英语语言学Chapter 9 Phrases and S

1、.Phrases and Sentences: GrammarnLinguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phoneticallynLinguistic expressions as sequence of morphemesnWith these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up. Mental Grammar nA fo

2、rm of internal linguistic knowledge which operates in the production and recognition of appropriately stuctured expressions in that languagenIt is of most interest to a psychologist since it deals with what goes on in peoples mindnSubconscious, not the result of teaching.Linguitic EtiquettenThe iden

3、tification of the proper or best structures to be used in a LnOf interest to a sociologist, has to do with peoples social attitudes and values.Linguistic GrammarnInvolves the study and analysis of the structures ofound in a L, usu. With the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of ENG, fo

4、r examplenDistinct from grammar of Russian or French or any other LnOccupies many linguists since the conern is with the nature of L.The Parts of SpeechPage 88.Traditional Grammar CategoriesnNumbernAgreementnPersonnTensenVoicenGender: natural gender vs grammatical gender .Traditional AnalysisPage 90

5、.The Prescriptive ApproachnPage grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of a L sis till to be found todaynRules: You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition. Never begin a sentence with and.The Prescriptive ApproachnMary runs faster than me.nWho did you see?

6、nHe is the one that I can not put up with.nCaptain Kirks infinitive.The Descriptive ApproachnWell-established grammatical description of Latin does not apply to all LsnAnalysts collect samples of the L they are interested in and attempt to describe the regular structures of the L as it is used, not

7、according to some view of how it should be used.Structural AnalysisnMain concern is to investigate the distribution of forms (e.g. morphemes) in a LnMethod involves “test-frames” which can be sentences with empty slots in themnP92.Immediate Constituent AnalysisnDesigned to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents.Immediate constituents analysisbroughttoHerFatherA shotgunthe wedding.Labeled and bracketed sentencesnPut brackets around each constituents, and then more brackets around each combination of constitue