英语国家概况 chapter2 History

1、Chapter 2 HistoryThe Founding of the Nation (5000BC.-1066) . Early Settlers(5000BC-55BC)Iberians(伊比利来人伊比利来人): first known settlersBeaker Folk(宽口陶器人）宽口陶器人）(2000BC.) Celts (700BC.) Roman BritainRoman Britain(55BC-410AD)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius C

2、aesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation.Romans Influence on BritainThe Rome built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britains natural re

3、sources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people(属属民民) of slave class.Second, Never during the 4th C did the Romans and Britons intermarry.Third, the Romans had no imp

4、act on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.Important Events in England from 446 to 1066Anglos-Saxons invasionThe Viking and Danish The Norman ConquestThe Anglo-Saxons(446-871)In the mid-5thC a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic(日耳曼日耳曼) tr

5、ibesThe Jutes(现丹麦南部）现丹麦南部） came first in 449.Then the Saxons（德国北部）（德国北部） from the end of 5th C to the beginning of 6th C.Last came the Angles（德国北部）（德国北部）. ReligionThe contibutions made by Anglo-SaxonsFirstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shrine reeves, responsible for

6、administering law.Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system(窄条三窄条三圃田农耕制）圃田农耕制） which continued to the 18th C.Thirdly, they also established the manorial system.(领地制）领地制）Fourthly. They created the Witan(议会议会) to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council(枢密院枢密院) which s

7、till exists today.Vikings and Danish invasionsThe invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th C. They became a serious problem in the 9th. C, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Chris

8、tianity in 867. by the middle of 9th C, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.King Alfred(849-899) and his contributionsHe was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and e

9、ast, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet known as “the father of the British navy”He established schools and formulated a legal system. So he was called Alfred the Great.The Norman Conquest(1066)William conquered England after Edwar

10、ds death.William led his army to invade England. In Oct. 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. Thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.The Norman Conquests consequencesThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English histor

11、y. William replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent（欧洲大陆）（欧洲大陆） were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were i

12、ntroduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts（教会法庭）（教会法庭） were separated from the civil courts（世俗法庭）（世俗法庭）.Transition to the modern Age(1455-1688)The wars of the Roses(1455-1485)The name wars of the roses refers to the battles between the House of Lancaste

13、r, symbolized by the red rose and that of York, symbolized by the white.Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rules of the Tudors.The English Religious ReformationHenry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform

14、of the church. ReasonsA. Henry needed money and wealth of the clergy were resented.B. Struggle for a divorce; get rid of the English churchs connection with the Pope.Significance of the religious reformA. It stressed the power of the monarch.B. Its attack on Popes power.C. It encouraged many critics

15、 of the Catholic Church. D. It moves England from Catholicism towards Protestantism.Elizabeth I(1558-1603)Her religious reform and her foreign policyHer religious reform was a compromise of views. She kept Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control.From nearly 3 years Eliza

16、beth successfully played off against each other , the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain. And she prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict through her marriage alliances which were never materialized. She tries to maintain a friendly relationship with France. S

17、o England did not have to face the danger from Spain.The English RenaissanceFeatures:English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classicsEngland as an insular（与大陆隔离的）（与大陆隔离的） country followed a course of social and poli

18、tical history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in EuropeOwing to the great genius of the 14th C poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous 。English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.The civil wars and their consequences

19、(1642-1651)The civil war happens due to the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament. It began on Aug. 22th and Charles was condemned to death.The English civil war is also called the Puritan revolution.It overthrew feudal system in England and shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Eu

20、rope. It is generally regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime(政权) began to collapse. One general called George Monck occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parl

21、iament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late kings son to return from his exile in France as king Charles . It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles died and was succeeded by his brother James. He was brought up in exile in Europe and was

22、 a Catholic. He hoped to rule without converting his religious belief, but England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed

23、in England in 1688. the takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. So it was called the Glorious Revolution.The rise and fall of the British Empire(1688-1990)Whigs and ToriesThe above 2 party names originated with the Glorious Revoltion.(1688)The Whig were thos

24、e who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom. It later became the Liberal party.The Tories were those who supported monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.The Industrial RevolutionIt refers to the mechani

25、zation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18thC and early 19th C.Why Britain is the first country to industrialize?Favorable geographical locationPolitical stabilityGood foundation in economyDistribute their products easily because of th

26、e seaportsRich in water , steam power and mineral resourcesNo internal customs barriers (England, Scotland and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807.)The enclosure movementConsequences of the industrial RevolutionBritain was by 1830 the workshop of the worldTow

27、ns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it. The working men worked and lived in an appalling conditions.The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat（无产阶级）（无产阶级） and it later led to trade unionism（工会制度）（工会制度）.Britain and the First World War (from 1914-1918)The war is between the central power (Germany and Austria-Hungary奥匈帝国）奥匈帝国）, and th