食品纳米技术与纳米食品安全(共6页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上食品纳米技术与纳米食品安全摘要 随着纳米材料越来越广泛地应用在生产和生活中，其安全性问题也日益凸显，目前纳米技术在此领域的研究仍在起步阶段，对纳米食品的安全性，即其对人体和环境的影响等方面的问题的认识还不够全面和深入。本文综述了纳米食品的国内外研究动态、发展概况及安全性评价等问题，简要地提出了其今后的发展趋势，并认为有必要对纳米食品的生产和使用制定相应的规范和标准。引言 纳米科学、工程与技术经常简称为纳米科技，它是一门新兴的学科，是想象、构建、控制和利用直径大约在1-100纳米的物质，这些物质奇特的界面现象能产生新的特性与功能。纳米科技正成为继信息科技、生物科技之后，

2、广受各国看好之重点科技之一。纳米科技应用于食品领域的机会在于改善食品、添加物与补充物的质地、风味与生物利用率，发展检测微生物与化学污染的传感器与肥料及营养物质的控制释放。然而纳米食品的发展也存在一些问题，由于食品是种特殊的商品，与人体的健康息息相关，因此纳米技术和纳米材料在食品中应用是否会对人体造成不良影响得到了多方面的关注。1 纳米、纳米技术和纳米食品定义 纳米科技是指在纳米尺度(100nm)理解、控制与操纵物质的科学技术，包含基础与应用研究，在食品工业可以应用于原料制备、产品应用、理化分析、安全检测等四大领域，是目前除了保健食品外，最热门与重要的高新技术。经过微细化的处理，纳米材料可具有特

3、殊的表面、体积与量子效应，进而会表现新的特性与功效，因此，纳米技术的目标是利用纳米结构所具有的特性开发具有特定功能的产品。 纳米技术在食品当中的应用已逐渐显现出相当的优势，食品工业正在努力将纳米技术用于从农庄到餐桌的全过程，有部分纳米食品已开始投入市场。纳米技术在食品产业有巨大的发展潜力，纳米食品加工、纳米包装材料、纳米检测技术等方面的研究尤为活跃，成为纳米技术在食品工业应用的研究热点。2 纳米技术在食品工业中的应用 目前，纳米技术已与众多学科进行了交叉，同样渗透到了食品营养领域，引起了食品加工的巨大变革，给食品工业的发展带来了新的曙光。纳米技术在食品上的研究和应用主要包括纳米食品加工、纳米包

4、装材料和纳米检测技术等方面。2.1 食品加工 纳米技术对传统食品的改造，如在罐头、乳品、饮料等生产中运用纳米技术，使其性能根据需要进行不同程度的改善，并得到合理的性价比，是纳米食品应用领域的一个重要方面。将纳米技术、生物技术和食品工程结合起来，可研发具有提高营养、增强体质、防止疾病、恢复健康、调节身体节律和延缓衰老等功能的保健食品和保健用品。目前的纳米食品主要有钙、硒等矿物质制剂、维生素制剂、添加营养素的钙奶与豆奶、纳米茶和各种纳米功能食品，所涉及的纳米技术包括食品微观结构、香味与质量、病菌控制系统、风险分析法、高压技术、机器人和信息技术等。2.2 食品包装材料 运用纳米技术研发的包装系统可以

5、修复小的裂口和破损，可以适应环境的变化，并且能在食品变质的时候提醒消费者。此外纳米技术可以改进包装的渗透性、提高阻隔性、改进抗损和耐热，形成抗菌表面，防止食物发生变质。3.1 食品机械 纳米技术在食品机械中的应用主要是作为食品机械的润滑剂、纳米磁致冷工质和食品机械原材料中橡胶和塑料的改性。食品机械工作环境恶劣，对润滑剂要求较高，而通常润滑剂易损耗、易污染环境。磁性液体中的磁性颗粒尺寸仅为10nm，因此不会损坏轴承，而基液亦可用润滑油，只要采用合适的磁场就可以将磁性润滑油约束在所需的部位，保证了机器的正常运转。纳米磁致冷工质食品冷冻和冷藏设备又开辟了新食品加工贮藏技术，它与通常的压缩气冷式致冷方

6、式相比具有节能、环保、高效等特点，而纳米改性橡胶与传统橡胶相比各项指标均有大幅度提高，尤其抗老化性能可提高3倍，使用寿命长达30年以上，且色彩艳丽，保色效果优异。3.2 食品检测 纳米技术与生物学、电子材料相结合，制备出的新型传感器件可用于食品快速检测。目前食品检测分析一般采用化学分析法(CA)、薄层层析法(TLC)、气相色谱法(GC)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)，但需要繁琐、耗时的前处理，样品损失也较大。相对于灵敏度较低的CA和TLC方法，GC、HPLC的灵敏度较高，但操作技术要求高、仪器昂贵，并不适合现场快速测定和普及，而纳米材料本身就是非常敏感的化学和生物传感器，与生物芯片等技术结合，可

7、以使分子检测更加高效、简便。纳米生物传感器已应用在微生物检测、食品检测和体液代谢物监测等方面。4 有关纳米技术在食品及食品包装应用前景 在食品消费趋向功能化、健康化、方便化、营养化的今天，食品已不仅是营养和能量的来源，还要起到维持人体健康和减少疾病的作用，而纳米技术和纳米材料的应用与开发为食品工业提供了一项引领时代潮流的前沿技术。随着基因、食物与健康关系进一步确定，纳米技术将更全面地促进食品领域的发展。将纳米技术引入食品的研发，不仅能突破传统的生产模式，实现传统工艺、传统产品的升级换代，提高产品的技术含量，而且还可以在纳米原料、纳米添加剂的制备技术和产业化方面建立一系列具有自主知识产权的专利技

8、术，检测手段和创新方法，为食品产业的长远发展注入动力。 在食品包装领域，国内外研究最多的纳米材料是聚合物基纳米复合材料(PNMC)即将纳米材料以分子水平（10nm数量级）或超微粒子的形式分散在柔性高分子聚合物中而形成的复合材料（常用的聚合物有PA、PE、PP、PVC、PET、LCP等常用的纳米材料有金属金属氧化物无机聚合物等三大类）。目前根据不同食品的包装需求已有多种用于食品包装的PNMC 面市，如纳米Ag/PE类、纳米TiO2 /PP类、纳米蒙脱石粉/PA类等，其某些物理化学生物学性能有大幅度提高，如可塑性稳定性、阻隔性、抗菌性、保鲜性等，在啤酒饮料果蔬肉类奶制品等食品包装工业中也已开始大规

9、模应用并取得了较好的包装效果。在包装材料（如塑料及复合材料）中加入纳米微粒，使其产生了除异味、杀菌消毒的作用，可大大延长了食物的保存期，提高包装食品的货架寿命。如用硅和钛制成的纳米包装可以杀死细菌并提高许多人造食品的保质期，即使这些食品已经开封。现在还出现了可食性纳米复合包装材料,它是在食品的各部分之间提供间隔的薄膜。5 结论纳米技术具备促进包括食品行业在内的传统工业快速发展的巨大潜力，它可以帮助人类在纳米尺度范围内认识和改造自然，即在生产过程中直接操纵原子、分子的排布，从而制造出具有特定功能的新产品。由于纳米材料具有较大的比表面积和小尺寸效应，因而具有很强的吸附性和很高的活性。纳米科技的发展

10、将给人类带来很多恩惠，纳米食品和纳米包装材料的开发也将大大推动食品工业的发展。纳米材料的特殊效应使其在食品加工及包装领域有着极其广阔的应用前景，但也正是其特殊效应使我们不得不面对和重视其生物安全性问题。目前学术界只重视纳米材料神奇功能的发现和新产品开发，对纳米材料的毒性方面尚缺乏系统研究,过去对宏观物质的安全性评价结果有可能不适用于纳米材料,迄今为止，尚未形成国际性的技术标准来规范纳米技术及产品的发展与应用，只有一些国家制定了一些规范来调整它的发展。随着纳米材料在食品及食品包装中的广泛应用，人们通过食品接触的纳米材料越来越多，我们有必要对纳米材料通过食品对人类的潜在性影响问题给予足够的关注和探

11、讨，为人类在食品工业中合理应用纳米材料提供科学依据。Food nanotechnology and nano-food safetySummaryAs nanomaterials are increasingly widely used in the production and life, the security issues become increasingly prominent, the current nanotechnology research in this field still in its infancy, the safety of nano food, that

12、is, its human and environmental impact and other issues of a comprehensive and in-depth knowledge is not enough. In this paper, the dynamic nano-food and international research, development and safety evaluation of profile issues, briefly presented its future development trends, and the need for foo

13、d production and use of nanotechnology to develop appropriate norms and standards.Introduction Nanoscale science, engineering and technology is often referred to as nanotechnology, it is an emerging discipline, is to imagine, build, control and use of approximately 1-100 nm in diameter, these substa

14、nces can produce strange phenomenon of the interface and new features function. Nanotechnology is becoming the information technology, biotechnology,the widely optimistic about the country one of the key science and technology. Nanotechnology is used in food industry the opportunity to improve food,

15、 additives and supplements texture, flavor and bioavailability, the development of microbial and chemical contamination detection sensor and the control of fertilizers and nutrient release. However, the development of nano food, there are some problems, because food is a special kind of commodity, a

16、nd human health are closely related, nanotechnology and nanomaterials in food applications will it adversely affect the human body have been various concerns.1 nm, the definition of nanotechnology and nano food refers to nanometer scale (<100nm) to understand, control and manipulation of material

17、s science and technology, including basic and applied research in the preparation of the food industry can be applied to raw materials, products, applications, physical and chemical analysis, four major areas of safety testing is with the exception of health food, the most popular and important high

18、-tech. After a fine of processing, nano-materials can have a special surface, volume and quantum effects, and thus will show the effectiveness of the new features and, therefore, the goal of nanotechnology is the use of nano-structures with the characteristics of the development of products with spe

19、cific functions. Nanotechnology applications in food products has been gradually showing a considerable advantage, the food industry are working to nanotechnology from the farm to the table for the whole process, some have begun nano-food market. Nanotechnology in the food industry has great potenti

20、al for development, nano-food processing, nano-packaging materials, nano-technology, research testing is particularly active, as the application of nanotechnology in the food industry's research focus.2 of nanotechnology applications in food industry Currently, nanotechnology is a cross with a n

21、umber of disciplines, also penetrated into the food nutrition, food processing caused great changes to the food industry has brought a new dawn. Nanotechnology research on food and food processing applications including nanotechnology, nano-technology, packaging materials and nano-testing and so on.

22、2.1 Food Processing Nanotechnology for the transformation of traditional foods, such as canned food, dairy, beverage production, the use of nano-technology, its performance according to the need for different degrees of improvement, and reasonable cost, nano-food applications is an important aspect.

23、 Nanotechnology, biotechnology and food engineering can be combined with research and development to improve nutrition, increase physical fitness, prevent disease, restore health, regulating body functions such as rhythm and anti-aging health food and health supplies. Nano foods are now calcium, sel

24、enium and other mineral preparations, vitamin preparations, calcium milk with added nutrients, soy milk, tea and a variety of nano-nano functional foods, involving nanotechnology include food micro-structure, flavor and quality, pathogen control systems, risk analysis, high technology, robotics and

25、information technology.2.2 Food Packaging Materials The use of nanotechnology research and development of packaging systems can repair small cracks and damage, can adapt to changes in the environment, and in time to remind consumers of food deterioration. In addition, nano-technology can improve the

26、 permeability of packaging to improve barrier properties, improved resistance to heat loss and the formation of anti-bacterial surface, preventing the occurrence of food deterioration.3.1 Food Machinery Nanotechnology applications in food machinery is mainly used as food machinery lubricants, nano-m

27、agnetic refrigeration working fluid and food machinery and plastic raw materials in rubber modified. Food Machinery poor working conditions, higher on the lubricant, and lubricant is usually easy to wear and tear, and environmental pollution. Magnetic fluid in the magnetic particle size of only 10nm

28、, it will not damage the bearings, and lubricant base fluid can also be used, as long as the use of a suitable magnetic field can be oil in the desired location constraints to ensure the normal operation of the machine. Nano-magnetic refrigeration working fluid food freezing and refrigeration equipm

29、ent has opened up a new storage technology, food processing, it is usually compressed air-cooled refrigeration as compared with the energy saving, environmental protection, high efficiency, etc., while the nano-modified rubber and conventional rubber have greatly improved compared to the indicators,

30、 particularly in anti-aging properties can be increased by 3 times the service life of up to 30 years, and the colorful, excellent color retention effect.3.2 Food Inspection Nanotechnology and biology, a combination of electronic materials, preparation of a new type of sensor components can be used

31、for rapid detection of food. Analysis of the current food testing methods commonly used for chemical analysis (CA), thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but requires tedious, time-consuming pre-treatment, sample loss as well. Relati

32、ve to the lower sensitivity of the CA and TLC methods, GC, HPLC high sensitivity, but the operation is technically demanding, expensive equipment is not suitable for rapid determination of site and spread, while the nano-material itself is a very sensitive chemical and biological sensors, combined w

33、ith the bio-chip technology, can make more efficient molecular detection and easy. Nano-biosensor has been applied in microbial testing, food testing and monitoring of metabolites in body fluids.4 on nanotechnology in food and food packaging application prospects Trends in functional food consumptio

34、n, health-oriented, convenience-based, nutrition-oriented today, food is not only a source of nutrition and energy, but also serve to maintain human health and the role of reducing disease, and nanotechnology and nanomaterials applications and development for the food industry with a cutting-edge te

35、chnology to lead the trend of the times. With the gene, to further determine the relationship between food and health, nanotechnology will be more fully promote the development of food industry. The introduction of nanotechnology in food research and development, not only to break the traditional mo

36、de of production of traditional craft, the upgrading of traditional products, improve the technological content of products, but also in nano materials, nano-additive preparation technology and industrialization to build a series of proprietary patented technology, testing methods and innovative app

37、roaches to long-term development for the food industry into power. In food packaging, nano-materials at home and abroad is the most studied polymer-based nanocomposites (PNMC) about nano materials at the molecular level (10nm orders of magnitude) or in the form of ultrafine particles dispersed in th

38、e polymer in the form of flexible composite materials (commonly used polymers PA, PE, PP, PVC, PET, LCP and other commonly used metal oxide nanomaterials have three categories of inorganic polymers, etc.). Depending on the current demand for food packaging has been used in food packaging PNMC variet

39、y available, such as nano Ag / PE class, nano-TiO2 / PP class, nano-montmorillonite powder / PA etc., some of its physical and chemical properties of a biological greatly improved, such as plasticity stability, barrier properties, antimicrobial, preservative, etc., meat, dairy products, fruits and v

40、egetables in beer, beverages and other food packaging industry has also started a large-scale applications and achieved good packaging effect.In packaging materials (such as plastic and composite materials) by adding nano-particles to produce an odor, the role of disinfection can greatly extend the

41、shelf life of food, improve the shelf life of packaged food. Such as silicon and titanium nano-packaging can kill bacteria and increase shelf life of many man-made foods, even when these foods has been opened. Now there edible nanocomposite packaging materials, it is in the food provided by the inte

42、rval between the various parts of the film.5 Conclusion Nanotechnology has the food industry to promote traditional industries, including the rapid development of great potential, it can help within the scope of human knowledge at the nanometer scale and transform nature, that is, direct manipulation in the production process of atoms and molecules arranged in order to create a specific