英语演讲选修课期末复习最后大总结

1、chapter 1ABCWhy Study Public Speaking v Increase personal and social abilities v Enhance your academic and career skillsv Refine your general communication abilitiesv Increase your public speaking abilities v .Increase Personal and Social Abilitiesv self-awarenessv self-confidence v dealing with the

2、 fear of communicating Public Speaking VS Conversationv Purpose: both communicate with a certain purposev Audience: a public speech is usually directed at more listeners.v Feedback: public speaking is relatively uninterrupted discourse. v Delivery: public speaking requires intensified volume of voic

3、e and bodily action.v Materials and organization: public speeches are mostly prepared ones. Impromptu speeches are rare. The essentials of a speechv Objective: why am I making this speech?v Audience:whom am I making this speech to?v Place:wherev Time and lengthv Method of delivery:how v Content:what

4、 v Notesv Rehearsal: identify weakness, practice difficult pronunciationsDealing with nervousnessv Acquire speaking experiencev Prepare, prepare, preparev Think positivelyv Use the power of visualizationv Know that most nervousness is Not visiblev Dont expect perfectionAcquire Speaking Experiencev E

5、nrolled in a public speaking coursev Stage fright: fear of the unknownv Learning to give a speech is not much different from learning any other skill-it proceeds by trial and error. The purpose of your speech class is to shorten the process, to minimize the errors, to give you a nonthreatening arena

6、-a sort of laboratory- in which to undertake the “trial”Think positivelyConfidence is mostly the well-known power of positive thinking.Negative Thought & Positive Thoughtv I wish I didnt have to give this speech.This speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker.v

7、I am not a great public speaker.No one is perfect, but I am getting better with each speech I give.Termsv Positive nervousness-controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.v Visualization-mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures herself or himself giving

8、 a successful presentation.v Creat a vivid mental blurprint in which you see yourself succeeding in your speechOther tips for dealing with nervousnessv Be at your best physically and mentally. A good nights sleep will serve you better.v As you are waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg

9、 muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline.v Take a couple slow, deep breaths before you start to speak. Most people take short and shallow breaths, which only reinforces their anxiety. Deep breath

10、ing breaks this cycle of tension and help calm your nerves.v Work especially hard on your introduction. Research has shown that a speakers anxiety level begins to drop significantly after the first 30 seconds of a presentationv Make eye contact with members of your audience. Remember that they are i

11、ndividual people, not a blur of faces. And they are your friends.v Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than on worrying about your stage fright. If you get caught up in your speech, your audience will too.v Use visual aids. They create interest, draw attention away from you, and m

12、ake you feel less self-conscious.chapter 2 topicSelecting a topicn Speeches outside the classroom the occasion, the audience, the speakers qualificationsn Speeches in the public speaking class no designated topicn What is a suitable speech topic?n Worthwhilen Appropriaten Limited in scopeSuitable to

13、picn Worthwhile significant implications for the audiencen Appropriate know a lot, like to learn moren Limited in scope dividing the topic into several significant parts. n General purpose: the broad goal 总体目标n To inform: convey information enhance the knowledge and understandingn To persuade: advoc

14、ate or partisan Change or structure the attitudes or actionsDifference: explain or exhort n Specific purpose 具体目标 to inform my audience about to persuade my audience to Explain exhortSpecific Purposen Specific purpose: ( single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accompli

15、sh in his or her speech.). 简单的肯定句n Topic: Emergenciesn General purpose: To informn Specific purpose: To inform my audience of the major steps in responding to an emergency Tips for formulating the specific purpose statementTip 1: Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase(完整的短语）, not as

16、 a fragment（片段）Tip 2Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question 陈述句Tip 3 Avoid figurative language比喻语言Tip 4 Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea, or one main pointTip 5 Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or generalPhrasing the central idea (Also called thesis st

17、atement, subject sentence, major thought )n What is the central idea?n Guidelines for the central ideaWhat is the central idea?n A one-sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech. It is what you want the audience to absorb from your speech. n In persuasive speeches arguable, debatabl

18、e, take your stancen In informative speeches relatively neutral and objectiven The specific purpose of a speech is what you hope to accomplish.n The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say.nGuidelines for the central idean The central idea 1. Should be expressed in a full sente

19、nce2.should not be in the form of a question.3. should avoid figurative language4. should not be vague or overly generalSummaryn Selecting a topicn Determining your general purposen Determining your specific purposen Phrasing your central ideaFour brainstorming proceduresn Make a quick inventory of

20、your hobbies, interests, skills, experiences, beliefs, and so forth.n Use the technique of clustering and write down on a sheet of paper the first topics that come to mind in several categories.n Look through a reference work for ideasn Use a World Wide Web subject directory such as Yahoo to help yo

21、u scan possible topic.chapter 3 AnalysisAnalyzing the audience1. Audience-centeredness 以听众为中心2. The psychology of audience 听众的心理3. Demographic audience analysis 听众分析统计4. Situational audience analysis 听众分析的具体情形5. Adapting to the audience 适应听众1. Audience-centeredness§ Audience-centeredness: keepi

22、ng the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.Questions to be asked when preparing§ To whom am I speaking?§ What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech?§ What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my spee

23、ch to accomplish that aim?(how)2. The psychology of audiences§ Question: what do you do when you listen to a speech?§ two messages: speaker, filter, listener§ people hear what they want to hear and disregard the rest. § Question: what do people want to hear?§ Meaningful 

24、7; Egocentrism: The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being. § Listeners typically approach speeches with one question uppermost in mind: “Why is this important to me?”What do these psychological principles mean to you as a speaker? § Lis

25、teners: what they already know § Speakers: relate the message to Two steps of demographic audience analysis identifying the general demographic features of your audience assessing the importance of those features to a particular speaking situationDemographic Audience Analysis§ Age§ Ge

26、nder§ Sexual orientation§ Racial, ethnic and cultural background§ Religion4. Situational audience analysis:§ Situational factors Size Physical setting Disposition toward the topic Disposition toward the speakerDisposition toward the topic§ Interest§ Knowledge§ Atti

27、tudeDisposition toward the speaker§ keep in mind that your listeners will always have some set of attitudes toward you as a speaker. § Estimating what those attitudes are and how they will affect your speech is a crucial part of situational audience analysis. Summary§ audience-centere

28、d. They know that the aim of speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners. When working on your speeches, keep three questions in mind: (1)To whom am I speaking? (2)What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? (3)What is the most effective way of composing and p

29、resenting my speech to accomplish that aim? § Psychology of audience. People hear what they want to hear. Egocentric Why is this important to me? chapter4 ntroduction1. Getting attention and interest(1)Relate the topic to the audience(2)State the importance of your topic(3)Startle the audience(

30、4)Arouse the curiosity of the audience(5)Question the audience(6)Begin with a quotation(7)Tell a story2. Reveal the topic3. Establish credibility§ Credibility: the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. Your credibility need not be based on firsthand k

31、nowledge and experience. It can come from reading, from classes, from interviews, from friends. 4 Preview the body of the speech§ Preview statement 预先叙说§ A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.Tips for preparing

32、 the introduction1. Keep the introduction relatively brief. Under normal circumstances it should not constitute more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech.2. Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes, so they will be handy when you are re

33、ady for them.3. Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that seems most likely to get the audience interested in your speech. 4. Dont worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished preparing the body of

34、 the speech. After you have determined your main points, it will be much easier to make final decisions about how to begin the speech.5. Work out your introduction in detail. Some teachers recommend that you write it out word for word; others prefer that you outline it. Whichever method you use, pra

35、ctice the introduction over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes and with strong eye contact. This will get your speech off to a good start and give you a big boost of confidence.Some common faults of introductions§ Dont apologize. § Dont pretend § Dont m

36、ake hollow promises § Dont rely on gimmicks § Dont preface your introduction chapter 5 conclusionTo let the audience know you are ending the speech “In conclusion” “One last thought” “In closing” “My purpose has been” “Let me end by saying” Reinforce the central idea1. Summarize your speec

37、h2. End with a quotation3. Make a dramatic statement4. Refer to the introduction5. MotivateTips for preparing the conclusion1. As with the introduction, keep an aye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech.2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper. Be creative in dev

38、ising a conclusion that hits the hearts and minds of your audience. Work on several possible endings, and select the one that seems likely to have the greatest impact.3. Do not be long-winded. The conclusion will normally make up no more than about 5 to 10 percent of your speech. Nothing aggravates

39、audiences more than a speaker who says, “In conclusion” and keeps on talking.n chapter 6 -7 language_deliveryn Language is importantn Meaning of wordsn Using language accuratelyn Using language clearlyn Using language vividlyn Using language appropriatelyn A note on inclusive languageUsing language

40、clearly1. Use familiar words2. Choose concrete words3. Eliminate clutter2. Choose concrete wordsn Concrete words: words that refer to tangible objectsn Abstract words: words that refer to ideas or conceptsn Keep this in mind: few words are completely abstract or concrete. Abstractness and concretene

41、ss are relative.Two main ways to use moving and vivid language: imagery and rhythm1. Imagery: (意象） The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas. It is a word picture that gets you totally involved.Three ways to generate imagery:A. Concrete wordsB. Simile（明喻） An expl

42、icit comparison introduced with the word “like” or “as” between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. Example: C. Metaphor （暗喻） Unlike simile, metaphor does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 2. Rhythm（节奏） The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and ar

43、rangement of words.Four basic stylistic devices to improve the rhythm A. Parallelism（排比）: the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Examples: Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same,

44、 each soul must depend wholly on itself. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)There is no Negro problem. There is no Southern problem. There is no Northern problem. There is only an American problem. (Lyndon Johnson)I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United Sates Senator. I speak as an Ame

45、rican. (Margaret Chase Smith)B. RepetitionRepeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences When you see your street, see my street. When you see your house, see my house. When you see your children, see my children. (Whitney Young, Jr.)We will not ti

46、re, we will not falter, we will not fail. (George W .Bush)C. Alliteration（头韵法） Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. Examples:Peace is essential for progress, but progress is no less essential for Peace. (Liaquat Ali Khan) In a nation founded on the promise of human

47、dignity, our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it. (Hillary Rodham Clinton)D. Antithesis 对比法The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. Examples: Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (

48、John. F. Kennedy) Your success as a family, our success as a society, depends not on what happens at the White House, but on what happens inside your house. (Barbara Bush)Using language appropriately恰当地使用语言1. Appropriate to the occasion 2. Appropriate to the audience3. Appropriate to the topic 4. Ap

49、propriate to the speakerA NOTE ON INCLUSIVE LANGUAGEn Inclusive language: language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.Four basic methods of delivering a speechn Reading from a manuscript: A sp

50、eech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. n Reciting from memory n Speaking impromptu: a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.n Speaking extemporaneously: A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.The speakers voi

51、ce The aspects of voice you should work to control are:n Volume 音量n Pitch 音高n Rate 频率n Pauses 停顿n Vocal variety 嗓音变化n PronunciationThe speakers voicen volume : the loudness or softness of the speakers voice.n Pitch: the highness or lowness of the speakers voice.n Rate: the speed at which a person sp

52、eaks.The speakers body1. Personal appearance 2. Movement3. Gestures4. Eye contact There are four basic methods of delivering a speech, They aren Reading from a manuscript. n Reciting from memory n Speaking impromptun Speaking extemporaneously chapter 8 SpecialSpeeches on special occasions1. Speech o

53、f introduction 介绍性演讲2. Speech of presentation赠与演讲3. Speeches of acceptance受奖演讲4. Speeches of tribute 赞扬5. Speeches of welcome 欢迎6. Speech of farewell欢送1. Speech of introduction § a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.Three purposes be achieved in the introduction § Buil

54、d enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker§ Build enthusiasm for the speakers topic § Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speakers credibility Guidelines for speeches of introduction§ Be brief§ Make sure your remarks are completely accurate§ Dont take the speakers j

55、ob§ Adapt your remarks to the main speaker§ Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama§ Adapt your remarks to the audience比尔 盖茨在清华大学的演讲.flv2. Speech of presentation§ A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition Guidelines§ St

56、ate the purpose of the award§ Focus on the accomplishments of the recipient§ Avoid over-praising3. Speeches of acceptance § A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition § A speech of acceptance usually includes the following three steps.The first step§ Thank those who grant you the awardThe second