英语基本结构以及句型_ppt

1、Grammarsentences句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（ subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状Members of sentence: S - subjectP - predicative O - objectAttri.-attributeAdv.- adverb Oc - object complement 主主宾宾表表补补定定状状1) 主语（主语（subject）I like football.The boy needs a

2、 pen. 句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由。2) 谓语（谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。担任。常置于主语后。 The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket.,动词不定式动词不定式,动名词动名词 或从句或从句担任，常置于句首担任，常置于句首名词名词,主格代词主格代词动词动词3) 宾语宾语（object）4) 表语表语（predicative）He won the game. On the desk表示表示vt.的动作对象或的动作对象或prep.所联系的

3、对象。所联系的对象。由由n.或相当于或相当于n.的词担任。置于的词担任。置于vt.或或prep.后。后。Tome lost his life in the big fire.He is a student.用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由由n.n.或或adj.adj.担任。置于系动词之后。担任。置于系动词之后。除了除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表表感官的动词感官的动词:2) 表表转变变化转变变化的动词的动词:3)表表延续延续的动词的动词feel, smell, taste, sound, lo

4、ok, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。5) 宾补（宾补（objective complement） 补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况 。由由n. /adj. /n. /adj. /介宾介宾 / /分词分词 / /不定式等担任。不定式等担任。They made him king. I consider the book too expensive. 6) 定语（定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用

5、的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用汉语中常用的的表示表示, ,通常位于被修饰的成分前。通常位于被修饰的成分前。The black bike is mine.( )说明说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明说明2：不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。

6、这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten. 7) 状语（状语（adverbial）用以修饰用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句及全句,位置灵活位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；之后，强调时放在句首；修饰修饰形容词或副词形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示表示时间、地点、目的的状语时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，首，一些表示不确定时间（如：一些表示不确定时间（如：often

7、）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副）的副词状语通常位于词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。I am very sorry.We often help him.When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语) 句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句基本句型一基本句型一: + （主谓）（主谓）基本句型二基本句型二: + + （主系表）（主系表）基本句型三基本句型三: + +O （主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四基本句型四: + +IO +O（主谓间宾（主谓间宾

8、 直宾）直宾）基本句型五：基本句型五： + +O +（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）英语五种基本句型：英语五种基本句型：基本句型基本句型 一一 特点特点: :句子的句子的谓语动词谓语动词都能表达都能表达完整完整的意思。的意思。 这类动词叫做这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词，后面可以，后面可以 跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 e.g. His words works.e.g. His words works. S SV （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. T

9、hey 8. He 9.He10.Theyflies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink.laughed? woke. talked for half an hour.walked yesterday is playinghave gone基本句型 二 特点：句子谓语动词都特点：句子谓语动词都不能不能表达一个完整的意思，表达一个完整的意思， 必须必须加上加上一个表明主语身份或状态的一个表明主语身份或状态的表语表语构构 成成复合谓语复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。，才能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做这类动词叫做( (连连) )系系动词。动词。 系动词可分四类：系动词可分四类

10、： 1 1）be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, ,只起连系主语和表语的只起连系主语和表语的 作用作用, ,后可接动词外的任何词；后可接动词外的任何词； 2 2）感官动词类）感官动词类 look, feel, smell, taste, sound等等 3）表示变化：）表示变化：get, grow, become, turn, go等等 4）表示状态延续：）表示状态延续：stay, keep, remain, stand等等 （是系动词）（是系动词）(表语表语)1. This 2. The dinner3. He 4. Everything5. He 6. The book 7. The

11、weather 8. His face is smells(闻闻)felt looks is is becameturned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and strong. interesting.warmer. red. 基本句型基本句型 三三 特点：谓语动词都是特点：谓语动词都是实义动词实义动词，但不能表，但不能表 达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动 作的承受者，才能使意思完整。作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做这类动词叫做及物动词及物动词。 e.g. We like the

12、movie. S Vo（实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 4. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 8. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts.to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 基本句型基本句型 四四 + +InO +D 特点：谓语动词必须跟有特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个两个宾语才能表达完宾语才能表达完 整的意思。这两个宾语一个

13、是动作的整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直直 接承受者接承受者，另一个是动作的，另一个是动作的间接承受者间接承受者。 通常可改为通常可改为 S +V+DO+prep.(to/for)+InO e.g. She gave me an apple. =She gave an apple to me.接双宾语的动词有：1.动词后接to :give show send bring read pass lend leave hand tell return write throw refuse and so on.2.动词后接for: make buy do get play sing pay and

14、so on.注意：1.如果直接宾语是人身代词宾格时，只能用加to 或for 的形式。Eg：She often gives it to me.2.主语+谓语+间接宾语+疑问词+to do sth.(what to do/how to do it)Eg:He taught me how to read the words.（及（及物）物）（多（多指人）指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. She2. She 3. He 4. He 5. I 6. I 7. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave showed mehusbandhermeHerhimhim

15、a new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. nothing. my pictures. a hand. . that the bus was late. 基本句型基本句型 五五特点：动词虽然是特点：动词虽然是及物动词及物动词，但是只跟一个宾，但是只跟一个宾 语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一 个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 判断原则：能表达成判断原则：能表达成宾语宾语 是是/做做 e.g. We made him the monitor. SVOOC1.常跟复合宾语的动

16、词有：call name make think find leave and so on.Eg:I will make you captain.I found the film interesting.2.如see watch look at listen to hear feel let make have后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时，常省略toEg：He listened to the boy cry.Let me go The teacher made the students laugh.（及物）（及物） （宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补）1. We 2. They3. They 4. T

17、hey5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. .简单句简单句1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont beat children.4. He gave his sister the pia

18、no.5. I found the book easy. 主 + 谓主 + 系 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go. PracticePractice 主 + 谓主 + 系 + 表主 + 谓 + 宾主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补.并列句并列句This is me and these are my frie

19、nds. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. andorbut soHe knocked at the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead.名词性从句名词性从句状语从句状语从句定语从句定语从句主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句.复合句复合句A plane is a machine that can fly.He

20、 said that he didnt like her.状语从句状语从句分为九类：分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1) 时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are called.When spring came, leaves turn green.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever等等2) 地点状语从句地点状语从句Put it where you f

21、ound it.Sit down wherever you like.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：where, wherever, anywhere3) 原因状语从句原因状语从句As I didnt know the way, I asked a policeman常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：because, as, since4) 结果状语从句结果状语从句I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, such that, that 5) 目的状语从句目的状语从句Ill

22、 show you so you will see how its done.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, in order that6) 条件状语从句条件状语从句If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：if, unless, in case that, on condition that常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：though, although, if even if, even though,7) 让步状语从句让步状语从句Though Im fond of music,I

23、cant play any instrument.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, as if, as though, how常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：so, so that, as far as, so long as8) 方式状语从句方式状语从句He did just as you told him.9) 程度状语从句程度状语从句So long as you need me, Ill stay. Homework1.复习今天所学的句子结构2.自行复习名词性从句的内容(必修三)3.看试卷,做相应知识点.名词性从句名词性从句1) 主语从句主语从句* What he said is

24、not known.* That we shall be late is certain.* It is certain that we shall be late.* How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 2）表语从句表语从句* That is what he wants to buy. * The problem is that who we can get to replace her?* The reason is that he has lied to me several times. 3) 宾语从句宾语从句* I un

25、derstand that he is well qualified.* He said that he didnt like her. * I dont know if you can help me.4) 同位语从句同位语从句* Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come?* The question who should do the work requires consideration.* Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.the ideaThe questi

26、ona promise注意！注意！* that与与what都可以引导名词性从句。都可以引导名词性从句。* what在从句中充当句子成份（主在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾宾,表）。表）。* That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。* that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.That is what he wants to buy.That we shall be late is certain.He said (that) he didnt like her.引导词引导词that & what 状语从句状语从句分为九类：分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、时间、地点、原因、结果、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度目的、条件、让步、方式、程度1) 时间状语从句时间状语从句Wait until you are called.When spring came, leaves turn green.常用的关联词有：常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when