华中科技大学2017年考博英语真题及答案

1、入 002除 Fl»Kl-g出 苦棒.中疆知於 内超短牝 力4-央宗华中科技大学2010年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语.适用专业:各专业（除画图物外，所有答案都必须写在答电纸上，写在试题上及草稿纸上无效，考完后试本班答港跃交网）PartICloze(0.5x20=10%)Directions:Inthispartyouareaskedtochoosethebestwordforeachblankinthepassage.Writeyouranswersontheanswershed.WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgame?Whathappene

2、dattheUnitedNations?Howdidthecritkslikethenewplay?ieneventtikesplace,newspapersarconthestreet_2thedetails.3anythinghappensintheworld,reportersarconthespottogatherthenews.Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssource*fromthosewhomakeittothosewhowarnto_5itRadio,telegraph,televisi

3、on,andginventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspapers.Sodidthedevelopmentofmaga？ine«andothermeansofcx>mmimicrtion.7,thiscompetition.merelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuwofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimproverhe8andthustheefikiencyoftheirownoperations.Todayjnorenewspapersare_2_a

4、ndreadthaneverbefore.CompetitionalsolednewspaperstoJOoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreadersinformedofthelatestnews,today'snewspapersentertainandinfluencereadersaboutpoliticoandotherimportantandserious11.Newspapersinfluencereaders*economicchoices2advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisin

5、gfortheirvery_(3_.Newspapersaresolda(apricethat.14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformo«newspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsnewspaper'svaluetoadvertisers.This17_intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper?Circulationdepends18onth

6、eworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservices试卷编号：1101R。博华科卷大号共io页第1页2orentertainment19inanewspaper'spages.Butfbrthemostpart,circulationdependsonanewspaper"vnluetoreadersasasourceofinfbnmntTon20_thecommunity,city,county.：>statetnationandworld-andevenouterspace.1.A.JustwhenB.WhileC.Soon

7、afterD.Before2.A.togiveB,givingC.givenD.beinggiven3.A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever4.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose5.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write6.A.anotherB.otherC.oneanotherD.theother7.A.However-'R.AndC.ThereforeD.So8.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed9.A.spreadR.passedCprintedD.completed

8、10.A.provokeB.jumpC-stepD.branch11.A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events12.A.onB.throughC.withD.of13.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose14.A.triestocoverB.managestocoverC.failstocoverD.succeedsin15.A.sourceD.originC.coureeD.finance16.A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success17.A.measuresB.measuredC.ismeasuredD.w

9、asmeasured18.A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something19.A.offeringB.offeredC.whichofferedD.tobeoffered20.A.byB.withC.atD.aboutPartIIReadingcomprehension(20x2=40%)Directions:Therearefourpassagesinthispart.Aftereachpassageftherearefivequestions.Youaretochoosethebestanswerforeachquestion.Writeyouranswersont

10、heanswershea.PassageOneEarlyinthesixteenthcentury.FrancisBaconproposedthatscienceconsistedintheelevationofrheauthorityofexperimentandobservationoverthatofreason,intuition,andconvention.BaconthoughtthatasmoreandmorereliableandpreciseparticularActs,accumulate!theycanbeclassifiedandgeneralized,resultin

11、ginanever-expandinghierarchyofuseful*axioms':Thisiswhathemeantby“induction”.Althoughmanypeopletodaycontinuetoregardthecollectionoffactsandtheirarrangementbyinductionintotheoriesastheheartofscientificmethod,Bacon'sconceptionofwhatfactsand.theoriesareandoftherelationshipbetweenthemwashopelessl

12、yunrealisticeveninhisown;time.ThemostimportantearlyscientificdiscoveriessuchasihoscmadebyGalileoaboutthemovementofheearth,byKeppleraboutifellipticalshapeofplanetaryorbits,andlaterby试卷编号：1101w。修博中科抵虎共10页第2页004Newtonaboutthe“force0ofgravitycouldneverhavebeenmadeifBacon'sruleshadprevailed.Determine

13、dtoavoidallprematurespeculations,Baconproposedthatdatagatheringbecarriedoutbyilliterateassistantswithnointerestinwhetheranexperimentturnedoutonewayoranother.Plain(acts,properlyarranged,wouldautomaticallylefldtocertainknowledgeoftheuniverse.Nothingcouldbemoremisrepresentativeoftheactualproblem-solvin

14、gtechniquesofthescientificmethod.ThalplainfactsdonotspeakIbrthemselvesisevidentfromBacon'sownacceptanceoftheerrorscontainedinwhatappearedtobethemost"obvious"ofiacts.ForBacon>thattheearthdidnotmovewasafactbecauseitcouldbeseennottomove;andforBaconitwasa-factthatlifewasbeingspontaneous

15、lygeneratedbecausemaggotsalwaysdevelopedinputridfleshandfrogsappearedaftereveryrain.WhatisclearisthatthegreatbreakthroughsofNewtonDarwin,orMarxcouldneverhavebeenachievedsolelyonthebasisofBaconianfactgathering.Factsarealwaysunreliablewithouttheorieswhichguidetheircollectionandwhichdistinguishbetweens

16、uperficialandsignificantappearances.21AccordingtoBacon,facts.A.aredeterminedbyobservationsBcanonlybeunderstoodthroughlogicalreasoningC. haveahierarchyD. arcgatheredbyilliterateassistants22. Datacollectionshouldbeperformedbyilliterateassistants,.A. accordingtoBacon,asitledtospeculationB. accordingtoB

17、acon,topreventtheoriesfrombeingformulatedoninsufficientdataC. wasanotionBaconstronglyopposedD. wasanotionrejectedonthegroundsthatitledtoprematurespeculations23. AccordingtoBacon,knowledgecanbeobtained<A. bysubjectingtheoriestorigorouslogicalanalystB. notthroughpoliticalorreligiousdogmas.butthroug

18、hreasonC. byobservationaloneD. throughtheinductivemethod24.Spontaneou$generationoflife.A. wasaknownMtinBacon'stimeB. isverifiedbymaggotsinputridfleshC. ismoreapparentthanrealD. isaspeculationwhichhasnobasisinobservationPassageTwoThoughonemayquestionthedegreetowhichtheCivilWarrepresentsamilestone

19、in试卷编号：1101刈。拔隼年蚁学共10页第3页93women'spursuitofsocial,economic,andpoliticalequality;Leonard'srecentstudyhasexcelledthatofherpredecessorGinzbergindebunkingpersistentmythsaboutwomen'sprimaryrelationtothewarasuccpingwidows,self-sacrificingwives,patrioticfiancees,andloyaldaughters,ionardasksifth

20、ewartimeworkofnorthernwomeninfluencedpopularperceptionsofwomen、abilities,andifhomefrontproductionwereseenascontributingtothereadinessofsoldiers.Findingintheaffirmative,sheaivuesthathomefrontactivitiesgeneratedrespectforwomen'sorganizationaltalentsandopenedupnewworkopportunitiesfbrwomen,whilepart

21、icipationreinforcedtheirself-relianceandself-esteem.Incontrasttoherpredecessors,whosawthewarastransformingtheideologyofbenevolenceLeonardfindsthatworrfenswarworkdrewheavilyupontheantebellumideologyofwomensnatureandsphere.1(wasoncebelievedthatwartimebenevolenceheightenedchangesemerginginthe1850sbyrep

22、lacingtheantebellumideologyofgenderdifferenceandfemalemoralsuperioritywithanewideologyofgendersimilarityandamoremasculineethosofdisciplineandefficiency.Leonardassertsinsteadthnlwhite,middle-class,Yankee,charitablewomenappropriatedtheantebellummoraldefinitionofwomanhoodand.inparticular,woman'suni

23、quemoralresponsibilityfbrmaintainingcommunityandhernaturalselflessnessandcaretakingabilities,toexpandtheboundariesofwoman'sproperplace.Withdeterminationandcourage,womenbroughtforthpositivechangesinpopularcharacterizationsofmiddle-ciasswomanhoodthatopenednewdoorsforwomenintheprofessionsandinpubli

24、clife.AweakpointofLeonard'stheoryisherassessmentofthethemesofposbvarhistoriesofwomen'swartimeservice.Lxonardviewstheseworksasextollingwomen'ssclf-sacrificeandabilitytocooperatemenwhiledownplayingwomen、demandsforstatusandpayandignoringthescopeofwomen'sadministrativegeniusButothertheor

25、ists,mostnotablyGinzberg,havearguedthatthesesameworksmayalsobeviewedaspraisingtheefficiencyofthenewcentralizedandnationalcharitableorganizations,women'swage-earningcapacity-andtheirsubordinationoffemininefeelingandenthusiasmtobusiness-likeandwnr-likeroutinizationandorder.Twosetsofvalues-oldernot

26、ionsofbenevolenceandnewdemandsofpublicservice-wereatwarintheNorth,awarthatcanbeplottedthroughtensionsaboutpayingwages,centralizingcorporatefunctionsofbenevolence,relatingbenevolencetogovernment,andusingfundsforadministrativeasopposedtostrictlycharitablepurposes.Itmaywellbethatwartimemasculinizationo

27、ftheideologyofbenevolencepushedwomenfurtherfromboththesymbolicandtherealcentersofpowerfbrsocialchangeandhastenedinsteadaclass-basedallianceforsocialwelfare.ButwecanagreewithLeonardthatthewarforcedmentoyieldground,sharingandsometimesevensurrenderingterritory,powerandstatusinthepublicrealm.25. Whichof

28、thefollowingisthemostappropriatetitlefor(hepassage?A. TheInfluenceofElizabethLeonardonHistoriansofFeminismintheCivilWarB. Leonard'sExplanationofIlowtheCivilWarImprovedthePlightofWomen试卷编号：1101“。传'.纶M就戏共10页第牛页6C. FeminismintheCivilWar:NewControversyAboutanOldSubjectD. TheHeritageofBenevolence

29、;TheCivilWar'sContributiontoWomen'sCharitableOrganizations26. Accordingtothepassage.Leonardassertsthatwomen'sactivitiesduringtheCivilWarhadallofthefollowingpositiveeffectsEXCEPTA. Theywerepraisedasaidingthewarcause.B. Theyimprovedwomen'seconomicsituation.C. Theywereconsideredproofofw

30、omen'sabilitiestoorganizethemselves.D. Theycreatednewoccupationalopportunitiesfbrwomen.27. Itcanbeinferred,fromthepassagethatLeonardwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatusofwomenduringtheCivilWar?I. Antebellumvalueswereexpanded,notreplaced,inordertodevelopnewdefinitionsofwo

31、manhood.II. Historianshavepaidinsufficientattentiontodemandsfbrhigherstatuswomenmadeduringthewar.III. Onthewhole,thewarwasdetrimentaltotheperceptionofwomen.A. IonlyB. IIonlyC. IandHonlyD. I,II,andill28.1 tcanbeinferredthatLeonardwouldmostlikelyconsiderwhichofthefollowinghypotheticalcasesofCivilWarwo

32、mentheLEASTsupportiveofherthesis?A. Awidowwhopatrioticallyrefusedtoremarry,evenafterhersoldierhusbandwaskilledinbattleB. AwomanwhoshiftedfromworkingasaseamstresstorunninganarmyuniformfactoryC. Awomanwh。dressedasaSouthernsoldierinordertocrossenemylinesasaspyDAwomanwhoestablishedacharityinordertocolle

33、ctmoneyforprosthesesfbrwaramputees29. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?A. TheauthorcomparesandcontraststheworkofseveralhistoriansandIhendiscussesareasforpossiblenewresearch.B. Theauthorpresentshisthesis,drawsontheworkofseveralhistoriansfbrevidencetosupporthisthesis,andconc

34、ludesbyreiteratinghisthesis.C. Theauthordescribessomefeaturesofahistoricalstudyandthenusesthosefeaturestoputfortl)hisownaiument.DTheauthorpresentsthegeneralargumentofahistoricalstudy,describesthestudyinmoredetail,andconcludeswithabriefjudgmentofthestudy'svalue30. WithwhichofThefollowingcriticism

35、sofLeonard'stheorywouldtheauthorofthepassage试卷编号：1101/满库快顺雄共10页第5页bemostlikelytoagree?A. Itlaystoomuchimportanceupontheantebellumideologyofwomen'snatureandsphere.B. Itfailstoacknowledgethatmasculinizationofwar-timeeflbrtsmayhavebeendetrimentaltothefeminisrcause.C. Ittendstooveremphasizethero

36、leofwomeninshiftingtheirstatusoverthecourseofthewar.D. Hbasesitsthesistooexclusivelyonwhite,Yankee,middle-classwomen,ignoringeveryothersocialnndracialclass.PassageThree',Ournexttaskistoconsiderthepoliciesandprinciplesaruleroughttofollowindealingwithhissubjectsorwithhisfriends.SinceIknowmanypeopl

37、ehavewrittenonthissubject,Iamconcerneditmaybethoughtpresumptuousfbrmelowriteon1aswell,especiallysincewhatIhavetosay,asregardsthisquestioninparticular,willdiffergreatlyfromtherecommendationsofothers.Butmyhopeistowriteabookthatwillbeusefulatleasttothosewhoreaditintelligently;andso1thoughtitsensibletog

38、ostraighttoadiscussionofhowthingsarcinreallifeandnotwastetimewithdiscussionofanimaginaryworld.Formanyauthorshaveconstructedimaginaryrepublicsandprincipalitiesthathaveneverexistedinpracticeandnevercould;forthegapbetweenhowpeopleactuallybehaveandhowtheyoughttobehaveissogreatthatanyonewhoignoreseveryda

39、yrealityinordertoliveuptoanidealwillsoondiscoverhehasbeentaughthowtodestroyhimselfnothowtopreservehimselfForanyonewhowantstoactthepanofagoodmaninallcircumstanceswillbringabouthisownruin,fbrthosehehastodealwithwillnotallbegood.Soitisnecessaryforaruler,ifhewantstoholdontopower,tolearnhounottobegood,an

40、dtoknowwhenitisandwhenitisnotnecessarytousethisknowledge.I©usleavetooneside,then,alldiscussionofimaginaryrulersandtalkaboutpracticalrealities.Imaintainthatallmen,whenpeopletalkaboutthem,andespeciallyrulers,becausetheyholdpositionsofauthority,arcdescribedintermsofqualitiesthatareinextricablylink

41、edtocensureortopraise.Soonemanisdescribedasgenerous,anotherasamiser;oneiscalledopen-handed,anothertight-fisted;onemani$crud,anothergentle;oneuntrustworthy,anotherseifimportant;onepromiscuous,anothermonogamous;onestraightforwardanotherduplicitous;onetough,anothereasy-going:oneserious,anotherch&er

42、ful;onereligious,anotheratheistical：andsoon.NowIknoweveryonewillagreethatifarulercouldhaveallthegoodqualitiesIhavelistedandnoneofthebadones,thenthiswouldbeanexcellentstateofaffairs.Butonecannothaveallthegoodqualities,noralwaysactinapraiseworthyfashion,fbrwedonotliveinanidealworld.Youhavetobecannyeno

43、ughtoavoidbeingthoughttohavethoseevilqualitiesthatwouldmakeitimpossibleforyoutoretainpower;asfbrthosethatarecompatiblewithholdingoniopower,youshouldayoidthemifyoucan;butifyoucannot,thenyoushouldnotworrytoo试卷编号：110】训啮第牛珥起4共10页第J页8muchifpeoplesayyouhavethem.Aboveall,donotbeupsetifyouaresupposedtohavet

44、hosevicesamlerneedsifheisgoingtostaysecurelyinpower,for,ifyouthinkaboutit.youwillrealizetherearesomewaysofbehavingthataresupposedtobevirtuous,butwouldleadtoyourdownfall,andothersthataresupposedtobewicked,butwillleadtoyourwelfareandpeaceofmirtd.31. Theword“presumptuous"inthefirstparagraphprobabl

45、ymeans.A.showingdishonestyB.showingrebellionC.showingsubmissionD.showingdisrespect32. Ifarulerfollowsotherauthors*suggestion,hemight.AtryhisbesttobeagoodeggallthetimeB. understandtheimportantofanauthoritativestatementC. trytogaingreatfameandhighprestigeD. knowwhentobekindandwhentobecrueli33Inthebook

46、,theauthordiscussionmostlikelyfocuseson.A. presentingarealworldtohisreadersB. describinganidealsocietytohisreadersC. explaininghowtoconstructaperfectsystemD. illustratingwhatawiserulershoulddo34. Ifanilerwantstosecurethepowerinhisownliands,heneeds.A.wickedcrueltyB.immoralqualitiesC.cunningsubjectsD.

47、disreputablerivals35. Asuitabletitlefbrthepassagewouldbe.A.OnVirtuesB.OnWisdomC.OnPraiseandCensureD.OnPowerPassageFourFinallythedirtroadinMainewasleadinghome.Thetiretouchedthefin>(profanityofpavement,andsubtlymyvacationbeganslippingaway.BythefirstFinallythedirtroadinMainewasleadinghome.Thetiretou

48、chedthefirstprofanityofpavement,tollboothmystateofmindhadshiftedfromneutraltofirstgear.BythetimeIhadpassedallmyfavoritelandmarks,thesigntoBiddeford,thebridgelabeledCatMousamRoad-Ihadslowlyandreluctantlybeguntorelocatemysenseofplace,mysenseofvalues.Iwasgoingback,tolistsandalarmdocksandstockingsandsch

49、oollunchesandalltheexternalpressuresofthelifeknownascivilization.1wasgoingbacktothingsIhadtodo.川。陆卒中海域4共10页第7页Thistimeeventheskiesdividedthesetwohalvesofmylife.AlongRoute95,acurtainofalmostimpenetrablerainseparatedoneworldfromtheother.Thedaybefore,thisrainontheroofofthehousewouldhavebeenacomfbrtingb

50、oundaTytotheday,apredictionofreadingand试卷编号：1101二009一一一Lfires.Now,therainonthewindshieldofthecarwasahassle,achallengetoovercome.1turneduptheradio,soIcouldhearthefinalinstallmentofJaneEyreoverthepeltingrain,andthoughtaboutthesedifferentrhythmsthatmarkmyownlife»markofourlives.Leftbehindwasaworldi

51、nwhichJsimplylived.accordingtoitspatterns.AheadofmewastheworldofagendasandproblemsthatIwasexpectedtoencounterandresolve.Wasitcountryversuscity?Leisureversuswork?Natureversushumanenvironment?Bothandneither.Vacationisastateofmindaxmuchasasuiteofunion-FortwoandhalfweeksinMainIwatchedthesky,thecove,thec

52、ormorantsandaseagullwiththegalltostealchickenoffourbarbecue.IamtoldthatIbecameanaccomplishedmudwatcher,sitting-ontheporch,watchingthebottomofthecoveoflowtideforhours.1pridedmyselfondevelopingahobbyrarelylistedinWho'sWho.Ibecameafirwstick-in-the-mud.Tome,anurbanwomanwholivesmuchofherlifeaccording

53、tootherpeople'sdeadlinesanddemands,thiswasachancetoliterallyvacatetheworldofschedulesandstruggles.IdidnoLdonot,usemyvacariontoclimbmountains,shootrapidsorfulfillItinerariesofsometravelagent,Ipreferredtodriftalongrayinclinationdownthroughthecircleofgoalstothemudofacceptance.wascontentwiththeharmo

54、nywccalldoingnothing.Therewasasenseoflettinggo,beingateasewithtimeratherthanatoddswithit.Iwallowedintheunderstandingthattherewasnothingthathadtobedonebeyondwatchingtheclothesdryandcastingformackerel.ButIwasalsoreturning.Returningtotheenergy,thestructure,thedemands,thepressure.alsochoseengagement.The

55、reare,Isuppose,thesetwosidestoallofus.Thesidethatwallowslikeanyriserorganismintheworld,andtheothersidethatseekssomepurpose"above0that.Thesidethatfeelsmostcontentinnature,andtheothersidethatfeelsmoreenergizednontopoftheworld/Iamawareofthisduality,theurctowatchthemud,theurgetobuildsomethingoutofi

56、t.Ourpeculiarhumancreativitydoesn't'comefromharmonybutfromwrestlingwithchaosaswell.Everypoemandeverybuildingwaswrestedoutofmaterialbypeoplewhorefusedtoacceptthingsastheywere.Toooftenwcworkbyclocksinsteadofsunsetsandbecomemoreattunedtoairconditioningthantheconditionoftheair.Butthereisalsoinal

57、lthisthechallengeandenergyandpleasureofaccoinplishinent.Atonetime,1thoughttheseworldswereatodds,thatwehadtochooseengagementordisengagement,acceptingoraccomplishmentwatchingthemudorbuildingwithit.Buttravelingthiskindofroadagainandagain.Irealizedthattheyarejusttwodestinations,pointealongapathofdirtand

58、pavementNowitisthetensionthatintriguesme.Thesearchfbrabalancebetweencomfortandpurposefulness,betweenacceptingthingsandstrugglingwiththem.Drivinghome,Iwasreluctanttoleaveonefortheother,reluctanltoputonmyci,clothes试卷编号：1101网。停.库中科拉端共10页第8页10ofpurposeandstructure.ButIknewthatIwasluckytobeacommuter.36. InthefirstfewparagraphstheauthorA. reflectedonhervacationB. mentallyswitchedvacationtocitylifeC. marveledatwhatcitylifecouldofferD. reconciledcountryliftwithcitylife37. Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewaytheauthorspen