文艺复兴 【英文】 RenaissancePPT

1、RenaissanceSpecial Thanks ToMs. Stewart for the PowerPointAPS StandardsWHI.13 The student will demonstrate knowledge of developments leading to the Renaissance in Europe in terms of its impact on Western civilization by:a. identifying the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance;b. sequencing

2、 events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political development, including Machiavellis theory of governing as described in The Prince;c. citing artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and

3、 Petrarch;d. comparing the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the contributions of writers.Do NowWrite a definition for the word, rebirthLesson 1 ObjectivesSWBAT identify factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Renai

4、ssance Trade and commerce increased Cities grew larger and wealthier Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the growth of the arts and learning The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters of the 14th century, such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church pow

5、er Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of interest in ancient culture (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome) A new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance began to emphasize individual abilityDo NowWhat was one of the factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissa

6、nce?Lesson 2 ObjectivesSWBAT discuss what the Renaissance was and where it began.SWBAT sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political development, including Machiavellis theory of governing as described in The Prince.The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time

7、of renewal (Europe was recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic Plague)Renaissance means of classical knowledge and of the modern world (new intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world)What was the Renaissance?Where

8、did the Renaissance begin?ItalyItalian CitiesUrban SocietiesMajor Trading CentersSecular Movement People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessionsRoughly the 14th to the 17th centuryHow did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?Crusades

9、(1095 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after Muhammads death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires of the time period) Increased demand for Middle Ea

10、stern productsStimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern marketsEncouraged the use of credit and bankingThe Black Death: Bubonic Plague1330s - An outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in ChinaMainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people Once people are inf

11、ected, they infect others very rapidlyPlague causes fever, painful swelling of the lymph glands, and spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black = Black DeathSince China was one of the busiest of the worlds trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague i

12、n China spread to western Asia and EuropeIn 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily (Italy), many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the s

13、urrounding countrysideBubonic Plague Continued After five years 25 million people were dead-one-third of Europes population. Even when the worst was over, smaller outbreaks continued, not just for years, but for centuries. The survivors lived in constant fear of the plagues return, and the disease d

14、id not disappear until the 1600s. The disease took its toll on the church as well. People throughout Christendom had prayed devoutly for deliverance from the plague. Why hadnt those prayers been answered? A new period of political turmoil and philosophical questioning lay ahead. Political Ideas of t

15、he RenaissanceNiccol Machiavelli (1469-1527)An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the RenaissanceThe Prince (Published in 1532)Machiavelli believed:“One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for

16、 profit”Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power. Absolute RuleHe felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience. Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved Ruler shoul

17、d be quick and decisive in decision making Ruler keeps power by any means necessary The end justifies the means Be good when possible, and evil when necessaryToday, the term “Machiavellian” refers to the use of deceit in politics Video ClipDiscovery Education“The Politics of The Prince”Guided Practi

18、ceExcerpts from Machiavellis, The PrinceChapter XVIIWhether it is better to be loved than fearedChapter XVIIIHow rulers should keep their promisesDo Now: Lesson 3AHow did Italian city-states influence the Renaissance?Lesson 3 ObjectivesSWBAT 1)sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-stat

19、es and their political development and 2)identify the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance (e.g., explain the importance of the growth of towns, the rise of a money economy, and the development of independent city-states to the birth and spread of Renaissance ideas)Major Italian City-Stat

20、esMilanOne of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps.VeniceLocated on the Adriatic Sea, it is a major trade route between Asia & Europe. FlorenceControlled by the Medici Family, who became great patrons of the arts.GenoaGenoaHad Access to Trade RoutesAll of these cities: Had acce

21、ss to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern EuropeRomeHeadquarters of the Catholic ChurchRomeItalian City-StatesBecause Italy failed to become united during the Dark Ages, many independent city-states emerged in

22、 Italy. Each city-state was controlled by a powerful family and dominated by a wealthy merchant class. Their interest in art and emphasis on personal achievement helped to shape the Italian Renaissance.Example: The Medici family of Florence ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe; t

23、hey ruled Florence for over 70 years.Centralized PowerOne governing authority (ex. U.S. Federal Government; principals) controls power over several smaller entities (ex. State governments; teachers)ReminderRenaissance means “rebirth” of interest in ancient culture (Greece and Rome)28.4 The Influence

24、 of Italian City-StatesDo Now: Lesson 3BHow does trade help spread culture, ideas, beliefs, etc.? 28.3 The Growth of Trade and CommerceActivity: Act-It-Out Work in groups Each group will receive role cards Review role cards and use info. from the Reading (28.3) to generate ideas for how to accuratel

25、y bring your character to life Take a few minutes to prepare and practice Each group will conduct the Act-It-OutDo NowWhy do you think art was so influential during the Renaissance? Lesson 4 ObjectivesSWBAT cite artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period

26、, by:1. Learning about the elements of classical, medieval, and Renaissance art2. Identifying the period classical, medieval, or Renaissance in which six artworks were created The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly

27、expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular.Classical art showed the importance of people and leaders, as well as gods and goddessesMedieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvationRenaissance art and literature f

28、ocused on the importance of people and nature, along with religionActivity:Classical, Medieval, or Renaissance? Think, Pair, Share Look at each piece of artwork and determine which period the artwork is from: Classical, Medieval, or Renaissance List three reasons for your choice Use your notes and t

29、he information from your reading (History Alive! 28.2) for helpShareNow, lets see how we did! Classical = Raise 1 Finger Medieval = Raise 2 Fingers Renaissance = Raise 3 FingersClassical ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 316 Discobolus Figures were lifelike but often idealized (more perfect than in real life) F

30、igures were nude or draped in togas (robes) Bodies looked active, and motion was believable Faces were calm and without emotion Scenes showed either heroic figures or real people doing tasks from daily lifeMedieval ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 317 Narthex Tympanum Most art was religious, showing Jesus, sai

31、nts, people from the Bible, and so on Important figures in paintings were shown as larger than others around them Figures looked stiff, with little sense of movement Figures were fully dressed in stiff-looking clothing Faces were serious and showed little feeling Paint colors were brightRenaissance

32、ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 317 The School of Athens Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes Art reflected a great interest in nature Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an increasing knowledge of anatomy Bodies looked active and were shown moving Figures were either nude or c

33、lothed Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks Faces expressed what people were thinking Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with the right and left sides having similar or identical elements)Do NowDescribe similarities and differences between Medieval art and Renaissance artLesson 5

34、ObjectivesSWBAT:1. Cite artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch2. Compare the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the contributions of writersRenaissance artists embraced some of th

35、e ideals of ancient Greece and Rome in their art.The purpose of art would no longer be to glorify God, as it had been in Medieval Europe. Artists wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion.New Techniques also emerged.Art and PatronageItalians patrons (financial support

36、ers) were willing to spend a lot of money on art Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values and therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status.What was different in the Renaissance?RealismPerspectiveEmphasis on individualism Geomet

37、rical arrangement of figuresLight and shadowingSoftening of edgesArtist able to live from commissionsCharacteristics of Renaissance ArtExpulsion from the GardenMasaccio1427First nudes since classical times.2. PerspectiveThe TrinityMasaccio1427What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become.4. E

38、mphasis on IndividualismBatista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of UrbinoPiero della Francesca, 1465-1466.5. Geometrical Arrangement of FiguresLeonardo da Vinci1469The figure as architecture!The Dreyfus Madonna with the PomegranateChiaroscuro:use of light and shadeSfuma

39、to:gradual blending of one area of color into another without a sharp outlineGinevra de Benci, a young Florentine noblewoman who, at the age of sixteen, married Luigi Niccolini in 1474. Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived; he wa

40、s a sculptor, painter, engineer, architect, and poet.DavidMichelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.The Biblical shepherd, David (who killed Goliath) recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek traditionSistine ChapelAbout a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo

41、 to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Depicts the biblical history of the world from the Creation to the FloodCreation of EveCreation of AdamSeparation of Light and DarknessThe Last JudgmentPieta 1499Marble SculptureCaptures the sorrow of the Virgin Mary as

42、she cradles her dead son, Jesus on her kneesMoses1452-1519Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Mathematician, EngineerMona Lisa(1503-1506)The Last Supper(1495-1498)Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion NotebooksLeonardo da Vinci dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles workRaph

43、aelPainter1483-1520The School of Athens1510 FrescoVatican CityAn imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientistsPerspectiveSubjects are mainly secular, but can be religious Figures look idealized, but can also look like everyday ordinary peopleBodies are activeClothed or unclothedFaces are expr

44、essive DetailPythagorasSocratesPlato and AristotleEuclidZoroaster & PtolemyRaphael (back)The Renaissance in northern Europe (outside Italy) There was increased cultural exchange between European countries Printed materials helped to spread ideas Centralization of political power made the norther

45、n Renaissance distinct from the Italian Renaissance (e.g., nation-states instead of Italian city-states) Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. The movable type printing press and the production and sale o

46、f books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas and allowed more people to become educated.Cultural and educational reform The study of classical culture (ancient Greece and Rome), in contrast with the study of things related to the church and religion Celebrated the individual Was supported by wealthy patrons (financial supporters)Literature flourished during the Renaissance and spread Renaissance ideas, which can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg.In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using moveable type, The Bible, and started a printing revoluti