英语论文外来语对英语词汇的影响规范英文版

1、学期论文 题 目 The Influence Of Loan Words On English Vocabulary 外来语对英语词汇的影响 学院名称 外国语学院 指导教师 职 称 讲师 班 级 10级英语02班 学 号 学生姓名 2011年5月 24日Abstract English has become an international language because of its simplicity and richness. Its tolerance and flexibility make it a substantial absorption of loan words, a

2、nd thus has great vitality. Loan words have greatly enriched the English language, which makes the English expressions more vivid and appropriate. As a result, it occupies a pivotal position in English. This article intends to analyze the influence of loan words on English vocabulary from the origin

3、s and types of the loan words in English.Key words: loan words; origin; type; vocabulary; influence 摘要英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。它的宽容和灵活性, 使它大量吸收外来词汇, 从而具有了顽强的生命力。外来词汇极大地丰富了英语, 使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切, 因此，在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位, 本文拟从外来语的来源和类型来分析外来语对英语词汇的影响。关键词：外来语；来源；类型；词汇；影响 Contents 1. Introduction.12. The Origin of L

4、oan Words in English.11.1 The loan words from Latin.11.2 The loan words from Greece.11.3 The loan words from French.21.4 The loan words from Chinese.31.5 The loan words from Japanese.33. The Main Types of Loan Words in English.44. The Influence of Loan Words on English Vocabulary.44.1 The influence

5、of Latin loan words.44.2 The influence of Greek loan words.54.3 The influence of French loan words.54.4 The influence of Chinese loan words.64.5 The influence of Japanese loan words.65 Conclusion.6Bibliography.71. IntroductionBecause of political, economic and cultural exchanges as well as military,

6、 technological and other factors, a national language into another nation, result in the loan words. Today the worlds main language, without exception, have loan words component, which is one of the language development process, it can be said that no one language is a purely national character (马学良

7、, 1997). Borrowed from one language to another languages content, its main purpose seems to be twofold: (1) to expand and absorb new content and the meaning of the concept that not in the original language; (2) to reflect the contents of the new things more accurately, vividly and visually. Any lang

8、uage has the loan words exist, and the number of loan words, especially in English, as many as this is a rare phenomenon in the world language. According to the Oxford Dictionary, as the international language, English totally has more than 100 million entries, in which loan words are over 50 millio

9、n, loan words made up almost half the English. Shows that the loan words in English have a pivotal position, they have a great impact on English vocabulary, mastering the loan words has great help in learning English.（曾传生，1997） 2. The Origin of Loan Words in English2.1 The loan words from Latin Lati

10、n loan words were absorbed the English vocabulary at different times. Before the Anglo-Saxon invaded to England, Latin had been worked in English vocabulary. AD 597 Roman Catholicism was brought to Britain (於奇, 1999), Latin had more profound impact to English and become the largest component of Engl

11、ish foreign language (Thomas Pyles, 1971). These words are mainly religious, family life, food, trade and military activities vocabulary. Most of these early loan words have disappeared, surviving words are: disciple (one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus), hymn, martyr, nun, and after deformation, su

12、ch as: ancor (anchor), flasce (flask), and so on.2.2 The loan words from GreeceBecause Greek culture as early as the Roman culture, many Greek words were borrowed into Latin, the same as English vocabulary. Among them, mostly are Technology terminology and Medical terminology. Such as: cardiology, h

13、epatitis, heliosis, heliotherapy, stethoscope, and so on. People is not only borrow Greek word from Greek directly, but also more is borrowed the Greek word prefix and suffix. Because a few dozen words can often be derived from one prefix or suffix (方梦之, 2004). At present, the Greek prefix with borr

14、owed English words constitute a kind of new concept, expression is common.(1) Common borrowed from the Greek prefix are: anti-, geo-, hydro-, micro-, poly-, psycho-, tele-, auto-, holo-, homo-, etc. (2) Commonly derived from the Greek suffix are: -gy, -meter, -graph, -phone, -scope, etc (Thomas Pyle

15、s, 1971).2.3 The loan words from FrenchBritain and France in the geographically are separated by only English Channel. Since ancient times, close contacts between the countries and begin to introduce France (於奇, 1999). In medieval English period, about more than 10,000 France words were introduced t

16、o English directly, in which 75% are still used). For instance, (1) The loan words relevant of government and administrative management: govern, government, empire, authority, court, parliament, tax, etc. (2) About laws and religious aspects of loan words: judge, crime, justice, sentence, verdict, s

17、uit, punishment, clergy, prayer, religion, virgin, etc. (3) About the military and the daily life of the cloth aspects of loan words: battle, navy, garrison, fashion, etc. In 1066, (於奇, 1999) the Norman invasion was brought a lot of French words to English. French foreign words used only in the aris

18、tocratic class in that time. Some gentle words such as: chair, dinner, feast comes from the French vocabulary, and expression of primitive life words such as: stool, breakfast is from the English vocabulary. When we express animals use the English native language, such as: pig, sheep, ox, calf, deer

19、, but in the table is using of noble words by French such as: pork, mutton, beef, veal, venison. Many affixes from French into English are all knew well by us. Prefixes are: de-, dis-, in-, inter-, pre-, pro- and so on. Suffixes are: -ious, -tion, -able, -ment and so on (方梦之, 2004). In addition, the

20、re are quite a number of examples that the words is consisting of borrowing root plus a native suffix: dukedom, noblest, powerful, preacher, falsehood, preaching, colorless, princely, faintness, courtship, quarrelsome, costwise (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.4 The loan words from ChineseChinese history cult

21、ural source far flows long, is admired and respected by world. In the modern, because of the development of the national strength and the elevation of international influence, more and more of Chinese language vocabulary also cited into English, and most of all have relation with food and Chinese ex

22、cellent traditional culture, such as: (1) The most is food vocabulary: tea (Transliteration South Fukien dialect), oolong (black Long Cha), souchong (small kind of hair point), chowmien (stir-fry noodles), maotai (Mao set), saimien (thin side), tofu (bean curd), ketchup (seasoning ketchup), jiaoze (

23、dumpling), wontan (wontan), boisin (boisin), and so on. (2) The fruit vocabulary: The mango (mango), litchi (litchi), gingko (silver almond), bok choy (cabbage), longan (Long Yan), ginseng (ginseng), and so on.(3) Handicraft article vocabulary: China (china), silk (silk), Canton ware (GuangDong porc

24、elain), Chien ware (Sung porcelain), and so on.(4) Folk cultural of vocabulary: The yanko (harvest song), mahjong (mahjong), weichi (go game), Pingju (review a play), Yueju (Honan opera), Erhuang (two Huangs), dan (Dan), sheng (living), chou (is ugly), yin-yang (ying and yang), zhen-jiu (the needle

25、burns), Confucius (Confucius), Laotzu (Lao Tze), and so on.(5) Other category vocabularies: Cheongsam (ensign tunic), kongfu (effort), the tai chi chuan (Taichi), typhoon (stage manners), kang (anti-), the lama (Lama monk), typhoon (violent typhoon), Microphone (microphone), Disco (a name of city),

26、Penicillin (a name of city), clone (clone), kowtow (kowtow), kang (kang), lama (lama), and so on (Thomas Pyles, 1971). 2.5 The loan words from JapaneseSome Japanese words are also absorbed to English. Such as: (1) About bite and sup vocabulary: fugu, nori, ramen, shabu-shabu, tamari, teppan-yaki, wa

27、kame, sashimi (sashimi), and so on. (2) About fashionable culture vocabulary: anime, karaoke (the card pulls ok), manga, tamagotchi, and so on. (3) About economy vocabulary: kaizen, kanban, karoshi, keiretssu, salaryman, zaitech, and so on. (4) Other category vocabularies: karate (empty hand way), t

28、sunami (tidal wave), judo (judo), tycoon (tycoon, big style of), zaibatsu (financial magnate), kimino (kimino), tatami (fall a rice-Japanese to spread in the rice straw mat of room hinterland plank), harakiki (Pou stomach suicide), geisha (skill Ji), and so on. 3. The Main Types of Loan Words in Eng

29、lishAccording to the change of loan words, loan words can be divided into four types:(1) Denizens: The words have been assimilated in English words which borrowed from the foreign language early. Such as: “port” comes from “protus” (Latin), “cup” comes from “cuppa” (Latin), “shift” comes from “skipt

30、a”, “shirt” comes from “shyrta”, “change” comes from “changier” (French), “pork” comes from “pore” (French), and so on. (2) Aliens: The words still retains the original pronunciation and spelling. Such as: wushu (Chinese), kuaiban (Chinese), chauffeur (French), décor (French), blitzkrieg, kowto

31、w (Chinese), bazaar, statusquo (Latin), intermezzo, emir, and so on. (3) Translation-loans: Use the native language words, and word formation patterns modeled the foreign language (方梦之, 2004). They can be divided into two parts:By word meaning translation: mother tongue, long time no see, surplus va

32、lue, masterpiece, black humour, and so on. By word voice translation: kulak, ketchup, lama, tea, and so on. (4) Semantic-loans: The English use the word in the form and give it new meaning. Such as: bridge, dream, Pioneer, Dumb, fresh, and so on. 4. The Influence of Loan Words on English Vocabulary4

33、.1 The influence of Latin loan words The noun of Latin with English have great difference on usage, so the rules governing the use of English has also had some effect (马学良, 1997), enriched the English vocabulary. They usually use the following four types: (1) The “-us” at the end, become plural, it

34、will be “-us” into “-i”. For example: nucleus-nuclei, focus-foci, fungus-fungi, alumnus-alumni, and so on. (2) The “-um” at the end, become plural, it will be “-um” into “-a”. For example: datum-data, stratum-atrata, memorandum-memoranda, ovum-ova, and so on. (3) The “-a” at the end, change the plur

35、al suffix when added “-e”. For example: formula-formulae, cicada-cicadae, alumna-alumnae, and so on. (4) With “-x” at the end, become plural, it will be “-x” into “-ces”. For example: indix-indices, appendix-appendices, and so on. 4.2 The influence of Greek loan words Similarly, the noun of Greek wi

36、th English have great difference on usage, too, so the rules governing the use of English has also had some effect, enriched the English vocabulary. They usually use the following three types:(1) The “-is” at the end, become plural, it will be “-is” into “-es”. For example: crisis-crises, axis-axes,

37、 parenthesis-parentheses, and so on. (2) The “-on” at the end, become plural, it will be “-on” into “-a”. For example: phenomenon-phenomena, criterion-criteria, automaton-automata, and so on. (3) The “-ma” at the end, change the plural suffix when added “-ta”. For example: stigmastigma-stigmastigmat

38、a, phantasma-phantasmata, and so on. Greek greatly enriched the English vocabulary, their affixes and roots are also actively absorbed by English, then English is more flexible to use. And as a non-English speaking countries, in control of these words source, do not need to rote learning English. 4.

39、3 The influence of French loan wordsThe introduction of French also generates a lot of nearly synonyms or synonyms in the modern English, we can see example of several groups, one is a native language is English, another is loan words from French, such as: shut and close, answer and reply, wedding a

40、nd marriage, smell and odor, yearly and desire, forward and preface, proverb and saying, end and finish, time and age, small and little, time and question, bold and courageous, fortune and luck, freedom and liberty, etc. As a very important source of English, French also enriched the English vocabul

41、ary, provides many new word-formation methods and brought new vitality for English.4.4 The influence of Chinese loan words Because Chinese is one of the biggest dissimilarity on Europe and Asia cultural difference with English, so a lot of Asian languages are used by English directly, most of them c

42、over food, dressing, art, amusement, sports, etc. With the rapid development of the mass media, many different cultures fusing quickly, then, some words about Western moral and cultural values emerging. Such as: generation gap, culture gap, bachelor mother, call girl, Hippies, Yuppies,Yumppies, punk

43、, streaking, and so on. What else, except for traditional words of white collar, blue collar, some new words also have appeared. For example: gray collar, pink collar, iron collar. These words are absorbed in English vocabulary rapidly and enriched English greatly. 4.5 The influence of Japanese loan

44、 wordsThe same as Chinese, Japanese is also one of the biggest dissimilarity on Europe and Asia cultural difference with English, so a lot of Asian languages are used by English directly, and its also more visualize, for this type of English foreign vocabularies are very easy to control to our Chinese. 5. Conclusion After the long-term development, modern English has become the most widespread language in the world. Acc