英语词汇学知识点整理

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 11、 Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）2、 Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。词

2、的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。3、 Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的4、 Sound & Form发音和形式(1) The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的） record of the oral form.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。(2

3、) The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：1 English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马2 the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速3 Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同4 More differences brought by the cont

4、inuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。5 borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词5、 Classification of Words词的分类(1) Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary1 Basic WordsThe basic vocabulary has the following characteristics:

5、基本词汇特点：Ø 1. All national character 全民性 (indispensable to all the people who speak the language). Ø 2. Stability 稳定性 （relatively stable or unchanged）Ø 3. Productivity 多产性 （form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )Ø 4. Polysemy 多义性 Ø 5. Collocability 搭配性2 No

6、n-basic WordsNon-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。(2) Content Words & Functional Words1 Content Words/Full words/National words：They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义 Functional words/Empty words/Form words：Th

7、ey show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系(3) Native Words & Borrowed Words1 Native Words：Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.2 Borrowed Words：loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It in

8、cludes Denizens 同化词Aliens非同化词Translation loans 译借词Semantic loans 借义词Chapter 21、 The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系(1) The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。(2) The classification of Indo-European language family

9、:1 The Eastern Set2 The Western Set（Germanic）2、 Three phases of the Vocabulary Development词汇发展三阶段(1) Old English(450-1150)特点：Ø It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小Ø It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian. 拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少Ø It is a hi

10、ghly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整词尾(2) Middle English(1150-1500)特点：Ø It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大Ø It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇Ø Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平(3) Modern

11、English(1500 up to the present)特点：Ø it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇Ø It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词Ø It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失3、 General Characteristic一般特征(1) Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性(2) Simplicity of inflection简洁性、屈折性

12、(3) Relatively fixed word-order相对固定的语序4、 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分(1) 主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语(2) 次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语5、 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary当代英语词汇的发展Modes of Vocabulary Development发展方式：Ø Creation 创词 Semantic change 旧词新义 Borrowing 借词C

13、hapter 31、 Morphemes词素(1) 词素的定义：It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。(2) 词素的特点：1 All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何意义。2 Morphemes ma

14、y have some variants. 词素可能会有一些变。e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.2、 Morphs and Allomorphs形素和词素变体(1) 形素的定义：The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed mor

15、phs. 体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。(2) 形素与词素的关系：Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。 (3) 词素变体：An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. 词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。 morph

16、eme又可称为形位、语素等。词素是抽象的，它是通过形素morph表现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语言学中称为词素变体allomorph。3、 Classifying Morphemes词素分类(1) in terms of their capacity of occurring alone 根据能否独立出现分类 Free vs. bound morphemes 自由词素/粘着词素Ø Free morphemes(自由词素)：Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have

17、complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。举例：man, wind, open, tourn 自由词素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Ø Bound morphemes(粘着词素)：Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morp

18、hemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. 粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。n 粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。举例： bound root: -dict-, -ced- affix: -ion, -ist, -ic(2) on the basis of the capacity of forming new words根据能否构成新词分类 Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes派生词素/屈折词素Ø Deri

19、vational morphemes(派生词素)Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。派生词素的特点：n 改变词干的意义和词性n 表明单词内的语义n 出现在一些词类里的部分语素中n 在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现Ø Inflectio

20、nal morphemes(屈折词素)Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。屈折词素的特点：n 不改变词干的意义和词性n 表明句子中不同单词的句法和语义关系n 出现于一些大的词类里所有语素中n 出现于单词的边缘(3) on a semantic and syn

21、tactic basis根据语义和语法分类 Content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes 实义词素/语法词素Lexical 词汇/ content实义 morphemes are morphemes which have a lexical content and are used for the construction of new words as in compound words and derivational morphemes such as ship, -ize.实义词素是拥有词汇意义并且用来构造新词，就像复合词和派生词。Ø G

22、rammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-s) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, havefunctional words)语法词素主要作为语法标记，包含屈折词缀和自由词素。4、 Identifying Morphemes词素的识别How to identify morphemes? They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and

23、 distribution. 他们应该通过形式、意义、分布来识别。5、 Morphemization and New Morphemes 词素化和新词素(1) Morphemization is the process of creating a morpheme using a word, or part of a word.词素化是通过一个词或者词的一部分来创造一个词素的过程。(2) two ways of creating new morphemes:1 clippingØ front clipping e.g. e-, info-, and docu-Ø back

24、cliping e.g. -net(from internet), -gate(from watergate)2 using an old form as a morpheme e.g. -speak (Clinton speak)6、 Morpheme and Word-formation词素和构词In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。1 Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word e

25、lements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes. 词缀都是粘着词素，依附于单词或其他构词材料构成新词或表示词的语法意义。Ø Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes屈折词缀和派生词缀2 A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been rem

26、oved. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。3 A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。4 A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 词基是任何一种词缀都可

27、加在上面的形式。 它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。举例：individualisticindividualist stem, baseindividual stem, basedividual basedivide root, stem, baseChapter 4一共9中构词方法：Ø Affixation (derivation) 词缀法Ø Compounding 复合法 最重要的三种（往年考过）

28、6; Conversion/ Shifting 转类法Ø Blending 拼缀法Ø Clipping/ Shortening 截短法Ø Acronymy 首字母拼音法Ø Back-formation 逆生法Ø Sound Reduplication 语音重叠法Ø Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法1、 Affixation/Derivation 词缀法/派生法构成：派生词Derivative(1) 定义： Affixation refers to the formation of wo

29、rds by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases.词缀法指的是给词基添加派生词缀或者可用于构词的词缀来构成新词。 Derivation: a process by which new words are derived from old or base forms.派生是指一个新词通过旧的或者基本形式派生出新的词。(2) 分类：1) Prefixation前缀法Prefixation is defined as the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. 通

30、过给词基添加前缀构成新词。前缀类型：1 Negative Prefixes表否定的前缀2 Reversative or Privative Prefixes 表逆向意义的前缀3 Pejorative Prefixes 表贬义的前缀4 Prefixes of Degree or Size 表程度大小的前缀5 Prefixed of Orientation and Attitude 表倾向和态度等意义的前缀6 Locative Prefixes 表方位意义的前缀7 Prefixes of Time and Order表时间和顺序等意义的前缀8 Number Prefixes表数字的前缀9 Conv

31、ersion Prefixes用于转换词性的前缀10 Miscellaneous Prefixes其他种类意义的词缀11 New Prefixes 新的前缀2) Suffixation后缀法Suffixation is the process of new words by adding word-forming or derivational suffixes to bases.通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新词。后缀类型： 1 noun suffixes 名词后缀2 adjective suffixes 形容词后缀3 adverb suffixes副词后缀（如：-ward/-

32、wards）4 new suffixes 新后缀（如：-nik.的成员、-holic上瘾、-burger汉堡的）l Prefixes:前缀特点：Preposed 放在词前Grammatically unimportant (mostly not changing word class/ part of speech)语法上不特别重要，大多不改变词类词性。Modifying lexical meaning 修饰词汇意思l Suffixes:后缀特点：Postposed 放在词后Grammatically significant 语法意义重要Of less significance in lexi

33、cal meaning 词汇意义上相对不那么重要2、 Compounding复合法构成：复合词(1) 定义：Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. 复合法是通过添加两个或以上的词基来构成新词。A compound is “a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.” 复合词是一个词汇单位，包括超过一个词

34、基，在语法和语义上都作为一个单一的词。(2) 写法：Compounds can be written Ø solid (silkworm), Ø hyphenated (honey-bee) Ø and open (tear gas and easy chair)(3) 复合词特点：What is the dividing line between compounds and free phrases?复合词和自由词组的区别界限：a. phonological features 语音特点b. semantic features 语义特点c. grammatical

35、 features 语法特点d. orthographical features 拼写特点(4) 复合词的构词方法：three major classes of compounds前三种是主要的复合词：1 Noun compounds 名词复合词2 Adjective compounds 形容词复合词3 Verb compounds 动词复合词4 preposition compounds5 pronoun compound6 conjunction compound 1 名词复合词：A. 词汇层面分析：Ø N+NØ N+VØ V+NØ A+NØ

36、; N+VingØ Ving+NØ N+VerØ adv+NØ V+advØ Ving+advØ adv+VingB. 句法层面的分析：Ø S+V主语加谓语Ø V+O谓语加宾语Ø V+ADV谓语加副词Ø PLACE地点（比如：hilding-place=hide in a place）Ø TIME时间（比如：day-dreamer=dream during the day）Ø INSTRUMENT工具、手段（比如：handwriting=write by hand）Ø

37、; OTHERS其他（比如：shadow-boxing=box against a shadow）Ø S+O主语加宾语Ø S+C主语加补语（比如：girlfriend=the friend is a girl）2 形容词复合词C. 基本层面：Ø N+VingØ ADJ+VingØ N+adjØ adj+adj（比如：deaf-mute聋哑的）Ø N+VedØ ADJ+VedØ ADV+VedØ N+Ned（比如：lion-hearted 非常勇敢的）Ø A+Ned（比如：short-s

38、ighted目光短浅的）Ø num+NedØ num+VingØ adv+VingØ Ved+advD. 内部语法层面：Ø V+OØ V+ADVØ V+P.Ø N-ADV+ADJ（比如：homesick=Sick because of missing home）Ø Coordinating relation3 动词复合词：E. Through Conversion 转类比如：nickname=to nickname; honeymoon=to honeymoonF. Through Back Format

39、ion逆生法比如：lip-reading=to lip-read; mass production=to mass-produce.3、 Conversion转类法构成：转类词(1) 定义：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without any change in morphological structures.(2) 类型：1 Conversion to nouns 名词转类&#

40、216; deverbal nouns动词名词化比如：wantwhat is wantedØ de-adjectival nouns形容词名词化a. full conversion完全转换比如：a white 一个白人b. partial conversion部分转换比如：the poor（得带定冠词才能表示名词意思）2 Conversion to verbs动词转类Ø denominal verbs名词动词化比如：to can the fruit（将水果放入罐头中）Ø de-adjectival verbs 动词形容词化比如：He walked so fast

41、so as not to wet his shoes.3 conversion to adjectives形容词转类比如：a gold ring （gold是名词转形容词）4、 Blending拼缀法构成：混合词(1) 定义：Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word and vice versa. 拼缀法是通过合并两个单词的一部分或者一个单词加上另一个单词的一部分构成新单词的构词方法。(2) 结构：1 头+尾2 头+头3

42、 头+词4 词+尾5、 Clipping截短法构成：缩略词(1) 定义： Clipping refers to the way of making a word by shortening or clipping a longer word known as clipping. 通过缩短或者截掉一个长单词来构新词。(2) 类型：1 Front Clipping2 Back Clipping3 Front and back clipping4 Phrase clipping6、 Acronymy 首字母拼音法(1) 定义：Acronymy is the process of forming ne

43、w words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. 将社会和政治组织名称的首字母或短语作为术语组合在一起形成新词的过程。(2) 类型：Ø initialisms (alphabetisms)：首字母缩略词1) 定义： Initialisms refer to words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name. 字母一个一个读2

44、) 两种类型：1 Letters representing full words2 Letters representing constituents in a compound or just parts of a wordØ acronyms： 首字母拼音词1) 定义：Acronyms refer to a word from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. 可整体作为单词发音2) 类型：1 pure acronyms2 hybrid acronyms3 syllabic acronyms7、 Back-forma

45、tion逆生法构成：逆向派生词定义：Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. This is because many of the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.逆生法（逆向派生法）是通过去除单词所谓的后缀构成新词的

46、方法。所移除的后缀并不是真正的后缀，而是单词的独立部分。8、 Sound Reduplication语音重叠法构成：语音重叠词reduplicatives(1) 定义： Sound reduplication is the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change.(2) 类型：Four types:1 Words to imitate pure sounds e.g. tick-tuck模仿声音2 Words to suggest alternating movemen

47、ts e.g. ping-pong暗示某种运动3 Words to disparage（贬义、蔑视） by suggesting 'instability, nonsense, insecurity, vacillation', etc. e.g. hocus-pocus4 words to intensify.增强语气 e.g. teeny-weeny9、 Commonization of Proper Names 专有名词的普通名词化法Names of People 人名专有化 如：Ampere安培Names of Places 地名专有化 如：Champagne香槟（法国

48、尚帕涅）Names of Books 书名专有化 如：Utopia（乌托邦）Trade Name 商标名 如：nylon 尼龙Chapter 51、 Word Meaning词意(1) Reference所指含义1) 定义：Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world.所指含义是单词形式和它在这个世界上所指事物之间的关系。2) 语言符号和其所指之间的关系：the relationship between the linguistic sign and its

49、referent: 1 arbitrary 任意性、随意性2 conventional约定俗成3 the result of generalization and abstraction概括化与抽象化的结果reference + context = something definite即要赋予一定的语境l referencesymbol：意义通过符号表达l referencereferent（所指事物）：概括化合抽象化的结合l symbolreferent：任意性&约定俗成(2) Concept概念定义：Concept is a notion or idea, formed in th

50、e mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world. Concept is beyond language.在人的头脑中形成一些对客观世界的反映概念和意义的区别：1 They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words.均与所指事物相关，是词语的概念。2 Concept is universal to all men alike

51、regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 概念对于所有人来说都是相似的。3 But meaning belongs to language. 意义属于语言层次。(3) Sense语义定义：The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.一个词的语义表现了它和语言中的其他词在语义系统上的关系，通常等

52、于意义。 Ø Sense denotes the relationships inside the language语义表现的是语言内在关系。Ø Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things they stand for. 所指含义表示的是单词和它们所象征事物之间的关系。2、 Motivation 理据(1) Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据In modern English, some words whose phonetic forms suggest their

53、meanings as the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.通过模仿自然声音或者噪音暗示单词意义。l primary onomatopoeiasecondary onomatopoeia: e.g. splash/whisper(2) Morphological Motivation形态理据Compounds and derived words are multimorphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the total of the

54、morphemes combined.复合词和派生词是多语素词，他们的意义由语素结合而成。 e.g. airmail、miniskirt(3) Semantic Motivation语义理据It explains the meaning of a word generated through associations based on its conceptual meaning.语义理据解释了一个词通过联想在概念意义的基础上衍生出其他意义。e.g. mouth of a river: the opening part of the river(4) Etymological Motivati

55、on词源理据the origins of words more often than not throw light on their meanings.单词的起源往往能解释它们的含义。3、 Types of Meaning(1) Grammatical Meaning语法意义定义：Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and the