英美概况terms答案

1、Chapter 31. Stonehenge (史前巨石阵)：Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, about 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is the remains of a ring

2、of standing stones set within earthworks. 2. Julius Caesar (尤利乌斯·凯撒)：Gaius Julius Caesar2 (Classical Latin: a.i.s ju.l.s kaj.sar,3 July 100 BC4  15 March 44 BC)5 was aRoman general, statesman, Consul and notable author of

3、0;Latin prose. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.3. Hadrians Wall (哈德良长城)：Hadrian's Wall was a defensive fortification in Roman Britain, begun in AD 122 during the rule of emperor

4、60;Hadrian. In addition to its military role, gates through the wall served as customs posts.4. Hastings (黑斯廷)：The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon Ki

5、ng Harold II, during the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 miles (11 kilometres) north-west of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.Norman Conquest (诺曼征服)：The Norman conquest

6、of England was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, laterWilliam the Conqueror.5. Heptarchy (七国时代)：The Heptarchy is a collective name applied to the 

7、Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of south, east, and central Great Britain during late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, conventionally identified as seven: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex and Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon

8、kingdoms eventually unified into the Kingdom of England.6. Alfred the Great (阿尔弗雷德大帝)：Alfred the Great (Old English: Ælfrd, Ælfrd, "elf counsel" 849 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. He is the only English monarch to be accorde

9、d the epithet "the Great".23 Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". 7. Domesday Book (末日审判书)：Domesday Book  is a manuscript that records the great survey of much of England and pa

10、rts of Wales completed in 1086. The survey was executed for William I of England (William the Conqueror): "While spending the Christmas time of 1085 in Gloucester, William had deep speech with his counsellors and sent men all over England to each shire to find out what

11、or how much each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth" Unit4 1 普通法 A Common law legal system is a system of law characterized by case law which is law developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals.1 Common law systems also include statutes ena

12、cted by legislative bodies, though those statutes typically either codify judicial decisions or fill in areas of the law not covered by case law. 2 百年战争 The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France for control o

13、f the French throne. Many allies of both sides were also drawn into the conflict.3 黑死病 The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 134850 CE.Unit51 枢密院 A privy council

14、is a body that advises the head of state of a nation, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret" thus, a privy council was originally a committee of the monarch's closest advisors to give confide

15、ntial advice on affairs of state. 2 血腥玛丽 Mary I (18 February 1516 17 November 1558) was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her executions of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet "Bloody Mary".3 无敌舰队 The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felic

16、ísima Armada or Armada Invencible, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or "Invincible Fleet") was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England in 1588. 4 人文主义 Humanism is a group of philosophies and ethical perspectives which emphasize the value and agency of human be

17、ings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism). Unit61 君权神授说 The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political

18、legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. 2 英国内战 The English Civil War (16421651) was a series of armed conflicts and political problems between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The firs

19、t (164246) and second (164849) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (164951) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory a

20、t the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.3 共和制 The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth (formerly, the British Commonwealth),1 is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states2 that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by

21、 intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat, and non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation.34 光荣革命 The Glorious Revolution,b also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (Ja

22、mes VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of Engla

23、nd jointly with his wife Mary II of England.5 权利的声明 The Declaration of Rights was a statement that parliament made William of Orange and his wife Mary accept before they were allowed to take the throne.Unit7 1 七年战争 The Seven Years' War was a war that took place between 1754 and 1763 with the mai

24、n conflict being in the seven-year period 17561763. It involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines.2 工业革命 The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the perio

25、d from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. It began in England and within a few decades had spread to Western Europe and the United States.3 宪章运动 The Chartist Movement(18361848) In 1848 the British establishment watched in horror as revolution swept across Europe. In London, Chartist leade

26、rs delivered a petition to Parliament asserting the rights of ordinary people. 4) The Reform Bill of 1832 1832改革账单The 1832 Reform Act was the most controversial of the electoral reform acts passed by the Parliament. The Act reapportioned Parliament in a way fairer to the cities of the old industrial

27、 north, which had experienced tremendous growth. 5) The Peoples Charter 人民宪章 The People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress (initially, People's Charter for Change and Progress) is a proposed legal document which would complement the Constitution of the Republic of the Fiji Islands. 6)

28、Laissez Fair 自由放任政策 Laissez-faire (i/lsefr-/, French:lsef( listen) (or sometimes laisser-faire) is an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights.7) The Peopl

29、e of population 8) The Iron Law of Wages 工资铁律 The Iron Law of Wages is a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. The theory was first named by Ferdinand Lassalle in the mid-nineteenth ce

30、ntury.Chapter 81) The Corn Laws 谷物法 The Corn Laws were trade laws designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846.2) The Treaty of Nanjing 南京条约 The Treaty of Nanking (or Nanjing) was

31、 signed on the 29th of August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (183942) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China. 3) Queen Victoria 维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 22 January 1901) was the monarch of the United Kingdom

32、of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she used the additional title of Empress of India.4) Captain Cook 库克船长村 Captain James Cook, FRS, RN (7 November 1728NB 1 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy.5

33、) The Boers War 布尔战争 The Boer Wars (Afrikaans: Vryheidsoorloë, literally "freedom wars") were two wars fought during 18801881 and 18991902 by the British Empire against the Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic.6) The Suez C

34、anal 苏伊士运河 The Suez Canal (Arabic: Qant al-Swais) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa.Chapter91)

35、The Treaty of Versailles 凡尔赛条约 The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke

36、Franz Ferdinand. 2) The Government of India Act 印度政府法 The Act embodied the reforms recommended in the report of the Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford. The Act covered ten years, from 1919 to 1929.3) The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 1921英爱条约 The Anglo-Irish T

37、reaty was signed in London on 6 December 1921 and Dáil Éireann voted to approve the treaty on 7 January 1922, following a debate through late December 1921 and into January 1922. The Sinn Féin party split into opposing sides in the aftermath of the Treaty vote, which led to the Irish Civil War from June 1922 to May 1923.4) The Battle of London 伦敦之战 The Battle of London is a 15 minute British propaganda film made in 1941. It chronicles the impact on the capital cit