文艺复兴 英文简介

1、RENAISSANCE The Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so

2、intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were t

3、he most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed Get Started_1.2Get StartedGet Started_1.3Get Startedas other important areas proc

4、eeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation. The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural productio

5、n and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religi

6、ous reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.Text Study _II_1.2Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasFeature: The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious refor

7、mation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The most striking feature of the Renaissance was doubtlessly the flourish of humanism.Get Started_1.4Get Started The Renaissance was an

8、important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural develop

9、ment and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.Summary of RenaissanceAfter the middle ages began a period of “rebirth” in Europe, a period which began in the city-states of Italy. The new spirit of the era was that of hu

10、manism, which was much different from the highly religious period that came before it. Humanism Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. It was a cultural movement in Italy based on and inspired by the study of classical works.How

11、 would you compare the Middle Ages to Renaissance Italy?Middle Ages vs. Renaissance400-1400 Religious Rural culture Arts are God-centered Poor Intellectual stagnation1400-1600 “Humanist” Urban culture Arts more human-centered Wealthy New ideas are discussedWhat are the main causes of the Renaissance

12、 in Italy?What are the main causes of the Renaissance in Italy? The invention of the printing press 1440 The siege of Constantinople 1453 Italian urban culture Italian trade and contact with other culturesPrinting Press - 1440A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface res

13、ting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention of the printing press is widely regarded as the most influential event in the second millennium AD, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, an

14、d ushering in the period of modernity.Printing Press - 1440The man who invented the printing press was Johannes Gutenberg, from Germany. This image shows what is known as the Gutenberg edition of the Bible, the first wide-spread edition of the Bible. Before, monks in monastaries would have to write

15、the Bible by hand, so they were more difficult to come by for the average person.Movable typePrinting PressThis is a pair of workers at a press. Using the new invention, they could print about 3,600 pages per day.Why did the printing press help lead to the Renaissance?Siege of Constantinople 1453君士坦

16、丁堡的陷落 Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul in Turkey) was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the last vestige of the Eastern Roman Empire. Siege of Constantinople - 1453The Ottoman Empire (also known as the “Turks”) laid siege to the city for over a month, and it finally fell under their control. H

17、ere you can see the cannon, a relatively new weapon.How did the fall of Constantinople lead to the Renaissance?Italian Urban CultureItaly at this time was divided into many smaller kingdoms. Like the rest of Europe, there was no real centralized monarchy. But in Italy, these smaller states usually h

18、ad a large urban area (unlink Medieval kingdoms, which tended to be much more agrarian and rural). These were called city-states, and also tended to be wealthier than the places in northern Europe. This was due in part to its focus on trade with other nations.Map of Italian City-States(1494)Italian

19、contact with other culturesBecause of its convenient location in the Mediterranean, Italian city-states had an advantage over Northern Europe (the Hanseatic League) in that they were in the ideal location to trade with the rest of the world. The Mediterranean sea (地中海) is an ideal place to trade wit

20、h other nations of vastly different culture.Italian contact with other culturesIn the 1200s and 1300s, Italian city-states did a lot of trade, shipping things from the famous “Silk Road”, with products that came from China and India. This of course brought Italy into contact with other cultures and

21、helped the city-states accumulate wealth (think of Marco Polo of the Venetian Republic). For the upper-classes, the wealth enabled a new “bourgeois culture” characterized by leisure and self-cultivation, and the contact with other cultures brought an “openness” in Italy not seen in other European pl

22、aces at the time.Patronage of the Arts 提倡艺术The most famous patron of the arts was Lorenzo de Medici, a leader of Florence and a member of the wealthy Medici family. Due to the spending of people like the Medicis, art of the Renaissance was able to flourish as sculptors, architects, and artists were

23、able to focus their attention on their work instead of trying to find a way to make money.FlorenceFlorence (of Tuscany) is known as the “City of Flowers.” This city is usually considered the birthplace and center of the Italian Renaissance, and is known for its wealthy Medici family who ruled the ci

24、ty through the period.Medici ChapelsMilanCenter of “Lombardy”VeniceGenoaLiterature of the Renaissance Giovanni Boccaccio The Decameron Nicolo Machiavelli The Prince Francesco Petrarch Various Love PoetryFamous Men of the Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Donatello Raphael Leonardo Michelang

25、elo Donatello Raphael Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance polymath (博学者): painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any o

26、ther figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of unquenchable curiosity and feverishly inventive imaginationLeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Some of his greatest and most famous works include The Last Supper and

27、Mona Lisa. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) “Renaissance Man”It means a person who can do almost anything, in a wide range of different subjects. Leonardo da Vinci is the most famous example of a Renaissance man, but the expression can even be used to describe people not from the Renaissance. Aristotle

28、, for instance, is another example. Michelangelo (1475-1564)Michelangelo was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.Michelangelo (1475-1564)Pieta, is a sculptureof Mary holding the dead body of J

29、esus.Michelangelo (1475-1564)Statue of DavidWho is David?Story of David and GoliathGoliath, the leader of the Philistine people, challenged any man brave enough to fight him. For 40 days he emerged from his army, two times each day, waiting for someone brave enough to challenge him. Anybody that def

30、eated him would cause the Philistine army to leave Israel. David, the future king of Israel (though right now only a shepherd boy) accepts the challenge and kills him with a sling.Michelangelo (1475-1564)Ceiling of Sistine Chapel took four years to complete.Text Study _III_2.1Interpretation of Cultu

31、ral TermsText StudySistine Chapel 西斯廷教堂西斯廷教堂: the private church in the Vatican for Pope, famous for the magnificent designs and frescoes made by Michelangelo during the Renaissance Interpretation of Cultural TermsText Study _III_2.1Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultura

32、l TermsMichelangelo (1475-1564)What is different about this painting from previous medieval paintings?Donatello (1386-1466)Donatello was an early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. He is most famous for his bronze statues.Donatello (1386-1466)Bronze casting of David.Raphael (1483

33、-1520)Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the ideal of human grandeur.Raphael (1483-1520)Madonna of the Meadow, a “pastoral” work, which means it has to do with the

34、 village or country life.Raphael (1483-1520)School of AthensPatron of the Arts activityLike Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries, China is also going through a period of economic growth. Wealthy people in China are now with more money to spend, and it has been noted that spending on the arts has inc

35、reased a lot when compared to the past. I want you to get into your groups. Each group is a wealthy family that wants to support artistic endeavors. You have 6,500,000,000RMB (1,000,000,000USD) that you want to spend. What kind of projects would you support? What will you have built, painted? Which

36、artists will you hire? Why do you want to support this kind of art?Medieval FashionRenaissance FashionRenaissance FashionRenaissance FashionRenaissance FashionRenaissance FashionIdeal BeautyRenaissance in FranceFranois Rabelais （拉伯雷was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and Renaissance humani

37、st and was a monk and Greek scholar . He has historically been regarded as a writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque (丑陋的), and bawdy (骚话) jokes and songs. He wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人传.Renaissance in Spain1492 in Spain!1492 was a big year for Spain.-Christopher Columbus discovered the Ameri

38、cas-Granada was taken (this event is called the Reconquista), thus unifying the Iberian Peninsula-Intensification (增强) of the Spanish Inquisition -Jews and Muslims were expelled from the country (赶出国门)Reconquista (Reconquer)The Reconquista is a process that took several hundred years. After the Batt

39、le of Tours in year 732, Spain still remained largely Muslim. Little by little, the Christians “reconquered” Spain and made it Christian once again, completing the process after taking back Granada in 1492.Cervantes（赛万提）He is known as the most influential man on the Spanish language, so much so that

40、 Spanish is often referred to as la lengua de Cervantes. His best know work is Don Quixote, a story about the hero Don Quixote and his companion Sancho Panza.Don Quixote（唐吉诃德）The story is about a man of nearly fifty years of age. While mostly rational, the effect of reading many Romances and novels

41、has had distorted his perception. He believes every word of these books and decides to go on adventures himself. Renaissance in the Low CountriesThe Low Countries refers to the area of The Netherlands (荷兰) and Belgium (比利时).Desiderius ErasmusDesiderius Erasmus (1466 1536), known as Erasmus of Rotter

42、dam, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, and a theologian from The Netherlands. He was known for being committed to reforming the Church, though not as extreme as Martin Luther. He served as an inspiration to Luther.Hieronymus Bosch（耶罗尼米斯博斯 ） Hieronymus Bosch was a Dutch (from The Net

43、herlands) painter. His work is known for its use of fantastic imagery to illustrate moral and religious concepts and narratives.Hieronymus BoschThe Garden of Earthly DelightsHieronymus BoschDetail from HellPieter Bruegel the Elder（老彼得勃鲁盖尔） Pieter Bruegel (c. 1525 1569) was a Flemish renaissance pain

44、ter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes.Pieter Bruegel the ElderLandscape with the Fall of IcarusPieter Bruegel the ElderTower of BabelPieter Bruegel the ElderReturn of the Hunters is part of a 6-part series meant to depict different times of the year.Renaissance in EnglandDue

45、 to such circumstances as the War of the Roses (a civil war between the Houses of York and Lancaster) and Englands relatively isolated geographic location, the Renaissance did not make it to England until much later. It was not until the reign of Elizabeth I that stability came to England, allowing

46、the arts to finally flourish.Thomas MoreSir Thomas More (1478 1535) was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councillor to Henry VIII of England and was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and in particular of Martin Luthe

47、r.More coined the word “utopia” (乌托邦) a name he gave to the ideal, imaginary island nation whose political system he described in Utopia, published in 1516. He opposed the kings separation from the Catholic Church and refused to accept the king as Supreme Head of the Church of England. In 1534, he w

48、as imprisoned for his refusal to take the oath required by the First Succession Act, because the act disparaged (轻视) the power of the Pope and Henrys marriage to Catherine of Aragon. In 1535, he was tried for treason, convicted on perjured testimony, and beheaded.ShakespeareShakespeare (1564 1616) was a playwright that lived through the Elizabethan period of England. His plays are known for being full of archetypes (原型) and cleverly depicti