操作系统分析2017课堂unix基础常用命令v

1、UNIX基础参考书Sun Microsystem.Fundamental of Solaris 8 Operating Environment for System Administrators(SA118).November 2000Mark G. Sobell著，詹文军、廖铮、李志等译.Solaris技术指南.北京：机械工业出版社.2001年1月Robin Burk等著，前导工作室译.UNIX技术大全系统管理员卷.北京：机械工业出版社.1998年7月Syngress Media公司著，贾富仓、谢君英等译.Sun认证Solaris 8.0系统管理学习指南.北京：人民邮电出版社.2002年8月

2、Paul A. Watters、Sriranga Veeraraghavan著，李明之、裘晓峰等译.Solaris 8技术大全.北京：机械工业出版社.2002年1月ls命令（1）n ls命令用 的有关信息表文件和目录，查看文件和目录n ls命令的语法n lsoptionsfile-listls命令（2）$lsApache DOC JREassistants bin classesConvertersctx dbs install jarjavavm jdbcjisjlib jsp ldap lib mdnetworkocommonodg oracore ord otrace owm plsql

3、precomprdbms relnotes root.sh slaxsqljsqlplus starterdbsvrmgr sysman wwgxdkls命令（3）$.ls-aJREassistantsjdbc jisjlib sp dap lib mdnetwork ocommon odgoracore ord otrace owm plsql precomp rdbms relnotes root.sh slaxsqlj sqlplus starterdb svrmgr sysman wwgxdk.TTauthority.Xfile.so

4、lregis Apache DOCbin classes converters ctxdbs install jar javavmls命令（4）$ ls-ltotal 104 drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x10 oracle6 oracledba dba512 Feb 15 16:55 Apache512 Feb 15 15:52 DOC21 Feb 15 16:01 JRE ->lrwxrwxrwx1 oracledba/opt/oracle/jre/1.1.8drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x dr

5、wxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x5 oracle2 oracle5 oracle2 oracle11 oracle2 oracle3 oracledba dba dba dba dba dba dba512 Feb 15 16:55 assistants3584 Feb 15 17:22 bin512 Feb 15 16:26 classes512 Feb 15 16:41 converters512 Feb 15 17:04 ctx512 Feb 15 18:42 dbs512 Feb 15 17:20 installls命令（5）$ ls-al41 oracle3 oracle1 o

6、racle1 oracletotal 128 drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-x-rw-rw-drwxr-xr-x-rwxr-xr-x-rw-r-r-drwx-drwxr-xr-x drwxr-xr-xdba dba dbadba1024 Feb 15 17:00 .512 Feb 15 15:39 .75 Feb 15 15:43 .TTauthority97 Feb 15 15:43 .Xauthority512 Feb 15 15:43 .dt5111 Feb 15 15:43 .dtprofile727 Feb 15 15:40 .profile512 Feb 15 15:44

7、 .solregis512 Feb 15 16:55 Apache512 Feb 15 15:52 DOC21 Feb 15 16:01 JRE -> /opt/oracle/jre/1.1.811 oracledba1 oracle1 oracle2 oracle10 oracle6 oracledba dba dbadbadbalrwxrwxrwx1 oracledbals命令（6）$ ls-Fctx/ dbs/ install/jar/Apache/DOC/ JREjlib/ jsp/ ldap/ lib/ md/network/odg/ oracore/ ord/ otrace/

8、owm/plsql/rdbms/relnotes/ root.sh*svrmgr/sysman/ wwg/assistants/slax/sqlj/ sqlplus/xdk/bin/classes/javavm/jdbc/converters/jis/ocommon/precomp/starterdb/ls命令（7）$ lsApacheApacheBC4JJsdkJservjdkjspmodplsqlopen_sslperlreadme$ ls -d ApacheApache$ ls-Rcd命令（1）n cd命令用来改变用户的工作目录n cd命令的语法n cdDirectorycd命令（2）$

9、cd$ pwd/opt/oracle/product/817$ cd /usr/local/bin$ pwd/usr/local/bin$ cd .$ pwd/usr/localcd命令（3）$ cd bin$ pwd/opt/oracle/product/817/bin$ cd./dbs$ pwd/opt/oracle/product/817/dbscp命令（1）n cp命令用来拷贝文件和目录n cp命令的语法n cp options SourceFileDestinationFilecp命令（2）$ cproot.shroot.sh.zqfdbs.zqf$cp-rdbs$ ls -ld d

10、bs.zqfdrwxr-xr-x3 oracledba512 Feb 16 15:22 dbs.zqf$ ls -l dbs.zqftotal 60drwxr-xr-x-rw-r-r-rw-r-r-rw-r-r-rw-r-rwSr-2 oracle1 oracle1 oracle1 oracle1 oracle1 oracledba dba dba dba dba dba512Feb 16 15:22 dbs8385 Feb 16 15:21 init.ora9219 Feb 16 15:21 initdw.ora7044 Feb 16 15:21 initzqfdb.ora24Feb 16

11、15:21 lkZQFDB1536Feb 16 15:21 orapwzqfdbmv命令（1）n mv命令用来修改文件和目录的名字n mv命令的语法n mvOldFileNameNewFileNamemv命令（2）$ ls -ld*zqfdrwxr-xr-x-rwxr-xr-x3 oracle1 oracledba dba512 Feb 16 15:22 dbs.zqf7875 Feb 16 15:29 root.sh.zqf$ mv dbs.zqf dbs.1$ mv root.sh.zqf root.sh.1$ ls -ld*zqf*zqf: No such file or directo

12、ry$ ls -ld*1drwxr-xr-x-rwxr-xr-x3 oracle1 oracledba dba512 Feb 16 15:22 dbs.17875 Feb 16 15:29 root.sh.1rm命令（1）n rm命令用来删除文件和目录n rm命令的语法n rmoptionsfile-or-directory-listrm命令（2）$ ls root*root.shroot.sh.1 root.sh.2$ rm root.sh.1 root.sh.2$ ls root*root.sh$ ls -ld dbs.1drwxr-xr-x3 oracledba512 Feb 16 15

13、:22 dbs.1$ rm -rdbs.1dbs.1$ ls-lddbs.1: No such file or directoryrm命令（3）$ cp -r dbs dbs.zqf$ rm -ir dbs.zqfrm: examine files in directory dbs.zqf (yes/no)? y rm: remove dbs.zqf/init.ora (yes/no)? yrm: remove dbs.zqf/initdw.ora (yes/no)?rm: remove dbs.zqf/initzqfdb.ora (yes/no)? n rm: remove dbs.zqf/

14、orapwzqfdb (yes/no)? y rm: remove dbs.zqf/lkZQFDB (yes/no)? y rm: remove dbs.zqf: (yes/no)? yrm: Unable to remove directory dbs.zqf: File exists$ ls dbs.zqfinitdw.orainitzqfdb.orarm命令（4）$ rm -rf dbs.zqf$ ls dbs.zqfdbs.zqf: No such file or directorymkdir命令（1）n mkdir命令用来创建目录n mkdir命令的语法n mkdiroptionsD

15、irectoryNamemkdir命令（2）$ ls -ld zqfzqf: No such file or directory$ mkdir zqf$ ls -ld zqfdrwxr-xr-x2 oracledba512 Jan2 22:15 zqfmkdir命令（3）$ ls -lR dir1dir1: No such file or directory$ mkdir-p./dir1/dir2/dir3$ lsdir1: total 2-lRdir1drwxr-xr-x dir1/dir2: total 2 drwxr-xr-x3 oracledba512 Jan2 22:18 dir22

16、 oracledba512 Jan2 22:18 dir3dir1/dir2/dir3: total 0rmdir命令（1）n rmdir命令用来删除空目录n rmdir命令的语法n rmdirEmpty-directoryrmdir命令（2）$ ls -ld zqfdrwxr-xr-x2 oracledba512 Jan 2 22:22 zqf$ ls -l zqftotal 16-rwxr-xr-x1 oracledba7875 Jan 2 22:22 root.sh$ rmdir zqfrmdir: directory "zqf": Directory not emp

17、ty$ rm zqf/root.sh$ rmdir zqf$ ls -ld zqfzqf: No such file or directoryrmdir命令（3）$ rmdir dir1rmdir: directory "dir1": Directory not empty$ rmdir dir1/dir2/dir3$ ls -lR dir1dir1: total 2drwxr-xr-x dir1/dir2: total 02 oracledba512 Jan2 22:26 dir2$ rm -r dir1$ ls -lR dir1dir1: No such file or

18、 directoryln命令（1）n ln命令用来创建文件和目录的符号连接n ln命令的语法n lnoptionsfile-existedfile-linkedln命令（2）$ ls -l root.sh-rwxr-xr-x1 oracledba7875 Feb 15 17:20 root.sh$ ln root.sh root.sh.1$ ls -l root.sh-rwxr-xr-x2 oracledba7875 Feb 15 17:20 root.sh$ ls -l root*-rwxr-xr-x-rwxr-xr-x2 oracle2 oracledbadba7875 Feb 15 17

19、:20 root.sh7875 Feb 15 17:20 root.sh.1$ ls -i root*170628 root.sh170628 root.sh.1ln命令（3）$ cp root.sh root.1$ ln root.1 root.2$ ln -s root.1 root.3$ ls -l root.?-rwxr-xr-x-rwxr-xr-x lrwxrwxrwx2 oracle2 oracle1 oracledbadba dba7875 Feb 18 23:50 root.17875 Feb 18 23:50 root.26Feb 18 23:50 root.3 ->

20、root.1$ ls -i root.?170667 root.1170667 root.2170668 root.3ln命令（4）$ cat root.3(有输出内容)$ rm root.1$ cat root.3cat: cannot open root.3$ cat root.2(有输出内容)grep命令（1）n grep命令用来搜索文件中的某一字符串n grep命令的语法n grepoptionspatternFile-listgrep命令（2）$ grep oracle /etc/passwdoracle:x:1001:101:/opt/oracle/product/817:/bin

21、/sh$ grep -n oracle /etc/passwd13:oracle:x:1001:101:/opt/oracle/product/817:/bin/shgrep命令（3）$ grep -v oracle /etc/passwdroot:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh daemon:x:1:1:/:bin:x:2:2:/usr/bin:sys:x:3:3:/: adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp: uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/

22、uucp:nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls: nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/: nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/:cat命令（1）n cat命令用查看文件的内容n cat命令的语法n catfile-listcat命令（2）$cat/etc/passwdroot:

23、x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh daemon:x:1:1:/:bin:x:2:2:/usr/bin:sys:x:3:3:/: adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp: uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls: nobody:x:600

24、01:60001:Nobody:/:noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/: nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/: oracle:x:1001:101:/opt/oracle/product/817:/bin/shcat命令（3）$cat/etc/group$ cat /etc/group root:0:root other:1:bin:2:root,bin,daemon sys:3:root,bin,sys,adm(中间去掉一些内容) noaccess:60002: nogroup:65534:dba:10

25、1:root,oraclecat命令（4）$cat/etc/passwd /etc/group>/opt/oracle/product/817/newFile$cat /opt/oracle/product/817/newFile（输出是文件/etc/passwd和文件/etc/group的内容，这个命令将两个文件的内容串接成为一个大文件）more命令（1）n more命令用来显示文件的内容，每次显示一屏，敲任意键显示下一页n more命令的语法n morefile-namemore命令（2）$ more root.sh#!/bin/sh #!/usr/bin/sh # $Header#

26、 $Copyright # root.sh # This script is intended to be run by root. The script contains # all the product installation actions that require root privileges. # IMPORTANT NOTES - READ BEFORE RUNNING SCRIPT # (1) ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_OWNER, and ORACLE_SID can be defined in user's# #environment to ove

27、rride default values defined in this script.# (2) The environment variable LBIN (defined within the script) points to# # #the default local bin area. Three executables will be moved there as part of this script execution.# (3) Define (if desired) LOG variable to name of log file.-More-(8%)head命令（1）n

28、 head命令用来显示文件的头几行内容n head命令的语法n headoptionsfilehead命令（2）$headroot.sh#!/bin/sh #!/usr/bin/sh # $Header# $Copyright # root.sh # This script is intended to be run by root.The script containshead命令（3）$head-8 root.sh#!/bin/sh #!/usr/bin/sh # $Header# $Copyright # root.shtail命令（1）n tail命令用来显示文件尾部几行的内容n ta

29、il命令的语法n tailoptionsfiletail命令（2）$tailroot.sh$CHMOD 750 $ORACLE_HOME/network/agent/tcl$CHMOD 750 $ORACLE_HOME/network/agent/mibs$CHMOD 750 $ORACLE_HOME/network/agent/jobs$CHMOD 777 $ORACLE_HOME/network/agent/jobout$ECHO "IMPORTANT NOTE: Please delete any log and trace files previously"$ECH

30、O "$ECHO "$ECHO "$ECHO "created by the Oracle Enterprise Manager Intelligent" Agent. These files may be found in the directories" you use for storing other Net8 log and trace files."If such files exist, the OEM IA may not restart."tail命令（3）$tail-5 root.sh$ECHO

31、 "IMPORTANT NOTE: Please delete any log and trace files previously"$ECHO "$ECHO "$ECHO "$ECHO "created by the Oracle Enterprise Manager Intelligent" Agent. These files may be found in the directories" you use for storing other Net8 log and trace files."If

32、 such files exist, the OEM IA may not restart."tail命令（3）$tail+290 root.sh$CHMOD 750 $ORACLE_HOME/network/agent/jobs$CHMOD 777 $ORACLE_HOME/network/agent/jobout$ECHO "IMPORTANT NOTE: Please delete any log and trace files previously"$ECHO "$ECHO "$ECHO "$ECHO "create

33、d by the Oracle Enterprise Manager Intelligent" Agent. These files may be found in the directories" you use for storing other Net8 log and trace files."If such files exist, the OEM IA may not restart."diff命令（1）n diff命令用来逐行比较两个文件n diff命令的语法n diffoptionsfile1file2diff命令（2）$ cat fil

34、e1aaaa bbbb cccc dddd$ cat file2aaaa bbbb dddd$ diff file1 file23d2< ccccfile命令（1）n file命令用来确定文件的类型n file命令的语法n filefile-listfile命令（2）$file*directoryApache:(省略) bin: classmate:(省略)directory ascii textfile1: file2:(省略)ascii text ascii textroot.sh:(省略)executable shell scriptwc命令（1）n wc命令用来统计文件n wc命

35、令的语法n wcoptionsfilewc命令（2）$ wc root.sh29711077875 root.sh$ wc -l root.sh297 root.sh$ wc -C root.sh7875 root.sh$ wc -m root.sh7875 root.sh$ wc -w root.sh1107 root.sh$unix2dos和dos2unix命令（1）n unix2dos和dos2unix命令用来进行UNIX和DOS之间文本文件格式的转换n 命令的语法n dos2unixn unix2dosDosFile UnixFileUnixFileDosFileunix2dos和do

36、s2unix命令（2）$dos2unixsystemsystem$filecompress和uncompress命令（1）n compress和uncompress命令用来压缩和解压缩文件n compress和uncompress命令的语法n compressfileNamen uncompressfileName.Zcompress和uncompress命令（2）$ ls -l data.tar-rw-r-r-1 oracledba2383360 Feb 16 17:07 data.tar$ compress data.tar$ ls -l data*

37、-rw-r-r-1 oracledba1197431 Feb 16 17:07 data.tar.Z$ uncompress data.tar.Z$ ls -l data*-rw-r-r-1 oracledba2383360 Feb 16 17:07 data.tartar命令（1）n tar命令用来创建、查看、恢复磁带文件n tar命令的语法n taroptionsmodifierfile-listtar命令（2）$ tar cvf dbs.tar dbsa dbs/ 0Ka dbs/init.ora 9Ka dbs/initdw.ora 10Ka dbs/initzqfdb.ora sym

38、bolic link to /opt/oracle/admin/zqfdb/pfile/initzqfdb.ora a dbs/orapwzqfdb 2Ka dbs/lkZQFDB 1Ktar命令（3）$ tar tvf dbs.tardrwxr-xr-x 1001/1010 Feb 15 18:42 2003 dbs/8385 Nov 13 23:20 2000 dbs/init.ora9219 Nov 13 23:20 2000 dbs/initdw.ora-rw-r-r-rw-r-r-1001/1011001/101lrwxrwxrwx 1001/10143 Feb 15 18:41 2

39、003 dbs/initzqfdb.ora symbolic linkto /opt/oracle/admin/zqfdb/pfile/initzqfdb.ora-rwsr-rw-rw-1001/1011001/1011536 Feb 15 18:42 2003 dbs/orapwzqfdb24 Feb 15 18:45 2003 dbs/lkZQFDBtar命令（4）$ pwd/opt/oracle/product/817/1$ lsdbs.tar$ tar xvf dbs.tarx dbs, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocksx dbs/init.ora, 8385 bytes,

40、 17 tape blocksx dbs/initdw.ora, 9219 bytes, 19 tape blocksx dbs/initzqfdb.ora symbolic link to /opt/oracle/admin/zqfdb/pfile/initzqfdb.ora x dbs/orapwzqfdb, 1536 bytes, 3 tape blocksx dbs/lkZQFDB, 24 bytes, 1 tape blocks$ lsdbsdbs.tartar命令（5）$tartar tarcvf /dev/rmt/0tvf /dev/rmt/0 xvf /dev/rmt/0etc

41、catman命令n catman命令用来创建手册页的关键字数据库n catman命令的语法n catman -wman命令（1）n man命令用来显示命令的手册页n man命令的语法n manoptionscommandman令（2）$manlsReformatting page. Please Wait. done User CommandsNAMEls - list contents of directory SYNOPSISls(1)/usr/bin/ls -aAbcCdfFgilLmnopqrRstux1 file . /usr/xpg4/bin/ls -aAbcCdfFgilLmno

42、pqrRstux1 file . DESCRIPTIONFor each file that is a directory, ls lists the contents of(省略了一些内容)There are three major listing formats. The default format-More-(5%)man命令（3）$manpasswdReformatting page. Please Wait. done User Commands(省略了一些内容) SEE ALSO(省略了一些内容)passwd(1)loginlog(4), nsswitch.conf(4), pa

43、m.conf(4), passwd(4), sha- dow(4), attributes(5), environ(5), pam_unix(5), pam_ldap(5)NOTESThe passwd command replaces the nispasswd and yppasswd com- mands and should be used in their place.SunOS 5.8Last change: 21 Oct 19998man命令（4）$man-s4passwdReformatting page. Please Wait. done File FormatsNAMEp

44、asswd - password file SYNOPSIS/etc/passwd DESCRIPTIONpasswd(4)The file /etc/passwd is a local source of information(省略了一些内容)Each passwd entry is a single line of the form: username:password:uid:gid:gcos-field:home-dir: login-shell-More-(13%)aboutman命令（5）$man-kffbSUNWffb_config ffbconfig (1m) - confi

45、gure the FFB Graphics Acceleratorffb elerator ffbconfig roffbibffb (7d)- 24-bit UPA color frame buffer and graphics accffbconfig (1m) - configure the FFB Graphics Acceleratorroffbib (1)- format and print a bibliographic database$ apropos ffbSUNWffb_config ffbconfig (1m) - configure the FFB Graphics

46、Acceleratorffb elerator ffbconfig roffbibffb (7d)- 24-bit UPA color frame buffer and graphics accffbconfig (1m) - configure the FFB Graphics Acceleratorroffbib (1)- format and print a bibliographic databasewhich和whereis命令（1）n which和whereis命令用来定位命令的路径信息n which和whereis命令的语法n whichn whereiscommandcomma

47、ndwhich和whereis命令（2）$ which ls/usr/bin/ls$ whereis lsls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/ucb/lswho命令（1）n who命令用来查看当前有哪些用户登录到系统中n who命令的语法n whon whoamin whoam iwho命令（2）$whooraclerootpts/2pts/3Feb 16 16:05Feb 16 17:49(0)(0)who命令（3）SunOS 5.8login: rootLast login: Sun Feb 16 14:10:34 from 0Sun Microsystems Inc.# su - oracleSun Microsystems Inc.$ whoSunOS 5.8Generic February 2000SunOS 5.8Generic February 2000oracle rootpts/2 pts/3Feb 16 16:05Feb 16 17:49(0)(0)$ whoamioracle$ who am irootpts/3Feb 16 1