应用语言学 Interpersonal Function

1、Interpersonal function Interpersonal Function We use language to: interact with other people; to establish and maintain relationships; to influence behaviour; to express our own point of view; to elicit or change the point of view of others. Interpersonal function has its own system of meanings: Fou

2、r basic speech roles as identified by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004:108): giving informationstatement demanding informationquestion giving goods and services offer demanding goods and services command Functions associated with particular grammatical structures: Statements by declarative clauses Que

3、stions by interrogative clauses Commands by imperative clauses Offers odd one out; not associated with a specific mood choice. Interpersonal Function looked at in terms of: Mood Modality Mood How clauses are structured: Subject and Finite. e.g; Theyve all gone. They subject, have is the auxiliary ve

4、rb: in functional grammar, this is called the finite. Mood = Subject + Finite Finite the first functional element of the verbal group: Did you see him that day? Didnt he come home last night? You can imagine his reaction What were you doing? Someone may have heard the shot.Subject + Finite also call

5、ed the mood block: order and presence of the subject and finite determine whether or not the mood of the clause is: declarative (realizing a statement) interrogative (realizing a question) imperative (realizing a command) Mood block = subject + finite: the rest of the clause is called the residue. M

6、ood block can be either side of the subject + finite. i. Declarative: subject finite: Tom and Nicole were drinking red wine with their meal ii Yes/No Interrogative: finite subject: Were Tom and Nicole drinking red wine with their meal? Iii WH-Interrogative: where the question word (who, what, which)

7、 is the subject: subject finite: Who has taken all the wine? Imperative: no subject or finite, residue only: Drink red wine with your meal Structure of the Residue: Predicator Predicator contains the lexical element/s of the verbal group (ie, not the Finite group. It specifies whats going on. That b

8、ottle of wine should Subject FiniteMood block be chilled for a few hours Predicator Residue That bottle of wine should Subject Finite Mood block be chilled for a few hours Predicator Residue Sometimes, Finite is fused with the predicator: e.g, smoked, drank, threw Gerald threw Subject Finite/Predica

9、tor Mood block his cigarettes into the trash Residue Complement A Complement is typically a participant in the clause. (an element within the Residue that has the potential of being subject but is notIt is typically realized by a nominal group.)Gerald threw Subject Finite/PredicatorMood Blockhis cig

10、arettes into the trash Complement Residue AdjunctAnother potential constituent of the clause is an adjunct: is typically realized by an adverbial group or a prepositional phraseGerald threw Subject Finite/PredicatorMood Blockhis cigarettes into the trash Complement AdjunctResidue Modality Modality r

11、efers to how speakers and writers take up a position, express an opinion, point of view or make a judgment. In order to do this, make adjustments within the mood block: strong, weak or middle ground. Needle exchange programmes could be government sponsoredNeedle exchange programmes must be governmen

12、t sponsoredmodalitymodalizationmodulationModalisation: relates to the speakers judgment of the validity of the proposition, and covers the scale of in terms of probability (possible-probable-certain) and usuality (sometimes-usually-always). Modulation: relates to how confident the speaker can be in the eventual success of the exchange, a