将减少污染物的排放和节约成本。Improved energy efficiency will reduce many of these emissions and save money 6转向能耗较低的产业 Shift to Less-Intensive Industries在工业化阶段，这一措施难以执行 Difficult during industrialization phase中国已是“世界工厂” China is “worlds factory”改善工业基础 Improve Industrial

5、 Base新设施：设计标准（执行力是关键）New facilities: design standards (enforcement is important)现有设施：更新老旧的，低效的设备，淘汰效率最低的设备设施Existing facilities: replace old, inefficient equipment, close down most inefficient facilities所需条件：Requires:新的，高效的技术 New, efficient technologies 可从国外引进或运用国内技术 Import or produce domestically创新

6、的，有效的政策和方案Innovative and effective policies and programs 7重点政策和方案 Key Policies and Programs法规/标准 Regulation/Standards能源或CO2税收政策 Energy or CO2 Taxes排放交易方案 Emissions Trading 协议/目标 Agreements/Targets金融支持和奖励 Financial Assistance and Incentives基准 Benchmarking审计/评估 Audits/Assessments报告 Reporting信息传播和示范 In

7、formation Dissemination and Demonstration政府和公众的认可 Government and Public Recognition最有效的方案是将以上大部分要素都结合的方案。Most effective programs are those that combine many of these elements 8国际案例International Examples荷兰长期能效协议Netherlands Long-Term Agreements英国气候变化税和气候变化协议UK Climate Change Levy and Climate Change Ag

8、reements美国工业能源之星U.S. Energy Star for Industry美国能源部工业技术项目U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Technologies Program 9目标：在目标：在1989到到2000年，工业能效提高年，工业能效提高20%Goal: increase industrial energy efficiency by 20% between 1989 and 2000可行的能效改进措施Inventory of viable energy-efficiency improvement measures签署目标设置协议T

9、arget-setting agreements signed开发节能计划Energy Savings Plan developed年度监测Annual monitoring 10政策和方案的支持政策和方案的支持Supporting Policies and Programs补贴Subsidies投资能源减少交税Energy investment tax reduction 信息传播Information dissemination能源设备审计Facility audits 环境准入的简化手续Simplified procedure for environmental permits 能源政策

10、的一致性和对项目的保护Consistency in and protection from new energy regulation in industry 11结果结果 Results:实现整体节能22.3%Overall energy efficiency savings of 22.3% realized每减少一吨CO2，政府的成本为10-20美元，这个差别取决于补贴的成本是否包括在内。Cost to government of program was $10-20/tCO2 saved, depending upon whether full costs of all subsidi

11、es are included工业实现每年节约能源成本约6亿5千万美元Industry realizing $650 M per year in reduced energy costs% 提高的能效，1989-2000% improvement in energy efficiency, 1989-2000 12目标：到目标：到2021年降低年降低20%的的CO2排放量（排放量（1990年的基线）年的基线）Goal: 20% CO2 emissions reduction by 2021 (1990 baseline)气候变化税：对能源的征税（包括天然气，煤，液化气和电）气候变化税：对能源的

12、征税（包括天然气，煤，液化气和电）Climate Change Levy: tax on energy (natural gas, coal, LPG, electricity) 如果公司同意并且实现降低温室气体排放量的目标后，公司的气候变如果公司同意并且实现降低温室气体排放量的目标后，公司的气候变化税将会有化税将会有80%的折扣的折扣 。Companies that agree to and achieve GHG emissions reduction targets receive an 80% Climate Change Levy discount如果公司没有加入此协议，没有达到减排

13、目标，则必须缴纳如果公司没有加入此协议，没有达到减排目标，则必须缴纳100%的能的能源税。源税。Company that does not enter into an agreement that does not reach its target, must pay 100% of the energy tax 13政策和方案的支持政策和方案的支持Supporting Policies and Programs碳信托基金会：是一个独立的机构，促进降低工业中的碳排放和商业发展。通过实地考察指导公司，并向提高能效的项目提供信息和低成本的贷款。Carbon Trust: an independen

14、t body to promote carbon reductions in industry and commerce, advises industry through site visits, provides information and low costs loans for energy efficiency projects加强资本免税额计划：如公司购买节能设备（在政府制定的具体名单上），则可在进行投资的当年，在这一支出上获得100%的免税。Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme: Business can claim 100% tax allowa

15、nces on their capital spending on specified energy saving equipment against their taxable profits for the year during which they make the investment 国内排放交易计划 Domestic Emissions Trading Scheme对能效政策的“轻触摸” “Light Touch” on energy efficiency regulation 14结果结果 Results:2001-2002：目标为600万吨CO2,实际降低1640万吨CO22

16、001-2002: target 6.0 MtCO2, actual reductions of 16.4 MtCO2 2003-2004：目标为550万吨CO2,实际降低1440万吨CO2。2003-2004: target 5.5 MtCO2, actual reductions of 14.4 MtCO22005-2006：目标为910万吨CO2,实际降低1640万吨CO2。2005-2006: target 9.1 MtCO2, actual reductions 16.4 MtCO2这比预期要好，是因为工业领域低估了他们能够通过提高能耗实现的减排量。Sectors did bette

17、r than expected because industry underestimated what they could achieve via energy efficiency工业能够实现每年节约8亿3千2百万美元，是因为达到了英国气候变化协议的目标。此外，还有通过气候变化税所实现的节能。Industry is saving over $832 M/year on the energy it has not bought as a result of meeting the CCA targets, in addition to the savings on the Climate

18、Change Levy itself 15美国政府部门的自愿项目，旨在通过提高能效，帮助生产商保护环境Voluntary U.S. government program that helps manufacturers protect the environment through superior energy efficiency超过450合作公司，涉及工业各个领域Over 450 partner companies in a wide range of industries为能源管理者提供能源管理信息Provides energy management resources for ene

19、rgy managers 促进信息共享、网络和共识Promotes sharing of ideas, networking & recognition能源指南为企业和能源管理者提供技术评价报告Energy Guidebooks - technical opportunities assessment report for plant and energy managers 企业能源性能指标，以同能效进行对标Energy performance indicator for enterprises to “benchmark” energy efficiency 16工业概况 Indus

20、try overview工艺描述 Process description能耗概要 Energy use summary提高能效机会 Energy efficiency opportunities 技术或实践的简要概述 Brief overview of technology or practice 应用的局限性（如果有） Limitations on applicability (if any) 典型的节能量 Typical energy savings 典型的简单回收期 Typical simple payback period 工业实际应用的案例数据 Case study data fro

21、m real-world industrial applications 出版物未来信息的参考 References to further information in the public domain 17主要为企业和能源管理者提供书面的材料Written specifically for plant and energy managers 由工业专业人员和专家评审Reviewed by industry professionals and experts 指南目标 Goals of the guides减少信息障碍 Reduce information barriers能源和节能量化 Q

22、uantify energy and savings评价提高节能潜力机会的清单 Checklist of potential efficiency opportunities to be evaluated成为所选择的措施进行更详细分析的起点 Starting point for more detailed analysis of selected measures突出工业成功的案例 Highlight industry success stories 18美国EPA能源之星的工业项目US EPA Energy Star for Industry Program (with # of meas

23、ures for each)汽车装配：93Auto assembly: 93酿造：45 Breweries: 45水泥：40 Cement: 40玉米加工：95 Corn Refining: 95食品加工：150 Food processing: 150玻璃：114 Glass: 114石化：100 Petrochemicals: 100石油炼制：90 Petroleum refining: 90医药：102 Pharmaceuticals: 102纸浆和造纸（在进行中） Pulp and Paper (ongoing) 19能源审计：“现在节能项目”Energy Audits: Save E

24、nergy Now Program完成543个评价项目543 assessments completed 到2021年6月2日，452家工厂的报告如下：As of June 2, 2021, 452 plants have reported the following:确定的节约能源成本：超过7亿6千6百万美元Identified energy cost savings: more than $766 million 实施的节能：超过1亿1千3百万美元Implemented energy savings: more than $113 million 正在进行中的或预计中的节能措施：超过3亿6

25、百万美元Energy savings measures underway or scheduled: more than $305 million每个审计所达到的节能：250万美元Amount saved per audit $2.5 million 总共降低潜在的CO2排放量：660万吨， 相当于120万辆车的排放量Total potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction:6.6 million metric tonsthe equivalent to taking nearly 1.2 million cars off the roa

26、d 20由高校专家为基础组成的专业技术团队为符合条件的中小型企业提供免费/无费能源评估服务No-cost assessments provided to eligible small and mid-size plants by university-based teams将能源、消耗和生产能力相结合考虑，制定解决方案Integrated approach considers energy, waste, and productivity 21依托公认的工程学院建立了26个评估中心26 centers located at accredited engineering schools技术团队由

27、教师和学生组成Assessment teams include faculty and students评估工作通常需要实施为期一天的现场访问Assessments usually entail a one-day site visit为学生提供良好的锻炼机会Good training for students 22Model the supply-side of a utility systems to identify efficiency improvement opportunities Use plant-specific dataEvaluate the operational c

28、osts for various equipment configurations and system profiles Provide estimates of potential savings gained from selected energy efficiency measures and calculates the associated simple payback periods电力系统需求侧管理模式，以确定提高能效机会使用工厂自己的数据评价不同设备和系统状况的运行成本 提供预测的不同能效措施的节能潜力和计算相关的简单回收期 23 AIRMaster+ Combined H

29、eat and Power (CHP) Fan System Assessment Tool (FSAT) MotorMaster+ NOx and Energy Assessment (NxEAT) Process Heating Assessment and Survey Tool (PHAST) Quick Plant Energy Profiler (PEP) Steam Systems AIRMaster+ 热电联产热电联产 风机系统评价工具风机系统评价工具 电机电机 氮氧化物和能源评价氮氧化物和能源评价 工艺热评价和调查工具工艺热评价和调查工具 快速了解企业能源概况快速了解企业能源

30、概况 蒸汽系统蒸汽系统 24荷兰能源环境署是一个政府机构，它的目标是将政府政策转化为实际结果SenterNovem is a government agency whose goal is to convert government policy into reality一个重点领域就是能源和气候变化One area of concentration is Energy and Climate Change所提供的服务有：Services: 获得并传播知识 Acquiring and disseminating knowledge 建设并维护知识网络 Building and maintain

31、ing knowledge networks 监测 Monitoring 开发政策工具 Developing policy instruments 为政策及其执行提供建议 Advising on policy and implementation 实施补贴计划 Implementing subsidy schemes 25项目 Projects: 在中型和小型企业中进行对标和能源管理计划 Benchmarking and Energy Management Schemes in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises 传播 “电动机挑战计划” 的结果 Dissem

32、ination Results of the Motor Challenge Programme 监督长期能效协议的执行 Overseeing the Long-Term Agreements 列出能效技术的名单 Energy-efficient technologies list 帮助制定节能计划 Assistance developing Energy Conservation Plans 构建客户群体和知识网络 User groups and knowledge networks 提供软件支持工具 Software support tools 扩展主题：能效产品（包括生命周期）及纳入可回

33、收能源 Expansion themes: energy-efficient products (including life cycle) and incorporation of renewable energy 能源管理系统 Energy Management Systems 26在提高工业能效方面，继续建立具有激励机制的政策和方案Continue to establish policies and programs that provide incentives for industrial energy efficiency 差别定价，节能奖励，促销活动等 Differential

34、pricing, energy-saving rewards, promotions, etc. 考虑对燃料或电进行收费，为能效改进项目提供资金 Consider fuel or electricity charges to generate funds for energy efficiency programs 新的想法可以在省级政策和项目上进行试点 Provincial-level policies and programs can be pilots for new ideas扩大能源审计和能源对标的容量和范围Expand capacity for energy auditing and benchmarking促进推广能源管理系统的使用Promote the use of e