英语句子成分结构详解

1、Different parts of a senten ce(英语句子成分结构)A sentence can be divided into different parts. Here is a brief overview of the different sentence elements.Sentence elementMeaningExampleSubjectA subject can be a noun phrase or a pronoun. In an active sentence, it shows who or what does the action. In a pass

2、ive sentence, it shows who or what is affected by the action.You worry too much at times.A year is divided into 12 different star signs.PredicateA predicate consists of the verb and other elements which describe the subject.You like to dream about everything.PredicativeA predicative can be an adject

3、ive phrase or a noun phrase that comes after the linking verb.You are strong.The music sounds beautiful.Kitty is a student.Object (direct or indirect)A direct object can be a noun phrase or a pronoun. It refers to a person or thing that is directly affected by the action of the verb.You enjoy life.Y

4、ou have many friends.Can you hear me?Can you len me your dictionary?An indirect object refers to a person or a group of people that the action of the verb is done to or for.She is showing me an artice.He bought his friends nice gifts.Object complementAn object complement can be an adjective phrase o

5、r a noun phrase that relates to and describes the object of a sentence.This problem made me very unhappy.We call the baby panda Xi Wang.AttributiveAn attributive can be a noun phrase or an adjective phrase that usually comes before a noun and describes it.Millie is reading the school newsletter.You

6、are a hard-working person.AdverbialAn adverbial can be an adverb phrase, a prepositional phrase or a noun phrase. It gives us extra information, for example, how, when or where the action happens.You do not give up easily.You are selfish at times.He wanted to get home.句子是按一定语法规则组成，能表达一个比较完整的意思，并有一定语

7、调的相对完整而独立的语言单位。（1） 句子的归类句子按使用目的分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。从结构上又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。（2） 句子的成分构成句子的基本单位称为句子成分。根据它们在句子中的不同作用分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等七种。主语（subject）是句子所论述的主题，也可以说是谓语的陈述对象。主语通常由名词（或名词短语）、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式、“无人称”it以及名词性从句充当。Betty likes her new bike.To learn a foreign language is not easy.谓语（predicate）由动词构

8、成，说明主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。a. 简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成。They arrived yesterday.He turned off the light just now.b.复合谓语,由“情态动词或助动词+动词”或由“连系动词+表语”构成。We must study English hard.They have lived here for twenty years.宾语（object）是及物动词或及物动词短语的接受者，也可用于介词之后构成介词短语。 宾语有直接宾语（direct object）和间接宾语（indirect object）之分。Tom

9、 bought a story-book.I saw him yesterday.He gave me some ink.Our teacher told us an interesting story.表语（predicative）说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句充当。Her sister is a nurse.Its me.We were at home last night.His cup is broken.This is why she often cries.补语（complement

10、）表示主语或宾语的身份、特征或与主语或宾语相同的概念。补语有主语补足语和宾语补足语之分。a. 宾语补足语We elected him monitor.The teacher thought the girl rather clever.b. 主语补足语将上面两个主动句变为被动句后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor (by us).The girl was thought rather clever (by the teacher)定语（attribute）是描述名词、代词的修饰语，常和名词一起构成名词短语。定语有前置定语（多为单词形式）和后置定语（多为

11、副词、短语或从句）之分。This is a green jeep.Are these students your classmates?I have something to tell you.状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子的成分；有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、比较状语、程度状语、目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语和频率状语等。You are quite right.She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.He stopped to have a look.Well set out if it is fine

12、 tomorrow.(3) 简单句的五种基本句型主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P）The bike is new.The map is on the wall.主语+不及物动词（S+V）He swims.主语+及物动词+ 宾语（S+V+O）Children often sing this song.主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO）She showed her friends all her pictures.主语+及物动词+ 宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+C）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.语音、词汇、语法是构成语言的三大要素

13、，而语法又是语言的结构规律，是我们学习外语的助手和工具。英语语句基本结构分析及成分： 主谓宾结构 主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 1 名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2 代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑

14、话，但没有引人发笑 3 数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4 名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5 副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6 名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they

15、 come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。 7 不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem. 你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。 8 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事， 制作影片则是苦事。 9 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more

16、 money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 10. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。 From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。 11. 从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。 Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we ha

17、ve to. 不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。 句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。 谓语：谓语具有英语时态、语态变化，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成如We come.这样的主谓结构，谓语由助动词或情态动词简单动词或动词短语构成。 1. 由简单的动词构成。 (1). What happened? 发生了什么事？ (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 2. 由动词

18、短语构成的谓语。 (1). I am reading. 我在看书。 (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？ (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3. 英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（

19、take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。 a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的) 宾语：宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，宾语位于及物动词之后。如： The boy needs a pen. 主语the boy，谓语needs (need的第三人称单数形式)，宾语a pen.。 可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定

20、式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 。 1 Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词） 2 They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词） 3 If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。 4 I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词） 5 He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词） 6 Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开

21、家吗？（不定式） 7 He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). 他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词） 8 Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（从句） 主系表结构 主语：同主谓宾结构。 联系动词（Link verb)：be动词（am, is, are, was, were, have been)；其他联系动词如：become成为，turn变成,go变。其特点是联系动词与其后的表语没有动宾关系，表语多为形容词或副词，既，不可能是宾语。 能做系动词的实义动词： come , go , run, turn ,get

22、 , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) 感官动词多可用作联系动词：look well面色好, sound nice听起来不错, feel good感觉好，smell bad难闻 seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： 1. Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 2. He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。 Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3.

23、The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等） 4. A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。 表语：表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构中，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。当联系动词不是be，而其后是名词和代词时，多表达转变为之意，注

24、意与动宾关系的区别。 1. The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词） 2. So thats that. 就是这样。（代词） 3. We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词） 4. Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词） 5. Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词） 6. Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词） 7. All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式） 8. My answer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him o

25、n the nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式） 9. Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词） 10. Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词） 11. I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分） 12. Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分） 13. She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语） 14. The show is from seven t

26、ill ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语） 15. Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句） 16. This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句） There be 结构 There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）/前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。 二、 定语 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句

27、子，汉语中常用的表示。 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 形容词作定语： The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词： Two boys need two

28、pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语： His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。 There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The bo

29、y in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语： The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语： The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩

30、是Tom。 不定式作定语： The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 分词（短语）作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 There ar

31、e five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。 三、 状语 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后

32、，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义，应注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩（此时in the classroom为girl的定语），也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩（此时in the classroom为地点状语），最好写作In the cla

33、ssroom,the boy calls the girl. 副词（短语）作状语： The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置） The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要

34、一支钢笔。（时间状语） 介词短语作状语： In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词（短语）作状语： He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态） Having to finish his homewor

35、k,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语） Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语） 不定式作状语： The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语） To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 名词作状语： Come this way!/走这条路！（方向状语）

36、 状语从句： 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 目的状语从句 比较状语从句 让步状语从句 条件状语从句 三、同位语 同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们) 四、 独立成分 有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah等。 肯定词yes

37、否定词no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束. 情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概, actually实际上,certainly当然，等。 五、 分词独立结构 分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。 例： 错句：Studying hard, your score will go up. 正确：(1) Studyin

38、g hard, you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard, your score will go up. 解析：错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语，则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，既your score . 显然做study的应是人，不应是your score（分数）. 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过There being.的场合不能省略. 如：

39、Game (being) over, he went home. He stands there, book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。 如： With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon. 无事可做，他很快就睡着了。 The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose. 老师进来了，戴着一付眼镜。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习1.

40、主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中

41、心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English

42、. He is asleep.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this af

43、ternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词）His father

44、is in.（副词） The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet

45、. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.(三) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.4

46、. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many ro

47、cks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the scho

48、ol want to go swimming, how about you?5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach th

49、e lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词）(五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes.

50、 I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world.（数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词)The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year ar