2017届高考英语二轮专题复习介词和介词短语导学案

1、1 介词和介词短语 【考纲解读】 介词是英语中比较活跃的词，它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活且意义丰富。 介词的考查形式多样，除了单纯考查介词外，还常考查介词与其他词的搭配。此外 ，在定语从句中，也 常考查介词+关系代词”的用法。有些介词的考查频率较高 ，如 with，beyond 等。 【预习导学】 一、介词 1 .表示方位的 at，in，on，to, beside/by 禾口 near 介词 用法 示例 at 一般指在较小的地方 I met him the shop. 一般指在较大的地方， They arrived Beiji ng 或在某一 yesterday. in 范

2、围内 Shandong Provinee lies the east of China. The picture is hanging the 一般指在物体的表面, 或相邻并 wall. on 接壤的两个地域 Viet nam is the south of Chi na. Jia ngsu Prov ince is the to 表示某范围外不接壤的两位置 southeast of Hebei Prov in ce. She was standing her beside “在,，的旁边” mother. /by There is a small house the river. There

3、 is a supermarket my n ear “接近；靠近” home. 2 .表示方位的 between禾口 among 介词 用法 示例 betwee n 在两者或每两者之 间 I sat dow n Sue and Jane. among 在二者或二者以上 之间 The teacher was standing the stude nts. 3 .表示方位的 across，through，over 禾口 past 2 介词 用法 示例 across 从”的表面 穿过 He walked the square to meet us. through 从”的内部 穿过 The gui

4、de led us the forest. over 从”的上面 跨过 The thief jumped the fence and fled away. past 从”的旁边 经过 She walked the shop. 4 .表示时间点的 at, in 和 on 介词 用法 示例 at 表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节 日 9 : 00; noon; daybreak; Christmas in 表示在某个较长的时间内，如世 纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、 傍晚 the 21st cen tury; September; the morning on 表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的 上

5、午、下午、晚上 2nd, September; the morning of 1st, May 5.表示时间段的 for 和 since 介词 用法 示例 for “for +时间段”意为“多长时 间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般 作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语 He has lived in the small village five years. I studied in Peki ng Uni versity 4 years. si nce si nce +时间点意为自从 （过 去某时）以来”，作完成时的时间状语 He has worked in this company gra

6、duati on. Tom has bee n doing his homework 7 o clock. 6 .表示交通方式的 by, in 和 on 介词 用法 示例 by “ by+名词”表示交通方式时，名 词前不加冠词 My brother usually goes to school _ bike. in/on in/on 后的名词必须有冠词或代词 My father ofte n goes to work _ 3 等修饰 his car/ his bicycle. 7 .表示用”的 by, in 和 with 介词 用法 示例 by 指“靠”手段，用”方法，凭 借”，后可接名词、代

7、词或动名词 He made a living selling n ewspapers whe n he was young. in 多用于表示语言、材料的名词前 All the applica nts are required to fill the form in ink. with 多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官 的名词前 They are busy dig ging spades. 8 .表示除”夕卜”的 except, except for 禾口 besides 介词 用法 示例 except 表示“除”之外（其他的 都）”，其后的宾语是被排除在外 的，侧重同类事物的排除 All my

8、 friends took part in the party Joh n. except for 其后被排除的内容与主语往往不 是同一类的 His compositi on is good a few spelli ng mistakes. besides 表示“除”之外（其他的 也）”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的 He has lear ned Germa n, French En glish. 9 .其他常考介词的用法 (1)agai nst 的用法 含义 示例 （表示态度）反对 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majorit

9、y of the committee members are it. （表示对比）以”为背景 The skier s red clothes stood out clearly the snow. （表示方位）倚靠着” The girl was lea ning the wall with her arms folded. (2)beyo nd 的用法 含义 示例 （表示位置）在”另一边，在”更远 处 The small village is 20 miles the tow n. （表示时间）晚于” He delayed the matter the 4 fixed time. （表示程度）

10、超出，非”所能及 To be ack no wledged as the first to receive this honor is expressi on in words for me. (3)over 的用法 含义 示例 （表示方位）越过 The airpla ne flew the mountains and disappeared in the dista nee. （表示等级或数目）高于，在”之上，超过 He has got the job because he has the adva ntage others of knowing many Ian guages. （表示时间

11、或过程）在”期间 I m sorry I didn t phone you, but I ve been very busy the past couple of weeks. （4）to 的用法 含义 示例 （表示方向、距离）至腹向，去 It was on the way the railway statio n. （表示时间）直到”为止，到 He wakes at a quarter six every morni ng. （表示比较、比例、参照 ）与”相比， 相对于”而言 I prefer oran ges to apples. （表示对象关系）属于，对，给 The hospital i

12、s attached the uni versity. 达到（某一点或某个限度） Temperatures dropped 25 degrees below zero. u nder 的用法 含义 示例 在”下面，在”之下 She placed the ladder the win dow. 在”过程中 The possibility of employing more staff is still discussi on. 5 （数字、数量、年龄或价格 ）低于，少 于，在”以下 These toys are not suitable for childre n five. 受,，影响 She

13、 s bee n a lot of pressure at work. with 的用法 含义 示例 和” 一起，和，冋，跟 Would you like to go shopp ing me ? （表示冋时或冋一方向）随 着 time going by, the little tree has grow n u p. 具有，带有 The dictionary is what I want, but I don t have eno ugh money me. 由于，因为 He trembled fear. （表示方式）用 He cut it a knife. 、介词短语 介词的固定搭配考查有

14、两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。 While stay ing in the village, James un selfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything in return .（2014 浙江高考 ） 当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。 Starting your own bus in ess could be a way to achievi ng finan cial in depe ndence. On th

15、e other hand , it could just put you in debt.（2014 江西高考 ） 自己做生意或许是获得经济独立的一种方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。 知识积累 介词的常用搭配一览 1 介词与名词的常用搭配 （1） at + n.表示状态 at a loss 不知所措 at war 在战争中 （2） 其他以 at 开头的介词短语 at the beg inning of at the cost of at the risk of at the mercy of on + n.表示状态 on exhibiti on/show 在展出 on fire 着火 at

16、peace 处于和平中 at work 在工作 在”的开始 以”的代价 冒”的危险 在”支配下；任由”摆布 6 on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中 on the decrease/increase 在减少 / 在增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 on duty/guard 在值班 / 站岗 (4) 其他以 on 开头的介词短语 on account of 因为 on behalf of 代表 on no account/condition 决不 (5)by n. 表示方式 by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飞机 by chanc

17、e 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 (6)in n. 表示方式 in cash 用现金付款 in width 在宽度上 in depth 在深度上 in detail 详细地 in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上 in length 在长度上 in English 用英语 (7) 其他以 in 开头的介词短语 in need of 需要 in no case 决不 in no time 立刻 in no way 决不 in place of 代替 in p

18、ossession of 拥有，占有 in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管 , in response to 作为回应 in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管 in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成 in case of 万一；如果；假如 in celebration of 为庆祝 , in control of 管理；控制；操纵 in honour of 为向 , 表示敬意 in memory of 为了纪念 , in support of 为支持 , in the charge of 在, 的管理下 i

19、n the direction of 在, 方向 in the face of 面对, 7 (8) of + n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of ben efit 有益处的 of importa nee 重要的 of use 有用的 (9) out of + n.表示状态 out of bala nee 失去平衡 out of con trol 不受控制 out of debt 不欠债 out of shape 走样，不成形 out of the questi on 不可能 (10) under + n.表示被动 un der attack 遭到袭击 un der pressure 在压力

20、下 under control 处于控制之中 (11) with + n.表示方式 with delight/joy 高兴地 with ease 轻而of help 有帮助的 of sig ni fica nee 有意义的 of value 有价值的 out of breath out of date out of order out of sight out of work 上气不接下气 过期 出故障 看不到 失业 un der discussi on 在讨论中 un der treatme nt 在治疗中 un der con struct ion 在建造中 with difficulty

21、 困难地 with fear 害怕地 8 with pleasure (12)beyo nd bey ond compare 乐意地 + n.表示“超出”，难以,，” 无与伦比 beyond reach 够不到 难以描述 beyond description bey ond doubt bey ond expressi on/words 2 介词与形容词的常用搭配 (1)be + adj. + about be an xious about be curious about be particular about be worried/c oncerned about (2)be + adj.

22、 + at be angry at 因”生气 be astonished at 对,，吃惊 be di sappo in ted at 对,，失望 (3)be + adj. + in 不用怀疑，确实地 难以表达 忧虑” 对,，好奇 对,，讲究 /挑剔 对,，担心 be good at 擅长 be prese nt at 9 be absorbed in 专注于 , be active in 积极于, be dressed in 穿着 , be engaged in 忙于, be rich in 富含 , be occupied in 忙于, be interested in 对 , 感兴趣 b

23、e involved in 包括在 , 中，被卷入 (4)be adj. for be eager for 渴望 , be famous for 以, 著名 be fit for 适合，胜任 , be hungry for 渴望, be ready for 准备好 , be sorry for 对, 感到抱歉 be thankful for 因 , 而感激 be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望 , be prepared for 为 , 做好准备 (5)be adj. from be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于 be far from 远离

24、 be free from 不受 , 影响 (6)be adj. to be close to 接近 , be contrary to 与, 相反 be devoted to 致力于 , be equal to 等于 , be familiar to 对 , 来说熟悉 be friendly to 对, 友好 be good to 对 , 有好处 be grateful to 对, 心存感激 be harmful to 对 , 有危害 be kind to 对 , 友好 be opposed to 反对 , be similar to 与 , 相似 be/get used to ( 变得 )

25、习惯于 , (7)be adj. of be aware of 意识到 , be fond of 喜欢 , be full of 充满 , be proud of 因 , 而自豪 be short of 缺乏 , be tired of 厌烦 , be ashamed of 为 , 感到羞耻 (8)be adj. with be busy with 忙于 , be filled with 充满 be combined with 与 , 结合 be content with 对, 满意 be covered with 被 , 覆盖 be familiar with 对, 熟悉 be patien

26、t with 对 , 有耐心 be popular with 受, 的欢迎 be satisfied with 对 , 满意 10 3.Most people work because it there are some people who actually enjoy work.（2015 浙江， 10） A. As a result D.ln conclusion Edison.（2015 江苏，34） B. regardless of C.in total his D.i n gen eral arm and walked her across the 6.The little pup

27、il took gra ndma the street.（2015 陕西，12） A.o n B.by C.in D.at 7.A com mon memory they all have their school days is the school un iform.（2015 福建，22） A.of B.o n C.to D.with 【考点归纳】 1. 几组常见的介词短语 （1）out of +名词 out of question 毫无疑问； out of the question 不可能； out of order 次序颠倒； out of sight be pleased with

28、 对,，感到满意 by angry with （sb.） 对（某人）发怒 be concerned with 与,有关； 涉及，关心，关注 【考点突破】 考点语境词义辨析 1.The dictionary is _ : many words have been added to the Ianguage since it was published.（2016 天津，2） A.out of con trol B. out of date C.out of sight D.out of reach 2.Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes

29、 _ ani mals both on land and sea ? （2015 浙江，3） A. about B. to C. with D. over 5.This meet ing room is a non smok ing area .I would like to warn you that if you smoked here you would be fin ed.（2015 湖北，30) A.i n adva nee B.in detail C.aside from D.but for s unavoidable. _ 4.Many of the things we now

30、benefit from would not be around Thomas B.ln additi on C.By con trast A.tha nks to 11 看不见；out of place 不合适；out of pity 出于同情；out of curiosity 出于好奇 (2) in +名词 in power 掌权；in good condition 状态良好；in despair 绝望地；in public/secret 公开地 / 秘密地；in tears 哭泣；in good/bad repair 保养得好 /不好；in charge 负责，掌管；in a hurry

31、 匆忙；in an ger 生气；in trouble 有困难 (3) in +名词+介词 in case of 以防万一；in honor of 为了纪念 ” ； in favor of 支持；in memory of 为了纪 念” ； in charge of 负责；in terms of 从” 角度； inneed of 需要；in praise of 表扬；in view of 鉴于；in return for 作为对”的回报； in response to 对,，的答复或反应 (4) u nder +名词 under control 受控；under attack 遭至 U 攻击；

32、under way 在进行中； under discussion 在讨 论；un der con sideratio n 在讨论/考虑中 (5) at +名词 at work 在工作； at play 在玩耍；at dinner 在吃饭；at ease 轻松，自由自在； at war 在打 仗 (6) o n +名词 on fire 着火；on purpose 故意地；on duty 值日；on the phone 在打电话； on leave 在休假； on holiday 在度假；on a walk 在散步； on the rise/fall 上升 / 下降；on sale 出售；on s

33、how/exhibiti on 展出；on bus in ess 出差；on one s way to 在去, 的路上；on a visit/trip/tour 出行 (7) to one s +情感名词 to one s surprise 令某 人惊讶 的是；to one s joy 使某人高兴 的是；to one s disappointment 令某人失望的是；to one s delight 使某人高兴的是 2 注意下列短语中介词的用法 for noth ing 不花钱，免费 come across the room 穿过房间 feel like doing sth. 想要做某事 ge

34、t paid by the week 按周获得报酬 be particular about. 对,，苛求、挑 剔 with satisfacti on 满意地 be sec ond to none 不输于任何人； 不比任何东西差 12 on one s own 独自地 in great qua ntity 大量地，大批量13 in great demand 需求量很大 take a turn for the better keep an eye on 照看，照料 with the help of 在 , 的帮助下 3. 下列短语中 to 为介词 belong to 属于 date back t

35、o 追溯到 look forward to 盼望；期望 be addicted to 沉溺于 be accustomed to 习惯于 be/get used to doing. 习惯于做 , be devoted to. 致力于 , stick to 坚持 【方法总结】 方法 1 汉语对照法 在高考试题中，考查的介词有一大部分是表示方位、范围的，这就涉及到一些表示方位的介 词，这时可以根据其汉语意思来解答此类试题。 (1) _ Don t you think this shirt is too tight the shoulders? A.across B.over C. above D.t

36、hrough (2) _ Sean has formed the habit of jogging the treelined avenue for two hours every day. A.between B.along C.below D.with 正朝更好的方向发展 under the leadership of 在, 的领导下 the article in the newspaper 报纸上的文章 a bird in the tree 树上的鸟 apples on the tree 树上的苹果 tickets for the concert 音乐会的票 in the directi

37、on of 朝着 , 的方向 from the direction of 从 , 的方向 set an example to sb. 给某人树立榜样 14 (3) _ Four Chinese models were the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.15 A.am ong B.betwee n C.alo ng D.beside 方法 2 固定短语法 关于介词的固定搭配，在解答试题时，要注意从句子中找出中心词汇，也就是这个词和选项中 的词能够构成一个固定搭配，符合句子意思，这样

38、问题就会很快解决。 (1) The study suggests that the cultures we grow up _ in flue nee the basic processes by which we see th e world around us.(2016 浙江， 7) A.o n B.in C.at D.about (2) My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. 方法 3 利用置入法解决介词短语的相关题目 关于介词短语的相关题目，一般采用将介词短

39、语置入句子，并进行逐一翻译的方法。解决此类 题目的关键就是平时多积累相关知识，然后读懂题干的含义。 ,cooperative , always there when you need his A.by B.o C.for D.aga inst (3) A great man shows his great the way he treats little men. A.un der B.with C.on D.by (1)That young man is honest help. ,he s reliable.(2016 浙江，6) A.Or else B.In short C.By the

40、 way D.For one thi ng (2)I guess we ve already talked about this before but I ll ask you again just A.by n ature B.in return C.i n case D.by cha his being late aga in ,he lost his job and had to stay at home. A.Owe to B.As result of C.ln case of D. Because of 【扩展交流】 16 has a long history.典题精选 我来改正 常

41、设误点 (2015 新课标全国卷 n )Tony saw a toy on a shop (1)介词与名词介词与名词搭配时用哪 wi 一个介词取决于其后的名 (201 6 云南省统一检 测)The bridge on the river 词，这时要根据名词选择适 当的介词。 17 【当堂达标】 I .在空白处填入适当的介词 1. _ Most people work because its unavoidable. _ contrast, there are some people who actually enjoy work. 2. _ These comments came in res

42、ponse specific questions often asked by local n ewsme n. （2014 陕西高考）My un cles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird. （2016 潍坊市一模 ）You should eat more fruit and （2015 四川高 考）Please help with me and give me some advice. （2015 陕西高考）My soccer coach retired in last week. （2014 四川高考）lf y

43、ou hear the alarm, sta nd in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside. (2) 词与动词搭配不当 介词与动词搭配时介词 的使用取决于动词，这时要 根据动词选择适当的介词。 (3) 词与形容词搭配不 当 （2014 浙江高考）If we could show concern to others on n eed, the world would be a better place to live in. (6) 习惯搭配中介词的错 用 在习惯搭配中介词的使 用是相对固定的，不能随意 改动。

44、18 3. _ Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _ animals both on land and sea? 4. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 C _ the average. 5. _ Many of the things we now ben efit from would not be around but _ Thomas Edis on. 6. _ They believe that there are t

45、ransport developments _ the corner that will bring a lot of cha nges for the better. 7. A com mon memory they all have _ their schooldays is the school uniform. 8. Humanlife is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harm ony _ n ature. 9. _ Thi s meetin

46、g room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn you _ advanee that if you smoked here you would be fin ed. 10 . The little pupil took his grandma _ the arm and walked her across the street. 11. She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went _ the road. 12 . Our club is ope n to every one

47、regardless _age, sex or educati onal backgro und. 13 . While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without ask ing for anything _ retur n. 14 . Faci ng up to your problems in stead _ running away from them is the best approach to work ing things out. 15

48、. The Scottish girl _ blue eyes won the first prize in the Fifth Chinese Speech Con test. n .语篇填空（用适当的介词填空） It was _1_ a sunny morning that I delivered a speech _2_ behalf of myclass. Regardless _3_ the warmth of the sun, I man aged to calm dow n and make my speech _4_ _ the point. The speech was ab

49、out how to save the earth _5_ an efficient way. In terms _6_ savi ng en ergy, I talked _7_ detail. All the people prese nt was absorbed _8_ liste ning _ to the speech, which made mefeel _9_ ease. 10 short, it was the most successful speech 19 I had ever give n.20 参考答案 【预习导学】 一、介词 1. on in in on on t

50、o beside by near 2. betwee n among 3. across thr ough over past 4. at at at at in in in on on 5. for for since since 6. by in on 7. by in with 8. except except for besides 21 9 (1) against against against (2) beyond beyond beyond (3) over over over (4) to to to to (5) under under under under (6) wit

51、h With with with with 【 考点突破 】 考点 语境词义辨析 1. 答案 B 解析 考查“ out of 名词”型介词短语辨析。句意为：这部词典过时了：自从它出版以来， 这门语言已增添了许多单词。 out of date 过时，符合语境。 out of control 失控； out of sight 看不见； out of reach 够不着。 2. 答案 B 解析 考查固定搭配。 句意为： 你听说过是海陆两栖动物栖息地的树吗？ be home to 为固定搭 配， 意为“是 , 的栖息地，是 , 的家园”。 3. 答案 C 解析 考查介词短语辨析。句意为：大多数人工作因

52、为这是无法避免的，相比之下，也有一些 人确实喜欢工作。根据语境可知，此处表示前后对比。 by contrast 相比之下，符合语境。 as a result 结果； in addition 另外，此外； in conclusion 总之。 4. 答案 D 解析 考查介词短语辨析。句意为：如果没有托马斯爱迪生的话，我们现在所受益的许多东 西是不会出现的。 thanks to 幸亏，由于； regardless of 不管，不顾； aside from 除了，除 , 以外；but for 要不是，如果没有的话。由句意知选 D 项。 5. 答案 A 解析 考查“in +名词”型短语意义辨析。句意为：

53、这个会议室是“无烟区”。我想提前提醒 你，如果你在这里吸烟，你将会被罚款。根据题干中 that 引导的宾语从句可知，说话者是在“提 前”告诉对方这一事实，所以选择 in advance 。 in detail 详细地； in total 总共； in general 一 般来说。 6. 答案 B 解析 句意为：那个小学生搀着奶奶的胳膊，送她过了街道。“动词 sb. 介词 the 人体 22 部位”是习惯用法，根据身体的不同的部位变化介词，如： pat sb. on the head ， hit sb.in the face 等。 7. 答案 A 解析 考查介词的用法。句意为：他们对校园岁月的共

54、同记忆就是校服。本句使用了 memory of 这一搭配，意为“对 , 的记忆”。 【方法总结】 方法 1 汉语对照法 (1) 答案 A 解析 句意为： 难道你不觉得这件衬衣肩部太紧了？ across the shoulder 从肩的一边到另一 边。 over ， above 指在上方； through 指从事物的内部穿过。 (2) 答案 B 解析 句意为： Sean 已经养成了每天沿林荫大道慢跑两个小时的习惯。 between 在两者之间； along 沿着； below 在 , 下方； with 与, 在一起，用，随着。 (3) 答案 A 解析 句意为：在周五的世界超模大赛上，四位中国模特跻身 14 位获奖选手当中。 among 位 于,( 两者以上 ) 之间； between 在两者之间； along 沿着； beside 在, 旁边。 方法 2 固定短语法 (1) 答案 B 解析 考查介词。句意为：该项研究表明，我们成长的文化环境会影响我们看我们周围的世界 的基本过程。 In the cultures 在 , 的文化中，为固定搭配，故选 B。 (2) 答案 D 解析 句意为：爸爸警告我不要去西海岸，因为那里挤满了游客。 war