美国文学史诗歌重点赏析

1、cf. Emily Dickinson（划线及中文部分上课前删掉） Publication is the AuctionOf the Mind of manPovertybe justifyingFor so foul a thing Possibly but We would rather（也许是有这样的原因，但我们更愿意）From Our Garret goWhite Unto the White Creator （清清白白的）Than invest Our Snow Thought belong to Him who gave it Then to Him Who bearIts Cor

2、poreal illustration Sell（而不是先invest, then sell ）The Royal Air （空气和诗行双重含义）In the Parcel Be the MerchantOf the Heavenly Grace But reduce no Human SpiritTo Disgrace of Price （你可以be这个，但至少不要reduce)Ideas on poetry writingEmily Dickinson seemed to consider poetry writing as a private thing. When she was in

3、 her early twenties, she began to write poetry. Sometimes she would send her poems with letters to her friends. But she never approved of publishing her poems, for she thought, “Publication is the auction of the mind of man.” So she kept her poems to herself throughout the life. She did not regard h

4、erself as a poet. But in her opinion, a poets responsibility is to use concrete images to present abstract ideas. Her poems are terse and suggestive.11, Philip Freneau (1752-1832) The Wild Honey Suckle Fair flower, that dost so comely grow,Hid in this silent, dull retreat,Untouched thy honied blosso

5、ms blow,Unseen thy little branches greet;No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear. 野生金银花美好的花呀，你长得这么秀丽，却藏身在这僻静沉闷的地方甜美的花开放了却没人亲昵，招展的细小花枝也没人观赏；没游来荡去的脚来把你踩碎，没东攀西摘的手来催你落泪。 By Natures self in white arrayed,She bade thee shun the vulgar eye,And planted here the gaurdian shade,And se

6、nt soft waters murmuring by;.Thus quietly thy summer goes,.Thy days declinging to repose. 大自然把你打扮得一身洁白， 她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目光； 她布置了树阴把你护卫起来， 又让潺潺的柔波淌过你身旁； 你的夏天就这样平静地消逝， 这时候你日见萎蔫终将安息。 Smit with those charms, that must decay,I grieve to see your future doom;They died-nor were those flowers more gay,The flowers

7、 that did in Eden bloom;.Unpitying frosts, and Autumns power.Shall leave no vestige of this flower. 难免消逝的那些美使我销魂， 想起你未来的结局我就心疼； 别的那些花儿并不比你幸运， 虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零； 无情的寒霜再加秋风的威力， 会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹。 From morning suns and evenign dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die

8、you are the same;.The space between, is but an hour,.The frail duration of a flower. 朝阳和晚霞当初曾把你养育， 让你这小小的生命来到世上； 原来若乌有，就没什么可失去， 因为你的死让你同先前一样； 这来去之间不过是一个钟点： 这就是脆弱的花享有的天年。 1. iambic tetrameter2. The poem is said to anticipate the nineteenth-century romantic use of simple nature imagery. 3. In this poe

9、m the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. He not only meditated on mortality but also celebrated nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature.4. The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic of roma

10、ntic poets. cf. Ben Jonson：The Noble Nature It is not growing like a tree In bulk, doth make man better be; Or standing long an oak, three hundred year, To fall a log at last, dry, bald, and sere: A lily of a day Is fairer far in May; Although it fall and die that night, It was the plant and flower

11、of light. In small proportions we just beauties see, And in short measures life may perfect be.高尚的品质本琼森提高人的品质并不要长得魁梧像棵树；或者一棵耸立三百年的栎树，最后倒下，干枯，光秃，烂腐：在五月里盛开一日的百合花远比树木更优美更洁雅，虽然她在当天夜晚凋萎，她是光明的植物和花卉。我们能在微小事物中看到美丽，短暂的生命也可以达到完善的境地。Robert Herrick：To Daffodils Fair Daffodils, we weep to seeYou haste away so so

12、on;As yet the early-rising sunHas not attaind his noon.Stay, stay,Until the hasting dayHas runBut to the even-song;And, having prayd together, weWill go with you along. 咏黄水仙花罗伯特何丽克美的黄水仙，凋谢得太快，我们感觉着悲哀；连早晨出来的太阳都还没有上升到天盖。停下来，停下来，等匆忙的日脚跑进黄昏的暮霭；在那时共同祈祷着，在回家的路上徘徊。以黄水仙凋谢得太快来感叹人生匆忙而短暂 We have short time to

13、stay, as you,We have as short a spring;As quick a growth to meet decay,As you, or anything.We dieAs your hours do, and dryAway,Like to the summers rain;Or as the pearls of mornings dew,Neer to be found again. 我们也只有短暂的停留，青春的易逝堪忧；我们方生也就方死，和你们一样，一切都要罢休。你们谢了，我们也要去了，如同夏雨之骤，或如早晨的露珠，永无痕迹可求。The Indian Buryi

14、ng Ground In spite of all the learned have said, I still my old opinion keep; The posture that we give the dead, Points out the souls eternal sleep. 不管学者们说过些什么， 我依然坚持我的老观点： 我们给死者安排的姿势 表明了灵魂的永远安眠。 Not so the ancients of these lands- The Indian, when from life released,Again is seated with his friends

15、, And shares again the joyous feast. 这地方的古人并不如此 印第安人一朝离开世上， 就再次同亲友坐在一起， 重新把欢乐的宴席分享。 His imaged birds, and painted bowl, And venison, for a journey dressed, Bespeak the nature of the soul, Activity, that knows no rest. 鸟雀的造像、带彩绘的碗、 为路上食用备好的鹿肉， 说明那灵魂具有的特点 它的活动可没什么尽头。 His bow, for action ready bent, An

16、d arrows, with a head of stone, Can only mean that life is spent, And not the old ideas gone. 他的弓早已经引满待发， 那一支支安有石簇的箭 这只能说明生命离开他， 而非原先的观念有改变。 Thou, stranger, that shalt come this way, No fraud upon the dead commit-Observe the swelling turf, and say, They do not lie, but here they sit. 陌生的人哪，你该来这里， 但是

17、可不要把死者冤枉 把这隆起的草冢看仔细， 并说他们是坐而不是躺。 Here, still a lofty rock remains, On which the curious eye may trace (Now wasted, half, by wearing rains) The fancies of a ruder race. 这里还剩下块高高石岩， 虽给雨侵蚀得斑驳无状， 精细的眼睛能由此分辨 那原始民族的丰富想象。 Here, still an aged elm aspires, Beneath whose far-projecting shade (And which the sh

18、epherd still admires) The children of the forest played. 还有一棵高耸的老榆树， 在它伸得远远的影子下 （牧羊人对此仍喜爱如初）， 林中的孩子们游戏玩耍。 There oft a restless Indian queen, (Pale Sheba, with her braided hair) And many a barbarous form is seen To chide the man that lingers there. 常有不眠的印第安女王 （这是梳辫的浅肤色示巴） 和许多野蛮的形象出场， 把逗留在那里的人责骂。 By m

19、idnight moons, oer moistening dews, In habit for the chase arrayed, The hunter still the deer pursues, The hunter and the deer- a shade. 只见全身是行猎的装束， 在月明露重的午夜时分， 这猎手仍在把鹿儿追逐 可猎手和鹿全都是幽灵！ And long shall timorous fancy see The painted chief, and pointed spear, And reasons self shall bow the knee To shado

20、ws and delusions here. 文身的酋长、矛尖的锋利， 畏怯的想象将久久看见； 而理智本身会对之屈膝 在这种种的幽灵、幻象前。 Death in the Indian tradition has a different meaning. It is no longer that sad and dreadful event that everyone is afraid of. The North American Indians bury their dead in a sitting posture; decorating the corpse with wampum, t

21、he images of birds, quadrupeds and with bows, arrows and other military weapons. The dead Indian is dressed in special clothes as though celebrating a happy event. The dead person becomes a warrior who protects the land. This explains his posture and the way he is dressed in. The conception of death

22、 in this culture makes of it a different one from the white mans. The Lake of Innisfree (By Yeats) I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree, And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made: Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honey-bee; And live alone in the bee-loud glade.

23、And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow, Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings; There midnights all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow, And evening full of the linnets wings. I will arise and go now, for always night and day I hear lake water lappi

24、ng with low sounds by the shore; While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey, I hear it in the deep hearts core.去茵島我將起身現在就去茵島搭個小木屋用樹木泥草種上九行豆，架構個蜂巢獨居空地四周蜜蜂吵鬧哪兒我得安寧，來自低調，來自對著早晨面紗蟋蟀叫，午夜光閃耀，中午紫光飄，傍晚紅雀翅膀充斥夕陽照。就將動身去，總是日夜夢縈繞，耳聞湖水拍岸聲音靜悄悄，當我躋身車水馬龍人行道，聽見心底深處茵島深情招。因尼斯弗里湖心岛因尼斯弗里湖心岛表达了诗人回归自表达了诗人回归自然，向

25、往过隐士般简朴平静生活的愿望。然，向往过隐士般简朴平静生活的愿望。因尼斯弗里湖心岛在诗人母亲故乡附近，因尼斯弗里湖心岛在诗人母亲故乡附近，自然风光绮丽迷人，被叶芝称为自然风光绮丽迷人，被叶芝称为最接近最接近心灵的地方心灵的地方，是诗人心中的世外桃园。，是诗人心中的世外桃园。他曾给友人写过一封信，他曾给友人写过一封信，我父亲给我朗我父亲给我朗读过读过瓦尔登湖瓦尔登湖的一些章节，我已打算的一些章节，我已打算到一个称为因尼斯弗里的小岛上，在小木到一个称为因尼斯弗里的小岛上，在小木屋里住一段时间。屋里住一段时间。诗中诗人决定立即只身前往此岛，因诗中诗人决定立即只身前往此岛，因为他站在马路上和人行道边，

26、都能听见湖为他站在马路上和人行道边，都能听见湖水拍岸的涛声在他心底回荡。像美国作家水拍岸的涛声在他心底回荡。像美国作家梭罗在瓦尔登湖畔那样，在岛上他要用天梭罗在瓦尔登湖畔那样，在岛上他要用天然材料给自己建造一座小木屋，种上些豆然材料给自己建造一座小木屋，种上些豆角，盖上蜂房，在蜂飞蝶舞中的森林空地角，盖上蜂房，在蜂飞蝶舞中的森林空地上，聆听湖水拍岸的悉悉声响，在大自然上，聆听湖水拍岸的悉悉声响，在大自然的怀抱里，尽情享受宁静惬意的美好时光。的怀抱里，尽情享受宁静惬意的美好时光。这是一首华兹华斯式的山水诗，语言清新这是一首华兹华斯式的山水诗，语言清新质朴，通俗流畅，读后耳目一新，予人启质朴，通俗

27、流畅，读后耳目一新，予人启迪。迪。AmongtheMultitude AMONG the men and women, the multitude, I perceive one picking me out by secret and divine signs, Acknowledging none elsenot parent, wife, husband, brother, child, any nearer than I am; Some are baffledBut that one is notthat one knows me. Ah, lover and perfect equ

28、al! I meant that you should discover me so, by my faint indirections; And I, when I meet you, mean to discover you by the like in you.在许许多多的人中 在男男女女间，在许许多多的人中， 我发觉有人凭秘密和神性的信号选中了我， 却不承认任何别的人，不承认父母、妻子、丈夫、兄弟，或任何比我更亲近的人， 有些人失败了，可是那个人没有那个认出我的人。 嗳， 心爱的和完全平等的， 我的意思是你应当这样从隐约迂回中来发现我， 而我在遇到你时也想凭你身上同样的东西把你找着。W

29、hen I peruse the Conquerd Fame WHEN I peruse the conquerd fame of heroes, and the victories of mighty generals, I do not envy the generals, Nor the President in his Presidency, nor the rich in his great house; But when I hear of the brotherhood of lovers, how it was with them, How through life, thro

30、ugh dangers, odium, unchanging, long and long, Through youth, and through middle and old age, how unfaltering, how affectionate and faithful they were, Then I am pensiveI hastily walk away, filld with the bitterest envy.当我细读英雄们获得的名望 当我细读英雄们获得的名望和勇将们的胜利，我并不羡慕那些将军， 也不羡慕在任的总统，或者大厦里的富翁， 但是如果我听到相爱者们的情谊，以

31、及它对他们的意义， 他们怎样终生在一起，备历艰险、非难而永不变更， 从青年直到中年和老年，那样毫不动摇，那样笃爱而忠信， 那时我才郁郁不乐我匆匆走开，怀着满腔火热的嫉恨。 Because I could not stop for Death He kindly stopped for me The Carriage held but just Ourselves And Immortality. We slowly droveHe knew no haste And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility因为我不

32、能停下来等待死神-他和善地为我而停下- 四轮马车只载着我俩- 还有不朽。 我们慢慢前行-他不慌不忙 而我也收拾起 我的劳动和闲暇， 因他的彬彬有礼 We passed the School, where Children strove At Recessin the Ring We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain We passed the Setting Sun Or ratherHe passed Us The Dews drew quivering and chill For only Gossamer, my Gown My Tippetonly T

33、ulle 我们经过学校，正值课间休息 孩子们围成圆环-打逗- 我们经过农田凝望五谷 我们经过落日 确切地说-是他经过了我们- 那露水引来了冷颤寒气- 因我的女礼服-仅为纤细的薄纱织物 我的披肩-不过是绢网而已 We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground The Roof was scarcely visible The Cornicein the Ground Since thentis Centuriesand yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the

34、 Horses Heads Were toward Eternity我们停步于一所房子前 那似乎是一片隆起的地面- 屋顶几乎看不见- 宛如飞檐装饰着大地 自那以后-若干个世纪- 可还是感觉比那天短， 我首次猜测到，那马头 是朝向永恒之地- Themes Deathandimmortality: life and death, death and love, death and eternity. Religion: doubt and belief about religious subject Societyandpolitics:transcendentalism Love: suffer

35、ing and frustration caused by love Nature AestheticsStyle 1. Poems without titles 2. Severe economy of expression 3. Directness, brevity 4. Musical device to create cadence 5. Capital lettersemphasis 6. Short poems, mainly two stanzas 7. Rhetoric techniques: personification- make some of abstract id

36、eas vivid.In Brief In this poem, Emily Dickinson conveyed her limitless sentimentality after the set back of love and joyfulness with the sudden comprehension of truth in a tenderly beautiful and zigzagged way, realizing her transcendence of death. And the unique verse form (rhythm and dash) not onl

37、y helped readers acquire completely fresh and new experience of aesthetic appreciation but also illustrated her own aesthetic attitude: Truthisbeautyandimmortal.(From The Black Riders and Other Lines) Inthedesert Isawacreature,naked,bestial, Who,squattingupontheground, Heldhisheartinhishands, Andate

38、ofit. Isaid,“Isitgood,friend?” “Itisbitterbitter,”heanswered; “Butllikeit Becauseitisbitter, Andbecauseitismyheart.” 沙漠里沙漠里 我看见一个人我看见一个人 裸着身体，野兽一般裸着身体，野兽一般 他蹲在地上他蹲在地上 捧着自己的心在吃捧着自己的心在吃 我问，我问，“味道好吗，朋友？味道好吗，朋友？” “很苦，很苦，很苦，很苦，”他回答他回答 “但我喜欢，因为它味道苦，但我喜欢，因为它味道苦， 还因为这是我的心。还因为这是我的心。” Whose woods these are I

39、think I know， His house is in the village though. He will not see me stopping here ， To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer ， To stop without a farmhouse near， Between the woods and frozen lake， The darkest evening of the year.StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening He give

40、s his harness bells a shake， To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sounds the sweep ， Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely， dark and deep. But I have promises to keep， And miles to go before I sleep. And miles to go before I sleep.雪夜林边驻足 我知道林子的主人是谁， 虽村落是他所居之地。 他不会看到我停留于此， 凝视他

41、的林子雪花纷飞。 我的小马一定以我为怪， 近无房舍，为何停伫。 况只有林子与冰湖， 和一年中最黑之夜。 他轻摇铃具， 询问有错与否。 唯一的回复来自， 软雪和清风。 林子很美昏暗而幽深， 但我已有约定。 沉醉前还有一段路要走 沉醉前还有一段路要走。Summary:Onthesurface,thispoemissimplicityitself.Thespeakerisstoopingbysomewoodsonasnowyevening.Heorshetakesinthelovelysceneinnear-silence,istemptedtostaylonger,butacknowledgest

42、hepullofobligationsandtheconsiderabledistanceyettobetraveledbeforeheorshecanrestforthenight.Form: Thepoemconsistsoffouridenticallyconstructedstanzas.Eachlineisiambic,withfourstressedsyllables:withinthefourlinesofeachstanza,thefirst,second,andfourthlinesrhymes.Thethirdlinedoesnot,butitsetsuptherhymes

43、forthenextstanza.Forexample,inthethirdstanza,queer,near,andyearallrhyme,butlakerhymeswithshake,mistake,andflakeinthefollowingstanza.Thenotableexceptiontothispatterncomesinthefinalstanza,wherethethirdlinerhymeswiththeprevioustwoandisrepeatedasthefourthlinedonotbefooledbythissimplewordsandtheeasinesso

44、ftherhymes;Commentary:Thebasicconflictinthepoem,resolvedinthelaststanza,isbetweenanattractiontowardsthepullofresponsibilityoutsideofthewoods.Whatdothewoodsrepresent?SomethinggoodorSomethingbad?Woodsaresometimesasymbolforwildness,madness,thepre-rational,theloomingirrational.Butthesewoodsdonotseempart

45、icularlywild.Theyaresomeoneswoods,someonesinparticular-theownerlivesinthevillage.Butthatownerisinthevillageonthis,thedarkesteveningoftheyear-sowouldanysensiblepersonbe.Thatiswherethedivisionseemstolie,betweenthevillage(or“society”,“civilization”,“responsibility”,“duty”,“sensibility”)andthewoodsthati

46、sbeyondtheborderofthevillageandallitrepresents.Ifthewoodsarenotparticularlywicked,theystillpossesstheseedoftheirrational;andtheyare,atnight,dark-withallthevariedconnotationsofdarkness.3. “Oread” by H. D. (Hilda Doolittle, 1886-1961) Whirl up, sea Whirl your pointed pines, Splash your great pines On

47、our rocks, Hurl your green over us Cover us with your pools of fir. (p. 191)山神 大海滔滔声似啸， 浪卷汹涌如松梢。 涛绿纷沓铺天盖， 飞溅岩石拍岸礁。 绿涛滚滚袭我身，满池绿色松袍。 Note: In Greek mythology, an Oread was a type of nymph that lived in mountains, valleys, or ravines. Hilda Doolittle was one of the founding members of Imagism. She was

48、once engaged to Ezra Pound, but they didnt end up getting married. Even so, he helped launch her career and often saw her as one of the best Imagist poets. Thepossiblereadingofthepoem:There are no extra words here. And just like other Imagist poems, this one focuses only on the image (the sea crashi

49、ng into the earth) and doesnt talk about anything else. One interesting thing about this poem is that the speaker tells the sea to fuse with the earth, and H.D. blends the images of the earth and sea with her language.The centre of Oread, as the title indicates, is not the sea; it is instead the perceptions and emotions of an oread, as she regards the sea aroused in a whirling passion of intensity.The sea is the pinewood, the pinewood is the sea, the wind surrounds and inhabits both; and the Greek mountain-nymph of the title becomes identified with all three eleme