听说飞跃班补充教材-吴晓飞

1、INDEXPART I . 2PART II 8 “阅读式”听力训练法一、英语听力学习的三大内容英语学习词 汇句型结构二、“阅读式”听力训练法简介英语学习分为听说读写四项基本技能，这四项基本技能基本又可以分为两类：输入型技能（听读）和输出型技能（说写）。输入和输出中的两种技能在很多地方都有很多相同之处，所以在训练某一项技能的同时，可以结合相关技能的训练方法进行辅助借鉴，这样就可以达到某一技能的迅速提高。以听力训练为例。英语听力涉及两大障碍，一是语音识别，二是内容把握。几乎所有人在听力练习的过程中，往往把大部分的注意力和时间集中在语音语素不能听懂上面，而忽略了英语本身的整体思维、形象逻辑和材料的

2、篇章结构。其实后者在训练过程中更为重要。在听力的训练中可以适当引入英语阅读的训练元素方法，以阅读的逻辑思维训练听力，这样经过一段时间的训练，可以轻松达到从整体上把握听力内容，提高听力水平的效果。三、英语听力的两大障碍之一语音识别 对于语音识别我会在一开始帮大家解决这个障碍。因为语音识别是基础，只有听出了单词是什么才能对文章内容进行了解，如果单词根本就听不出来，那么更不要提文章的逻辑内容了。所以，突破语音识别障碍是听力联系的第一步，也是最基本的初级阶段。概括来说，提高语音识别的主要内容在于建立英语的听觉形象，在听到一个单词或者一个短语的时候，在脑子中能迅速出现这个单词的拼写和中文意思。那么，我们

3、来看看具体怎样突破语音识别障碍。1 语音识别力的四大障碍：（1） 语速快慢障碍训练方法：跟读模仿，习惯语速（2） 单个单词熟形不熟音障碍单词熟悉形状不熟悉发音，听英语的时候不会按照希望的去读。 训练方法：跟读模仿 （3） 英美音障碍 a: - ae: glass grass fast o v: hot box rock r 卷舌：door dollar more（规律：单词有r才发儿话音，如果没有r就不发） 常见标准美音：neither either secretary dictionary tomato history （4） 语音现象障碍 a. 连读 b. 失爆2 语气和语调（1） 重读某

4、个单词（2） 调子升降（3） 语气小词3 对于词汇的掌握：（词汇只是传达内容并不是真正听力识别）（1） 口语词汇：简单易懂。应把重点放在口语小词上面。（2） 场景词汇：有范围（比如生物，动物，植物，节日，校园等）（3） 一词多意：（4） 习语：不要望文生义，但是字面意思和引申义有着密切联系。4 数字的听写方法： 利用“逗号原则”：凡是听到“billion, million, thousand”的时候以逗号代替，这样就可以将一个较长的数字减缩成3-4个三位数听写。5 缩写的听写方法 缩写分为字母缩写以及音节缩写。利用发音记忆四、英语听力的两大障碍之二内容把握在我们突破第一个障碍之后，也就是说我们

5、能够听懂材料中的大部分单词和短语，并且也可以知道单词和短语的中文意思，那么，下面一步，也就是听力训练中最重要的一步就是对于材料内容的整体把握。在这一点上，我们可以利用英语阅读中的相关训练方法和规律，来进行听力理解训练的分析，以达到更好的效果。下面就具体介绍一下。英语听力中的逻辑关系首先我们要先掌握一下英语听力材料中所蕴含的各种逻辑关系。其实无论是阅读还是听力，英语语句之间，段落之间，篇章之间必然存在着各种逻辑关系，我们在听力中只要善于通过一些关键词，把握住这些逻辑关系，就能够对文章的逻辑结构有着更好的把握。英语中常见的逻辑关系总结如下：一、 否定关系1 明显否定关系词2 隐含否定关系词3 否定

6、前缀4 双重否定二、 比较关系1 明显比较关系2 隐含比较关系：表变化表发展表差异表超越三、 因果关系（最多）1 明显因果关系2 隐含因果关系：表导致 表由而来 表考虑到，依赖于 表反映体现 表条件关系四、 最高级1 明显最高级关系2 隐含最高级关系：自身含有最高级含义 程度较深的副词 否定加比较听力分项突破法：无论是在各种考试中，还是在日常生活里，任何地方碰到的听力材料无非分为几个固定的类型：介绍类文章，传记类文章，流程类文章，长短对话，议论类文章，课堂演讲和新闻。我们只需要讲上面所述的类型文章各个击破，分别掌握着几类文章的听力方法技巧，就可以迅速提高听力水平。1 介绍类文章：（1） 注意例

7、子，对比，原因，列举的关键字和文章逻辑结构关系。（2） 注意主题句的把握，一般会出现在文章的开头。（3） 注意个段落之间的停顿，而且每一段的开头往往会出现该段的主题句。（4） 注意笔记的记录。2 传记类文章：（1） 注意时间顺序和发展事件关键字。（2） 注意与被介绍人相关事物的介绍。（3） 注意笔记的记录3 流程类文章：（1） 注意事件起始时间，持续时间，终止时间，事件关键字。（2） 注意配合表格的使用，用填表的形式记录笔记4 长短对话：（1） 注意从说话人的语音语调来推测态度（2） 注意语音提示词（3） 注意对话人所陈述观点的逻辑顺序5 议论类文章： （1）抓住整体结构（2）抓住分论点（3）

8、抓住转折和让步6 课堂演讲：（1） 听力方法类似于长短对话和介绍类文章的结合（2） 首句必然是主题句，要抓住关键句型（3） 注意语音提示词7 新闻：1+2+3方法：一个中心，两个重点，三个技巧1 “一个中心”任何新闻，无论中文还是英文，都会按照新闻事实重要性的程度由要点到细节逐步扩展，安排全文。那么新闻开头的部分，也就是我们常说的新闻导语（the news lead），就应涵盖整篇文章的主旨，听懂导语对于文章意思的把握至关重要。导语往往会包含以下几个要素：（1）时间 (when)（2）地点 (where)（3）人物 (who)（4）事件 (what)（5）过程 (how)（6）目的 (why)

9、这也就是中文新闻中的“六要素”，掌握了这些内容，整个新闻听力的主旨就已经把握了，然后要做的就是对下文进行预测(prediction)，文章的思路也就在脑中初步形成了。注意：有的时候，导语并不都包含所有的六个因素，也可能只包含其中的几个关键因素，而其他因素会在后文详细阐明。2 “两个重点” 新闻的正文可能会很长，但是基本所有新闻的正文都可以归纳为两个重要内容：事实陈述（statement）和观点态度（attitude）。只要把所听到的任何信息点归纳到这两个内容上，那么新闻的条理性就可以轻松的呈现了。（1）事实陈述 一般会以客观的形式进行新闻的描述，比如新闻相关发生的事件等。（2）观点态度 在新闻

10、中，大部分时候会出现评论的句子，这些评论可能来自当事人，专家，观察员，新闻作者等等。抓住这些评论对把握新闻的发展方向和作者的观点至关重要。 听力中，这些评论往往都有一些提示性的词语出现，比如say, comment, think等等，帮助我们辨别该句子为观点态度。注意：很多时候事实陈述和观点态度在新闻正文中是穿插进行的。3 “三个技巧” （1）记笔记方法： 同样，采用分类流程图方式记新闻笔记是一个十分有效的办法。首先笔记第一行提炼导语的关键字进行总结。其次，将笔记下方分为两个部分，左边为事实陈述，右边为观点态度，练习听力的时候将这些穿插的事实陈述和观点态度分别记录在左右两栏中，一篇文章听下来，

11、结构思路就已经相当清晰了。 （2）扩大词汇量 联系听力之前首先对于听力常用词汇进行熟悉可以达到一个事半功倍的效果。Special VOA节目的常用词汇约为1500个，很多词语重复率很高，这些高频词汇应重点掌握。其次，新闻报道是有关世界范围的，涵盖面广，除了普通词汇高频瓷会以外，还应该掌握一些专有词汇，比如人名，地名，国家名等等，有助于我们理解听力内容。 （3）关于缩略语和数字 上文已经提到过缩略语和数字的听写，在新文章中，这两点格外重要，而且与以前会有所不同。新闻中有很多时候会用到缩略语，比如世界各大组织，国家等等。应事先对于这些缩略语有一定的总结和掌握，方便练习听力的时候灵活运用。 对于新闻

12、中出现的数字，可以采用前面提到的数字听写方法来听写。这里就不多做解释了。另外，新闻中往往会出现一些数字有不同的读法，比如播音员把两个足球队比赛结果2：0读作two to nothing而不是读成two to zero五、英语听力记笔记方法Note Taking主要通过两种手段实现：一是符号，二是缩写。1 符号：就是通过一系列事先规定好的符号对听到的内容进行替代，达到快速高效的目的。下面我举一些例子：首先是一些一目了然的符号，一看就明白表示的意思：  超过，多于  不够，少于  相同，相等s  不同，差别 

13、上升，增强 下降，滑坡 加上，除此以外 减去，除去 导致，产生 来自于，源于 正确的，好的，积极的，肯定的× 错误的，不好的，消极的，否定的e 杰出的，优秀的 因为 所以& ：和 ：总和 ：government（原理同上，希腊字母伽玛用来表示政府等）我们在运用符号进行Note Taking的过程中，也要注意以下几点：第一，符号贵在精而不在多第二，每次做完一篇Note Taking回过头来仔细分析第三，可以自行改良2 缩写：除了符号以外，我们还可以运用缩写来帮助Note Taki

14、ng。ableàBLLingàGtionàNmentàTizeàZtiveàTVfulàFLlessàLSent/antàTal/ialàL这种缩写方法的难点就在于它要求高度的熟练。总结出150个左右的听力高频词汇后，大家需要进行不断的练习和反复的运用，最终形成一种本能的反应。也就是说听到一个词，可能还没来得及反应它的意思，但是就已经在纸上写下了它的缩写形式。更加熟练或者单词较为简单的情况下，我们也可以记成中文。在练习的过程中，建议注意以下一些要点：1. 少写多划2. 少字多意3. 少符多合4.

15、 少横多竖六、 听力训练中应注意的几个问题： 1 注意区分和模仿正确的语音、语调：2 泛听和精听相结合 3 培养通过上下文猜词的能力4 听力训练的时间安排 七、 推荐训练方法：1 跟读模仿2 听写3 错误总结和分类：包含语音类，语法类，拼写类等 (1) 语音(2) 语法 (3) 拼写 (4) 增漏SECTION IPART IMATERIAL 11. Cook needed immediately in a busy downtown restaurant? You must be good and dependable. Experience is preferred and work on

16、 weekends is required. If you are interested, please call 2359739.2. A small private school needs English and math teachers. Applicants must have a bachelor's degree and teaching certificate. Interested people please send your resume to Wales Charter School, 19 Snow Road, NYC.3. As the world lea

17、der in imaging business from photographic to commercial to electronic imaging, we invite applications from qualified persons for the position of Marketing Communication Supervisor. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree in Business Administration and good PC and presentation skills. Please app

18、ly by sending your resume to: MTP, P. Q. Box 354, Syracuse, NY 16493.4. If you are a dynamic, hardworking and initiated quick learner interested in working in a challenging environment. if you are mobile and able to travel extensively, please join our Truck Tire and Passenger Car Tire Teams and be t

19、he Area Sales Manager. Professional careers and extensive training are provided to you. Are you the right one for us? Send your detailed resume with your expected salary and recent photo to Martin's Apparel, 385 Rockledge Street, Syracuse, NY 15835.5. We are among the top 50 industrial companies

20、 worldwide with an annual turnover in excess of US $ 40 billion. We provide for our employees not only a competitive salary and a benefits package, but also excellent career development opportunities. We are now seeking qualified people to fill the position of Buyer. Candidates' qualifications i

21、nclude: a bachelor's degree in business or engineering, 23 years relevant working experience, good command of English, good communication and interpersonal skills and the ability to work in teams. Those who are interested please send your resume, a recent photo, contact phone number and a copy o

22、f your diploma to 943 West Avenue, Syracuse, NY 18640.6. We, one of the world's largest food manufacturers, have the position of Accountant available. Applicants must have a university degree in accounting or auditing, strong computer skills and a minimum of 3 years experience with trading compa

23、nies. If you believe that you have the experience and talent to develop and grow with one of the world's leading food companies, please send your resume, education certificate, ID card copy and photo to 404, South 7th Street, NYC.MATERIAL 2Women competed in Olympic events for the first time in P

24、aris in 1900-In 1924, the first Winter Games were held in Chamonix.In 1932, the first Olympic village was built to accommodate athletes in Los Angeles.In 1936 in Berlin TV cameras broadcast Olympic events for the first time.The 1956 Olympics in Melbourne were the first Olympic Games to be held in th

25、e southern hemisphere.Tokyo hosted the first Asian Olympics in 1964.In 1972 for the first time, over one billion TV viewers watched the Munich Olympic opening ceremony.MATERIAL 3Q1 Why are they called "the Olympic Games"? Because they were first held at a place called Olympia in ancient Gr

26、eece (until AD 393). There have been two Olympic eras - ancient and modern. The modern era began in 1895.Q2 How long do the Summer Games last? Approximately two weeks. Q3 There are Winter Games too, aren't there? Yes. They began in 1924. Since then they had always been held in the same years as

27、the Summer Games. After 1992, they took place between Summer Games-Q4 What do the five circles on the Olympic flag represent? They stand for the five continents. Each circle is a different color - blue, black, red, yellow and men Call against a white background). Every national flag in the world con

28、tains rune or more of these six colors.Q5 When did the tradition of the Olympic flame begin? There was always a flame at the ancient Games, but it wasn't included in modern Games until 1928 (in Amsterdam) . The flame is a symbol of a search for perfection and victory. It's lit at Olympia fro

29、m the rays of the sun. Then it's carried to the Games by a series of runners (or sometimes by air for part of the journey). It burns in the stadium from start to finish at every Olympics.Q6 All Olympic athletes have to be amateurs, don't they? Yes. Nobody wins any money - only medals. That&#

30、39;s because the most important thing at the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part.Q7 What happens at the Opening Ceremony? There's a huge display of song, dance and music by people from the host country. The flame is lit. The Olympic flag is raised and one athlete says these words: "

31、;In the name of all competitors, I promise that we will take part in the Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams. The Games are officially opened by the host country's monarch or politi

32、cal leader-Q8 What's the motto of the Olympic movement?MATERIAL 41. Tea contains natural chemicals. These chemicals block the action of some substances produced in the bodies that cause cancer- Tea contains the same substances in fruits and vegetables. Drinking tea could protect people's hea

33、lth-2. Cigarette smokers of any age reduce their risk of developing lung cancer when they stop stroking. It is never too late to stop smoking.3. Walking has a good effect on the heart because it reduces blood pressure, blood sugar and blood cholesterol level- It is never too late to start exercising

34、.4. Vitamins are necessary for good health. However, extremely large amounts of some vitamins may cause health problems. It is far better to get vitamins from eating fresh, natural food than from taking vitamin pills.5. Laughter is one of the most wonderful releases. It releases the chemical that is

35、 life-enhancing and life-elongating. It heals wounds and promotes a healthier being.Different people have different ways of learning. We call this your "learning style," and it's based on your senses. To learn, you need to use your different senses - hearing, seeing, touching, etc. , t

36、o bring information to your brain. Now, most people use one of their senses more than the others- Some people learn best by listening. They are called hearing learners. And others learn best by reading or looking at pictures- They are called visual learners. And some learn best by touching and doing

37、 things. They are called tactile learners. Now, scientists don't know why people use one sense more than the others- Maybe the sense they use most just works best for them.MATERIAL 5SPEAKER 1I think my mums very successful because shes managed to bring up three children-excellently-in such a hor

38、rible society that we live in today Shes taught us to be kind and loving, she taught us to share, she taught us to love our family-be very family-orientated-and I think thats really important.SPEAKER 2The person that I can think of within my life, well, I probably can think of several but the one th

39、at instantly came to mind when you popped this question to me was somebody who lives in Harpenden and who has overcome physical difficulty of arthritis remarkably well, and not allowed it to hold her back any more than is obviously necessary because of her physical disabilities. So I think she's

40、 made a very good - a great success of overcoming a difficulty.SPEAKER 3I think, uhm, Mable Davies, here who's very successful. She's a deaf lady who's now the headmistress and I think that must have been hard, so I've got a lot of respect for her, because my parents are also deaf so

41、 I know how difficult it is to work your way up having a handicap so I've got quite a lot of admiration for her.SPEAKER 4Well, I think in professional terms Kenneth Branagh, the actor, has been very successful and I think the reason for this more than anything else is that he's a very good s

42、elf-publicist. He is undoubtedly a very good actor. Er. Ive not seen him on stage, Ive seen him on film and hes got an enormous amount of energy and as I say, hes a very good self-publicist.PART IIMATERIAL 1Education has acquired a kind of snob value in modern times. We are no longer content to be h

43、onest craftsmen skilled at our work through years of patient practice- Nowadays if we want to get a decent job, we have to have a piece of paper. If we want to get promotion in even a humblest job, we have to obtain a certificate or a diploma first. We may know that we will be better at the job than

44、 the man with the paper qualifications, but our experience and practical skills are regarded as relatively unimportant. "Johnson would've been a manager by now if he'd taken the trouble to get a degree*" his colleagues say. "He's a clever man, he could've done anything

45、 if he'd had a proper education." I wonder if, as time goes on, we should discover that many people whose practical experience and ability would have been enormously useful to their employers have been rejected on the ground that they are insufficiently qualified. Would it not be better to

46、allow people to become expert in a way most suited to them rather than oblige them to follow a set course of instruction, which may offer no opportunity for them to develop skills in which they would've become expert if left to themselves?MATERIAL 2The world's most famous sports event is the

47、 Olympic Games. Five million people are expected to attend the Summer Olympic Games this year in Sydney, Australia. They include leaders and officials from many countries. About 15,000 reporters are there. More than 3,000 million people are expected to watch the Games on television.Mare than 10,000

48、athletes from 200 countries will compete in 28 different sports in the yammer Games. They will be trying to win medals - gold for first, silver for second and bronze for third in about 300 events. New additions to the Summer Olympics this yearThe 2000 Summer Olympic Games will end October 1st, after

49、 16 days of competition. The next Summer Games will be held 4 years from now, in Athens, Greece.Another international sports event will take place in Sydney following the Summer Olympics. The Paralympics Games will be held from October 18th to 29th. Ail the athletes who compete in the Paralympics ha

50、ve a physical disability. About 4,000 disabled athletes will compete this year.The summer Olympic and the winter Olympic Games used to be held in the same year, every 4 years. Now, however, they are separated. The next winter games are less than 2 years away. The western American city of Salt Lake C

51、ity, Utah is busy preparing for the Winter Olympics of 2002.MATERIAL 3Three members of the same American family will compete n Sydney. Hazel Clark, Jearl Miller-Clark and Joetta ClarkDggs are all members of the track and field team. Hazel and Jetta are sisters. Jearl is married to their brother, J.

52、J. Clark. e is the each for all three women.It is unusual for members of the same family to compete in he Olympics. Hut it has been done. Jackie Joyner-Kersee and er brother's wife Florence Griffith Joyner both competed in past Olympics- But they did not compete in the same event.The Clarks do.

53、They all compete in the 800 meter women's foot race. Hazel Clark is the youngest in the Clark family o, runners. She was the fastest in the Olympic trials. Her brother's wife, Jearl Miller-Clark, was second. Jean has already won medals in two earlier Olympic Games. Joetta Clark-Diggs finishe

54、d third. She is the oldest, at thirty-seven. That was the first time three family members finished first, second and third in the same United States Olympic trials race. and this will be the first time three Americans competing in one Olympic race are from one family. Many people will be watching th

55、e 800 meter race to see if the three members of the Clark family can win all three medals.One American athlete who will compete in the Summer Olympics is already a Paralympics champion. Her name is Marla Runyan. She won the 100, 200 and 400 meter races and the long jump at the 1992 Paralympics. She

56、also won the pentathlon competition in 1996- This year, she will become the first legally blind athlete in the Summer Olympic Games. Marla Runyan suffers from an incurable eye problem. She has been legally blind since she was nine years old. She has been taking part in track events since she was in

57、high school.Marla Runyan will compete in the women's 1,500 meter foot race at the Sydney Games. She says her goal was not to be the first legally blind Olympian. She just wanted to take part in the Olympics. But her story has helped other disabled people find the strength to try to reach their g

58、oals. And Marla Runyan says that makes her feel very good.MATERIAL 4The United States government's Office of Research on Women's Health is observing its tenth anniversary. During those ten years it has made important discoveries about differences in the health of men and women. Studies organized by the Office of Research on Women's Health have shown that differences be