阿登纳基金会课题

1、阿登纳基金会课题跨国公司离岸服务比较研究A Comparative Study of Offshore Service of MNCs: In Germany, the USA and Japan上海对外贸易学院2006年9月目 录一、德、美、日跨国公司成长过程及地位31.1 20世纪40年代前的世界跨国公司格局31.2 20世纪50年代到20世纪80年代的世界跨国公司格局61.3 20世纪90年代以后的世界跨国公司格局11二、离岸服务：基本形态和发展特点142.1 离岸服务:定义和业务结构142.2 离岸服务：总量与结构182.2.1离岸服务总额182.2.2 离岸服务业务结构192.3 商

2、业业务流程外包222.4 离岸服务产生的原因24三、德、美和日三国跨国公司离岸服务比较273.1 美国跨国公司的离岸服务2732 德国跨国公司的离岸服务333.2.1 德国CIS和OBS离岸服务363.2.2 德国银行业的离岸服务393.2.3德国跨国公司离岸服务4033 日本跨国公司的离岸服务44四、基本结论45参考文献47A Comparative Study of Offshore Service of MNCs: In Germany, the USA and JapanContent1. Evolution and status of MNCs in Germany, the USA

3、 and Japan1.1 Patterns of MNCs prior to 1940s1.2 Patterns of MNCs during 1950s to 1980s1.3 Patterns of MNCs after 1990s 2. Offshore service: basic forms and attributes2.1 Definition and business structure2.2 Total volume and structure2.2.1 Total volume of offshore service2.2.2 Business structure of

4、offshore service2.3 Outsourcing of business process2.4 Reasons behind the emergence of offshore service3. Comparisons of offshore services3.1 Offshore service by American MNCs 3.2 Offshore service by German MNCs3.2.1 German CIS & OBS3.2.2 Offshore service by German banking3.2.3 Offshore service

5、by German MNCs3.3 Offshore service by Japanese MNCs 4. ConclusionBibliography摘要德国、美国和日本跨国公司离岸服务比较20世纪初，现代工业的产生使英国出现了大型工业公司，随着美国和德国工业资本主义的发展，形成了英、美和德为主导的跨国公司，尽管三国跨国公司所从事的产业领域大致相同，但跨国公司的经营模式存在着很大的差别，钱德勒（1990）将美国跨国公司的发展概括为“竞争性管理资本主义”，英国为“个人资本主义”，而德国是“合作的管理资本主义”。20世纪70年代特别是90年代以来，全球化使跨国公司不仅在规模上进一步扩张，而且在

6、业务上出现转型，这样跨国公司内部的交易活动更为频繁，跨国公司内部化理论研究成为跨国公司研究的重点。邓宁（1998）认为世界财富创造的来源由土地、劳动力和资金向知识转型，跨国公司的管理等级制度从私人企业向资本主义的以联盟为基础的形式转变。离岸服务就是生产者服务商在一国境内向另一国的企业提供服务，例如呼叫中心（Call Centers），商业处理，测试，甚至是研发等服务。从这个定义中我们可以知道：第一，离岸服务是服务贸易的一种形式，它通过商业存在的方式在两个企业之间进行国际贸易；第二，两个不同国家企业之间的交易可以通过市场的方式，也可以通过一国跨国公司内部母公司与子公司，或者子公司之间进行内部交易

7、；第三，跨国公司处理的业务从有低级的业务，例如简单的数据处理，也有高级业务，例如研发业务等。德国跨国公司开展离岸服务的时间从2000年开始，到2003年以后发展迅速，从产业看，德国跨国公司所属产业主要是计算机和信息服务、商业服务和金融业，而金融业主要是金融的后台支持服务，称为金融BPO，在德国跨国公司中，西门子是制造业中跨国公司开展离岸服务的典型，SAP是德国软件业展开离岸服务的典型，德意志银行等金融机构是金融业开展离岸服务的典型。同时，同其他国家不同，大量的德国中小企业开展离岸服务，这样使德国开展离岸服务的目的地主要集中在东欧这主要是因为德国与东欧国家距离近和语言相通有关，所以，大多数企业离

8、岸服务的区域是东欧国家，德国企业特别是中小企业离岸目的地首选波兰、捷克、斯洛伐克和匈牙利，对于跨国公司而言，除了东欧外，印度和中国是两个主要国家的离岸目的地。印度在PBO业务方面已经形成了产业集聚，而中国的ERP软件不仅形成产业集聚，而且具有广阔的市场。美国跨国公司离岸服务的基本特点是，第一，不管是离岸服务进口，还是离岸服务出口，离岸服务的增长速度都比较快，2002年与1997年相比较，增长了近一倍，这同美国跨国公司FDI的目标取向有关，具有明显的开放性和贸易的互补性，是美国跨国公司在全球布局的继续。第二，离岸服务中，跨国公司内部离岸服务占较高的比重，2002年，跨国公司内部离岸进口服务占56

9、，出口占55。这说明，通过80年代全球网络的布局，子公司的服务经营能力得到很大的提高，跨国公司作为全球控制资源的能力进一步提高。第三，不同行业跨国公司内部离岸服务的比重不同，相对而言，商务，专业和技术服务跨国公司内部离岸服务所占比重最高，这种通过商业存在的方式在展开服务贸易时已经相当成熟。美国跨国公司离岸服务无论是FDI投入方式，还是母子公司的经营内容看，充分体现了美国跨国公司一贯的经营模式，母子公司之间、子公司之间的充分竞争是美国跨国公司竞争的理念。日本跨国公司开展离服务相对更晚，这主要是大批优秀计算机和信息服务的中国公民到日本使相对成本降低的结果，但2005年以后，日本企业特别是跨国公司开

10、始展开离岸服务，但日本离岸外包的形式很少，这一方面同日本企业之间复杂的股权关系有关，另一方面日本企业基于对技术的考虑。ABSTRACTA Comparative Study of Offshore Service of MNCs: In Germany, the USA and JapanThe emergence of large-sized industrial corporations in the early days of 20c is the outcome of modern industry development in the UK. British, American an

11、d German MNCs took a dominant role due to the development of industrial capitalism both in the USA and Germany. The industrial fields engaged in by MNCs in these three countries are almost similar, still theres a world of difference in their operating models. In 1990, Chander summarized the developm

12、ent of American, British and German MNCs respectively as “competitive managing capitalism”, “individual capitalism” and “cooperative managing capitalism”.Since 1979s and 1990s in particular, the globalization has enabled MNCs to expand in large scale, and to shift their business. Inside dealings has

13、 thus become more frequent, with the study of MNCs focusing on the theoretical approach of internalization. Dunning (1998) argued that the sources of world wealth creation have shifted from land, labor force and capital to technology and knowledge. Thus, the form of managerial hierarchies system of

14、MNCs has transferred from private firms to capitalism based on alliances.Offshore service refers to the producers service providers in one country render services such as call centers, business handling, testing and even R&D and etc., to enterprises located in another country. This implies the f

15、ollowing: Firstly, offshore service is a form of service in trade, which takes the form of doing international business between two different firms by means of commercial presence. Secondly, enterprises established in the two countries can have transactions concluded through either market or inside

16、transactions between parent company and its subsidiary and /or among the subsidiaries. Thirdly, MNCs not only deal with low-end business transactions such as simple data process, but high-end ones such as R&D as well.The German MNCs began to provide offshore services in 2000. It has witnessed a

17、rapid growth rate since 2003. From the perspective of industrial fields, German MNCs mainly deal with computer and information service, business service and financial industry, which is mainly the back- room supporting service or BPO by name. Siemens CO. is the typical case in engaging in offshore s

18、ervices in the area of manufacturing industry, the same is true with SAP in software industry and Deutsche Bank and other financial institutions in the financial industry. What makes Germany different from other countries is that a good number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) engage in o

19、ffshore services, which prompted German MNCs to be the main suppliers of offshore services to Eastern European countries. This is mainly due to their geographical vicinity and with no language barriers among them. Therefore, the majority of enterprises, especially those SMEs, focus their offshore se

20、rvices in the eastern European countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, to name a few of them. In addition to East European countries, India and China are the two major recipients of MNCs offshore services. India has also formed industry cluster in PBO, whereas Chinas ERP softwar

21、e has developed into industry clusters, embracing a promising future. The basic characteristics of American MNCs offshore service are as follows: Firstly, both exports and imports have seen a rapid growth. The growth rate doubled in 2002 compared to that of 1997, which is highly relevant to the goal

22、 of the American MNCs FDI. American offshore service is characterized with obvious openness and trade complementarities. Secondly, insider transactions account for a high proportion of offshore services, of which imports accounted for 56% and exports 55% in 2002. This demonstrates the further enhanc

23、ement of capacity of MNCs in controlling global resources and that of their subsidiaries to render services by means of global arrangement in 80s. Thirdly, MNCs in various industries possess different percentages of inside transactions. Relatively speaking, the involvement of MNCs in business and technology has a high proportion of inside offshore service transactions. Trade