-choiceofwords

1、Personal DatauName: Cao lumanuSex: FemaleuAddress: Room 101, Foreign Language Building, Wolong Road, NanyanguDate of Birth: ? ?uPlace of Birth: Xixia County, Henan, ChinauEducation: 1980s: Huazhong Normal University / Central China Normal UniversityuContact with Me: e-mail: Differences between C &am

2、p; E WritingDifferences between C & E WritinguRooted in the differences between the two cultures.uWriting is thoughtthe writing of cultures will reflect the differences in thought patterns used by those cultures.CultureuCulture can be regarded as the part of the environment that is the creation

3、of man.uCulture anthropology(人类学) means the total life way of a people, the social legacy(遗产) the individual acquires from his group.uCulture is a way of thinking, feeling, believing. It is the groups knowledge stored up (in memories of men; in books & objects) for future use.Differences between

4、 C & E writingDifferences between C & E writing1、天人和一、顺应自然与天人对立、征服自然中西文化在宇宙观、人生观上的区别2、主静重化求同与主动明变求异中西文化在思维方式、行为方式上的区别3、和合会通与分别独立中西文化在学术上的主要区别陈勇，从钱穆的中西文化比较看他的民族文化观，英汉语言文化对比研究（C），李瑞华主编，上海外语教育出版社Differences between C & E writingDifferences between C & E writingu跨文化交际的文化1、专业交际文化；2、普通交际文化

5、1）言语交际文化：A.词汇语义系统；B.词组成语系统；C.句法篇章系统；D.语用交际系统2）非言语交际文化：A.身势语系统；B.信号系统：C.标记系统Differences between C & E writingDifferences between C & E writing1.Chinese thought patterncircular; Western thought patternlinear.2.Chinese writingpersonal; western writingobjective.3.Chinese writinghonors the use of

6、 proverbs & set phrases; westernemphasizes creativity & individualism.Differences between C & E writingDifferences between C & E writing4. Chinesevalues models & imitation; westernencouraged to develop their own unique style.5. Chinesemore militant in their language & tone (e

7、sp. in persuasive writing); westerngive suggestion & opinions, encourage them make their own choices.Differences between C & E writingDifferences between C & E writing6. Chinese writingstate a moral or a specific lesson to be learned from an issue or event; western1) not every issue has

8、a moral, 2) the lesson one person learns may be different from others, 3) the moral & the lesson may be clearly presented in the story & to restate it as a specific point would be redundant or trite.Works Recommended u英汉词语文化对比（M），张安德等，湖北教育出版社u英汉语篇综合对比（M），彭宣维，上海外语教育出版社u中英文化习俗比较（M），杜学增，外语教学与研究

9、出版社u跨文化交际学选读（ M ），胡文仲，湖南教育出版社u英汉语言文化对比研究（C），李瑞华主编，上海外语教育出版社About TextbookAbout TextbookuThe aim of this TextbookThe aim of this Textbookto provide to provide the teachers & students with suitable the teachers & students with suitable materials for a step-by-step work in writing materials for

10、 a step-by-step work in writing class.class.uThe whole book is so arranged that both The whole book is so arranged that both teachers and students will be able to work teachers and students will be able to work systematically & chronologicallysystematically & chronologically according to our

11、 Syllabus.according to our Syllabus.TextbookTextbookuAccording to the Syllabus ,the students are presupposed to have covered fundamental grammar, acquired a stock of 3000 words, & had an elementary training in listening, speaking, reading & writing.TextbookTextbookuBased on this presuppositi

12、on, it would start from the most basic writing skills:words & words & phrasesphrases, not only themselves, bututheir usages,their usages,u their related idiomstheir related idioms, ,u their synonyms & antonyms, their synonyms & antonyms, utheir connotations & denotationstheir con

13、notations & denotations, etc., etc.TextbookTextbookuOnly bricks are necessarily connected with transitional cement (conjunctions, prepositions & other transitions), appropriately arranged in systematic pattern, can rooms (sentences) be nice, floors (paragraphs) be nice & the whole essay-

14、building be nice.TextbookTextbook(well-designed floors)1.Good topic sentence with controlling ideas;2.Supporting details to the topic sentences;3.how to develop the paragraph;4.How to arrange sentences in good orderTextbook Textbook u To write mini-essay (to set up a building structure): 1.by develo

15、ping the given topic sentences into paragraphs, 2. on given situations, pictures, tables & graphs, etc. : :not merely to write a whole essay, but to write it gracefully (to revise the building design, polish it & paint it, choose the most appropriate mode to construct itmore attractive)1.Tit

16、les, theses, outline, introductions & conclusions2.Styles & tonesto write with different modes:narration, description, exposition, argumentation & persuasion, practical writinguA group of ideas about a common topic bound together in a clear & organized manner; a group of paragraphs a

17、bout one subject.uIn its development of a single central idea or emotional effect; in the relationships among its sentences & paragraphs; in the organization & disposition of its materials.uAlso it has an element of originality, & a degree of distinction style.1. Originalitythe writers i

18、dea should be evolved from his own thought, his emotional & other experience from his own observation or his thoroughly digested knowledge of other human experiences.2. Distinction in stylea good style is a needed means to the full & accurate expression of his meaning; to develop good qualit

19、ies of style () requires considerable practice & experience.1.Topic selecting (to look into his own world, to look outside of himself, very little seems unique or interesting)2.Topic narrowing (brainstorming-listing-looping-cubing-classical invention-reading & researching)uOrganizationoutlin

20、ing (central idea; the major ideas, minor ideas)u framework on which he “hangs” his ideasframework on which he “hangs” his ideasu For example, he wants to write about bicycle traffic bicycle traffic in Nan yangin Nan yang. . These are his main points:Notes 1.Articles (a an, the)2.Prepositions (in, o

21、n, etc)3.Connectors (and, but, or etc)4.“to” in infinitive phrase“I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”uBao Yueming took his two children to the Minyun Lantern festival gathering on Thursday night(2004-2-5), but brought back only his son.uHe has lost his 10-year-old daught

22、er forever. The girlbeautiful little Bao Jingyingdied on the night that marks the end of China traditional Lunar New Year.“I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”uShe suffocated in a crush of people a top of the arch bridge at the Mihong Park.uHer sad, 38-year-old father loo

23、ked stunned at everything happening around him yesterday at the Minyun County Hospital, where 15 injured people remained. He couldnt say anything to anybody and held a quilt over his head.“I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”uMeanwhile, his wife, 32-year-old Li Louhua, so

24、bbed loudly in the ward. Both suffered leg injures in the accident.uThe couples 5-year-old son drank milk from a plastic bag as he sat on his mothers bed yesterday. He is still too young to understand the sudden tragedy.I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”uThe arch-called

25、 Rainbow Bridgeis an important passage to the Olympic Park, an open area for residents.u“It is my husband that took my daughter to hospital since I couldntt move at that time. My leg was broken. Then I was told my daughter had died,” she said, sobbing.u“She died beside me.I was told my daughter had

26、died”I was told my daughter had died”u“There were so many people in the park, maybe tens of thousand!” she said.uThe couple, from East Chinas Anhui Province, came to Beijing 10 years ago.uOne five-member family had just one survivor. Some injured children were left alone at the hospital since all ad

27、ults had to leave to deal with the funeral arrangements.I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”uA 17-year-old girl lay on the her hospital bed with swollen legs and swollen eyes.u“My grandmother died in the accident. My mother is at the crematorium with her now, although my

28、mum herself was seriously injured,” she said, declining to give her name.uFang yang, a local woman, said the park gathering was first held last year.I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”u“But that Lantern exhibition was held in the street. So the conditions were not that b

29、ad,” Fang said.u“The bridge is too steep for so many people to walk up,” she said.uInside, in the hospital lobby, bodies lay covered with white sheets. Distraught relatives emerged through the main doors.I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”u“Its a horrible scene in there.

30、 There are more than 30 bodies inside,: said Zhao Jingfu, whose sister-in-law died. “My heart is in pain.”u-By Liu Liu-From China Dailyu(VOL24 No.7436. 2004-2-7)I was told my daughter had died”I was told my daughter had died”uThe boy is free from any injures because his father heroically lifted him

31、overhead after a visitor to the park stumbled on the bridge, saving the child from the maelstrom(极度混乱) of confusion as 37 people were crushed by the oncoming throng.u“We were on the way back home then. I took the hands of my daughter,” Li Louhua muttered through tears.Beijing steps up help for crush

32、 victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuFrom bringing in medical specialists to looking after From bringing in medical specialists to looking after the victims families, Beijings municipal government the victims families, Beijings municipal government has moved to help victims of a Lantern F

33、estival has moved to help victims of a Lantern Festival incident that left dozens dead and wounded.incident that left dozens dead and wounded.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuThirty-seven people were killed and 15 were injured Thirty-seven people were ki

34、lled and 15 were injured around 7:45 pm on Thursday during a festival around 7:45 pm on Thursday during a festival gathering that attracted 30,000people in Beijing gathering that attracted 30,000people in Beijing Miyun County.Miyun County.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help

35、for crush victimsuAs people crowded in Mihong Park to celebrate the As people crowded in Mihong Park to celebrate the Lantern Festival, one spectator stumbled on a Lantern Festival, one spectator stumbled on a bridge in the park. The stumble started a chain bridge in the park. The stumble started a

36、chain reaction that resulted in a stampede(reaction that resulted in a stampede(蜂拥) that ) that caused many others to fall and be trampled. Many caused many others to fall and be trampled. Many were suffocated to death, witnesses said.were suffocated to death, witnesses said.Beijing steps up help fo

37、r crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuOf the 37 people killed, 27 were women. The Of the 37 people killed, 27 were women. The victims range in age from seven to 68 years old.victims range in age from seven to 68 years old.uMost lived in Miyun County, said sources from the Most lived

38、 in Miyun County, said sources from the county government.county government.uBodies of the victims were sent to the Miyun Bodies of the victims were sent to the Miyun County Funeral Parlor by Friday morning.County Funeral Parlor by Friday morning.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps

39、up help for crush victimsuThe 15 injured were out of danger on Friday, said The 15 injured were out of danger on Friday, said sources with the municipal government.sources with the municipal government.uThe Beijing Municipal Bureau (The Beijing Municipal Bureau (市政当局) of Health ) of Health mobilized

40、 44 medical workers and 22 ambulances to mobilized 44 medical workers and 22 ambulances to the Miyun County Hospital, where all of the 15 the Miyun County Hospital, where all of the 15 injured were sent.injured were sent.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsu

41、“We have arranged the best experts in chest surgery, We have arranged the best experts in chest surgery, orthopedics (orthopedics (矫形外科) and microsurgery in Beijing to ) and microsurgery in Beijing to take part in the medical treatment,” Jin Dapeng, take part in the medical treatment,” Jin Dapeng, d

42、irector of the local health bureau said yesterday.director of the local health bureau said yesterday.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuExperts include Wang Chen, director of the Beijing Experts include Wang Chen, director of the Beijing Chaoyang Hospital

43、and Tian Wei, director of the Chaoyang Hospital and Tian Wei, director of the Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, a renowned hospital for Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, a renowned hospital for orthopedics(orthopedics(矫形外科). ).uNone of the patients are in need of surgery. The None of the patients are in need of

44、 surgery. The suffered from soft tissue injuries, said sources.suffered from soft tissue injuries, said sources.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuAnother nine people who were slightly injured were Another nine people who were slightly injured were treated

45、 on Friday morning.treated on Friday morning.uNo decisions have been made on compensation for the No decisions have been made on compensation for the families of the people killed, said Jia Haijiang, families of the people killed, said Jia Haijiang, spokesman for the Miyun county government.spokesma

46、n for the Miyun county government.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuMeanwhile, five of the victims insured by Pingan Meanwhile, five of the victims insured by Pingan Insurance received payments of 162,000 Yuan Insurance received payments of 162,000 Yuan (

47、US$20,000) in total by Friday.(US$20,000) in total by Friday.uA headquarters to handle accident-related issues A headquarters to handle accident-related issues was set up by Miyun County.was set up by Miyun County.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuOver 30

48、0 governmental staff were assigned to deal Over 300 governmental staff were assigned to deal with the fallout of the tragedy.with the fallout of the tragedy.uRelatives of the 37 victims are now living in three Relatives of the 37 victims are now living in three hotels in the county. Ambulances were

49、posted outside hotels in the county. Ambulances were posted outside the hotels in case of emergency.the hotels in case of emergency.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuAn investigation into incident is ongoing.An investigation into incident is ongoing.uBeij

50、ings Acting Mayor Wang Qishan called urban Beijings Acting Mayor Wang Qishan called urban districts and suburban counties as well as local districts and suburban counties as well as local work units conduct thorough safety inspections work units conduct thorough safety inspections and root out hidde

51、n risks.and root out hidden risks.Beijing steps up help for crush victimsBeijing steps up help for crush victimsuWang especially stressed safety inspections of Wang especially stressed safety inspections of accident-prone sectors and areas such as accident-prone sectors and areas such as transportat

52、ion, coal mines, chemical plants, gas transportation, coal mines, chemical plants, gas stations and firecracker factories. Wang also urged stations and firecracker factories. Wang also urged inspections on public-places such as hotels, parks, inspections on public-places such as hotels, parks, buses

53、 and railway stations and subways.buses and railway stations and subways.Choices & uses of words/ phrasesChoices & uses of words/ phrasesuHow to express ourselves appropriately, appropriately, exactly, concisely & emphaticallyexactly, concisely & emphatically.uThe choices of words de

54、pends on the writing purpose,the writing purpose, the point of view, & the point of view, & the reader.the reader.1.Using appropriate words1.Using appropriate wordsuLevels of words:1. Formal: borrowed words, learned words, big wordsused in formal situation2. Neutral/common: popular words use

55、d in every concept3. Informal/colloquial: non-standard words used in Using appropriate wordsUsing appropriate wordsuFor examples:1.In scholarly or theoretical works, political & legal documents, & formal lectures 0r addresses.2.In all kinds of writing3.In informal or familiar conversation, o

56、r in literary works, but seldom in formal ones.barackobamadeptcompromiseARXE.mp3.Barack Obama.docExample Example Follow Your BlissuuSo on this commencement day, I speak to you as a parent. And I join your parents in the silent prayer as you go forward,”God, please let them fly, but dont let them fal

57、l.” I also speak as your commencement speaker. And as your speaker, I urge you to go for it; take your chances, follow your bliss.uGood luck, and Godspeed. Thank you. (1996-5-26 By Donald E. PetersenDonald Eugene PetersenuDonald Eugene Petersen (born September 4, 1926) is an American businessman who

58、 was employed by the Ford Motor Company for 40 years, most notably as its Chief Executive Officer from 1985 to 1989.追随天赐之福uu因此，在你们的毕业典礼上，我以一个家长的身因此，在你们的毕业典礼上，我以一个家长的身份跟你们说这番话。而且我会和你们父母一起在份跟你们说这番话。而且我会和你们父母一起在你们前进时默默为你们祈祷：你们前进时默默为你们祈祷：“主啊，请让他们主啊，请让他们展高飞吧，但不要让他们摔下来。展高飞吧，但不要让他们摔下来。”我也以毕业我也以毕业典礼致辞者的身份将这

59、番话。作为你们的代言人，典礼致辞者的身份将这番话。作为你们的代言人，我希望你们能做到这一点：抓住机遇，追随天赐我希望你们能做到这一点：抓住机遇，追随天赐之福。之福。u祝大家好运，并致万事如意！谢谢！祝大家好运，并致万事如意！谢谢！Example Example Terrorist Acts Cant Dent the Steel of American ResolveuuThis is a day when all Americans from every walk of life unite in our resolve for justice and peace. America has

60、stood down (解除戒备）enemies before, and we will do so this time. None of us will ever forget this day, yet we go forward to defend freedom and all that is good and just in our world. u By George W. Bushu 2001-9-12恐怖袭击摧毁不了美国人民钢铁般的坚强意恐怖袭击摧毁不了美国人民钢铁般的坚强意志志uu今天是各行各业的所有今天是各行各业的所有美国人为争取正义与和美国人为争取正义与和平而团结起来的日子。平而团结起来的日子。美利坚合众过从前击败美利坚合众过从前击败过敌人，这次我们同样过敌人，这次我们同样做得到。我们不仅将永做得到。我们不仅将永远记住这一天，我们将远记住这一天，我们将更加勇敢地冲锋陷阵以更加勇敢地冲锋陷阵以捍卫自由，保卫这个世捍卫自由，保卫这个世界上一切美好和正义的界上一切美好和正义的事业。事业。2. Using words exactly 2. Using words exactly Denot