英语《英语句子成分和基本结构》课件

1、英语句子成分及基本结构英语句子成分及基本结构 （一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语； 次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。语和同位语。（二）（二）句子的具体成分句子的具体成分 主语主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主体，一般位于句首。 1 The room is very clean. （名词）（名词） 2 We o

2、ften speak English . （代词）（代词） 3 Eight is my lucky number. （数词）（数词） 4 To teach them English is my job.=Its my job to teach them English. （不定式）（不定式） 5 Swimming is good for our health. (动动名词）名词）谓语谓语(predicate) 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：构成如下

3、： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He can speak English. 表语表语(predicative) 表语用以说明主语表语用以说明主语是什么或怎么样是什么或怎么样，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be, become, turn ,look, sound, seem等

4、）之后。等）之后。1 I am a teacher. （名词）（名词）2 I am ten. （数数词）词）3 He became rich and successful. （形（形容词）容词） 4 Everyone is here. （副副词）词）5 They are at home now. （ 介词短语）介词短语）6 My job is to teach them English. （不定式不定式） 宾语(object) 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词后物动词后 面。面。 1 He is playing the piano.（名词）（名

5、词） 2 He often helps me.（代词）（代词） 3 He likes to watch TV. 4 He likes watching TV.宾语补足语 英语中英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补的意思，还必须在宾语的后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把我们把“宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达称为复合宾语。复合宾语表达对的意思相当于一个句子的意思。对的意思相当于一个句子的意思。1 We called him Dongming.（名词）（名词）2 We saw

6、 him playing soccer.（现在（现在分词）分词）3 We saw him play soccer. (不定式不定式)4 We found math difficult.（形容词形容词）5 Mom makes me studying all day. （现在分词）（现在分词）定语定语 修饰修饰名词名词或或代词代词的词、短语为定语。定语的词、短语为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：可由以下等成分表示： 1 She is a beautiful city.（形容词） 2 My beef noodles is here. ( 代词）（名词） 3 The boy with glasses i

7、s my brother. (介词短语） 4 I have something to say.( 不定式）状语状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：1 Tom runs quickly.（副词） 2 Tom did it carefully.（副词） 3 Tom is very tall. (程度副词） 4 I get up at six every day. 5 I play soccer very well.状语种类如下 1 We arrived at Shanghai at six yesterday.（地

8、点状语）（时间状语）2 She didnt go to the party because of the rain.（原因状语）3 Mr Smith lives in America.（地点状语）4 In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）5 He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly.（结果状语）6 I am taller than he is.（比较状语）同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We s

9、tudents should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, will come to our school.独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分感叹词感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定词肯定词yes 否定词否定词no 称呼语称呼语：mum, dad。 插入语插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情态词情态词,表示说话人的语气（

10、多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。 简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont ta

11、lk in class4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。1 He often reads English in the morning.2 Tom and Mike are American boys.3 She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him

12、and he helps you. He wants to go there but I dont hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars. 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句和状语从句等。1 The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall2 This is the book

13、that I want.3 I think that he is right. 简单句的五种基本句型 1 主语主语+不及物动词：不及物动词：( 主谓主谓)1 We work.2 She came just now3 They went.常见的不及物动词：常见的不及物动词：come go work walk swim arrive stay laugh happen2 主语+系动词+表语(主系表)系动词一 be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were 二二 表示变化类：表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、三三 感官动词类感官动词类: look soun

14、d smell taste feel seem1 He is a student2 That sounds good.3 The apple tastes sweet4 They become rich.3主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾）1 Henry bought a dictionary.2 Mike ate three cakes3 She drew a beautiful picture.4、主语主语+谓语（及物动词谓语（及物动词）+双宾语双宾语（间接宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语）1 My father bought me a car. =My father bought a ca

15、r for me2 He gave me three yuan. =He gave three yuan to me初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有：初中阶段常见的给予动词用法有： bring/send/give/take通常加通常加 to sb. buy/make/cook/sing/draw通常加通常加 for sb.5、主语+谓语（及物动词）+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）1 We made the baby laugh./happy.2 I heard him sing.3 I saw him dance. 4 I found the book interesting.5 We call him Tom.6 His father named him Tom.（叫，（叫，称呼）称呼）属于宾语属于宾语+补足语的动词短语有补足语的动词短语有1 want sb to do sth2 would like sb to do sth3 ask sb to do sth4 tell sb to do sth5 wish sb to do sth6 help sb to do sth7 let/make/have sb do sth8 see/hear/watch sb do/doing sth谢谢