如何写好英语句子

1、HOW TO WRITEGOOD SENTENCES如何写好英语句子 （之二）NOVEMBER, 2007 前 言 语言这东西非下苦功是断然不能学好的.学汉语如此,学英语也是如此.学英语要听, 说, 读, 写四能并进.做到听,说领先,读,写跟上.耳勤,嘴勤,眼勤,手勤.互动,互补.学英语又必须先学句子,即在特定的语言环境下,既要听得懂,能理解,还要说得出,会撰写.学会完整地用句子表达思想.许多语言工作的先辈倡导英语单词,短语也应该放在句子中学.可见,句子对于学习和运用英语起着多么重要的作用.句子造得好与不好,有无缺陷,朗读是检验的一项重要标准.有声的音韵,将有助于我们对句子作出判断.思路清晰.

2、句子必定流畅.表述上的病句,凸现的是逻辑思维上的紊乱.所以,凡读起来卡壳的句子,折射出的不只是语法上的错误与暇疵,而更是思想深层次里的问题.C O N T E N TPAGE01音韵与意群0602基本语序 1 - 30803句子结构1004主语1205谓语1206时态1307现在时态1308一般现在时1309现在进行时1410be always +ing1511现在完成时1512现在完成进行时1613过去时态1714一般过去时1715过去进行时1816过去将来时1817将来时态1918一般将来时1919be going to + inf. V2020be + ing / be going to

3、 比较2021将来进行时2022将来完成时2123语态2224主动语态2225被动语态2226现在完成时被动语态2327现在进行时被动语态2328-ed 定语形容词2429-ed 表语形容词2430动词的非谓语形式2531动词不定式2532形式主语2633引导动词不定式逻辑主语的介词for2834形式宾语2835only to + inf.2936动名词3037动名词与动词不定式比较3138stop +ing / stop to + inf.3139现在分词3240语气3341陈述语气3342祈使语气3343虚拟语气3344宾语3445表语3546状语3747基本语序3848状语的排序3849

4、补足语4050定语4251同位语4652从句4853名词性从句4854强调句式4955宾语从句4956表语从句5057同位语从句5058定语从句5159限制性定语从句5160关系代词引导的定语从句5161关系副词引导的定语从句5262关系代词在定语从句中的省略5263非限制性定语从句5264连接 / 过渡5365过渡连词5466连接词5567简单连接词5568并列连词 and / but / or5569并列连词 so5670顺序连词 before / after5671递进连词and then5672从属连词 for5673转折连词whereas5774疑问连词whether / if577

5、5时间段连词while / when5776时间段连词till / until5777语义上错位的 when5878让步连词though / although5879让步连词as5880让步连词while5881让步连词yet5882假设连词if5983因果连词as / because / since5984除外条件连词unless6085关连连接词6086递进连接词not onlybut also6087连同连接词bothand6088选择连接词eitheror6089选择连接词neithernor6090分词连接词6191假设supposing < that>6192让步Giv

6、en <that> 6193让步provided <that>6194短语连接词6195连同as well as6196让步as if / as though / as long as6197让步even if / even though6198条件in case6299结果so that62100时间as soon as / the moment62101带从属连词的无动词从句63102过渡副词和介词短语64103假设与推论66104虚拟语气67105航运英语中常用省略连词” if”的几种情况69106Suggest74107词语扩展的方向性75108PATTERNS

7、 IN SITUATIONS情景句式7801INTRODUCTION介绍句式7902SELF-INTRODUCTION自我表述句式8003REFERENCE指代句式8104RESPONDING搭腔句式8205EXCLAMATION赞叹句式8406CONFIRMING肯定对方句式8507EXPRESSING NECESSITY表达需要句式8608EXPOUNDING表达意见句式8809APOLOGY表达歉意句式8910IT LOOKS / SOUNDS感/觉句式9011LIKE / DISLIKE喜欢厌恶句式9112EXPRESSING SURPRISE惊奇句式9213REQUEST请求句式94

8、14PROPOSING提议句式9615EXPRESSING DOUBT疑虑句式9716EXPLANATION解释句式9817I UNDERSTANDING / CAN SEE理解句式9918EXPRESSING OBLIGATION不得不句式10219IMPLIED PROPOSAL侧面建议句式10320ASKING FOR COMMENT征求意见句式10521ASKING FOR CONFIRMATION要求对方确认句式10622THE SUPERATIVE ASSERTION断言确认句式10723ENCOURAGING受鼓舞句式10824DISHEARTENING泄气句式10925PERS

9、UADING规劝句式11026ASSUMPTION设想句式11127SPECIFIC PROBING具体探究句式11228EXPECTING期望句式11329TO MY UNDERSTANDING据我所知句式11430PEOPLE SAY援引句式11531ENUMERATING举例句式11632SEQUENTIAL CONNECTORS条理叙述句式11733REFERING EXISTENCE存在句式11834PHYSICAL IMPOSSIBILITY客观上不可能句式11935WHAT IF万一句式12036DEDUCTION推论句式12137EXAGGERATION & UNDER

10、STATEMENT夸张与低调12438ITS TIME该是时候句式12739ITS THE FIRST TIME第一次句式12840WOULD RATHER宁愿句式12941EXPRESSING EMPHASIS强调句式13042REFERRING TO OTHER SUBJECT涉及其它句式13143SHIFTING TOPIC改变话题句式13244COMPLAINT抱怨13345CONCESSION让步13446PUT UP WITH忍让13547REJECT拒绝13648DISAPPOINTMENT失望13749CONCLUSION总结句式13850SAYING GOODBYE告别句式1

11、39动词的非谓语形式 VERB NON-INFINITIVE 除谓语外, 其它表明主语动作或状态的动词, 在英语句中由处于从属于谓语的动词非谓语形式来表达.BELL called, asking for 5 x 40 FRs and the latest date to be 8TH ,May for their upcoming shipment. 贝尔 来电, 他们下一载货要 5 个40尺框架箱, 出运时间最晚不得晚于5 月8日. 句中called是主要动词谓语, asking for 是现在分词短语作状语, 是一种伴随状况; to be 是动词不定式作后置定语修饰the latest d

12、ate; 而upcoming是现在分词作定语来限定后面的shipment.动词不定式 < THE INFINITIVE >动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式, 由to + V (动词原形) 构成. 如 : To add a GRI 由于是非谓语动词形式, 动词不定式除了不能单独作句子的谓语动词以外, 具有动词的其它一切功能. 如在句中可以充当主语, 表语, 宾语, 定语, 状语, 宾语补足语, 主语补语等成份外. 自身也可以带状语, 宾语等功能. 如:They began to talk about the possibilty of jointly making full util

13、ization of their resourses available.他们开始接触探讨联合利用现有资源的可能性.< 动词不定式to talk about 在句子中,充当谓语动词 begin 的宾语,自身还带有宾语 the possibility.>To add a GRI at this time of year would mean to decline bookings from customers.在这个时候加收旺季附加费就等于拒绝客户订舱. <在句中充当主语, 并带有状语, 宾语>动词不定式的否定结构是在其前面加not. 如: not to add a se

14、cond GRI 动词不定式可以有其所表示的动作的执行者作为它的逻辑主语(不是句子的主语), 通常由 for+名词/代词 组成, 如: for the conference lines not to add a second GRIIt was certainly unwise for the conference lines not to add a second GRI.公会成员公司不加收第二个旺季附加费肯定是不明智的.It is not uncommon, sometimes, for the shipper to nominate a carrier and shipping sche

15、dule and let the forwarder do the booking of the space.托运人先指定承运人和班期,而后再由货代来操作订舱,也是常有的事情.动词不定式 + Wh- 疑问代词或疑问副词构成一种特殊的不定式短语:At the principals meeting, they were discussing what to add, PSS or GRI, and when to add.在船主大会上,他们讨论准备加收哪种费用,是加收PSS呢还是GRI以及什么时候开始加收.To make the Golden Weeks 7 days each, we just

16、shift the foregoing and advance the upcoming Saturdays and Sundays to the holidays.为使每个黄金周都过上7天,我们把节前和节后的两个周末挪到节日一起过. <目的状语>To set up a pricing mechanism will be a big step toward optimizing the price management.建立运价机制将是优化运价管理的一大举措. < 主语 >动词不定式前面可以加上疑问代词或疑问副词构成不定式短语.如:But they all kow ho

17、w to motivate their subordinates and develop them through work. 但他们知道如何去激励下属,使他们在工作中得到提高.But how to get enough funds for the new buildings is still a question.但是怎样才能筹措到足够的资金来造新船还是个问题.We will inform you in good time when to resume the service.届时我们会通知你们恢复通航的确切时间.The CEO asked his assistant to work out

18、 where to lay up the old tonnage. 这位总裁让他的助理拿出到哪里去处置暂时没有用的老令船的方案来.The CFO told the accounting department what to do with the funds.总会计师指示财会部如何运作这笔基金.The retiring line manager told his successor who to turn to in the company in case of need.行将退休的航线经理告诉他的接班人必要时, 在公司里应该找谁. 形式主语 It < FORMAL SUBJECT IT

19、 >动词不定式短语作句子主语. 如:To put up the rate from the present 950 to 1150 will not be unacceptable to shippers. But to put up to 1400 would create some problems.从现有950美元提到1150 托运人不会接受不了. 但提到1400美元大概会出现些问题.但是, 如果动词不定式短语本身较长, 那恐怕会使句子的主语显得过于冗长, 使人读来不得要领. 如:For the shipper to nominate a carrier and shipping

20、schedule and let the forwarder book the space is not uncommon. 托运人先指定承运人和班期,而后再由货代来操作去订舱也并不少见.因此,英语中, 常常会借助于物主代词It,先行替代不定式短语,而将这一冗长的结构置于句子的后半部,使句子结构更趋稳当. 尤其是那些带有逻辑主语的不定式短语更是如此. 如:It is not uncommon, sometimes, for the shipper to nominate a carrier and shipping schedule and let the forwarder book the

21、 space. 有时托运人常常会先指定承运人和班期,而后再由货代来操作订舱.So, it is also important to make sure if the liner is going to have any stopover in other port(s) to unload or load other cargoes en route to the destination.所以,订舱时,确定船舶在去目的港<地>途中是否要弯挂其它港口进行装卸作业也十分重要.上述动词不定式 所表达的这一动作带有普遍意义. 而如果仅是个例的话, 那么, 动词不定式 就必须有其动作的执行者

22、. 换言之,在较多的场合下, 该动作的执行者需要十分明确. 所以, 在这一句式中, 动词不定式 又常常会带出它的逻辑主语. <logical 或notional subject>. 如:It will not be unacceptable to shippers for China Shipping to put up the rate from the present 950 to 1150.中海把现行的950美元的运价涨至1150美元对于托运人来说, 不至于接受不了.同样,We find it difficult for CBC to sell at 1150 but we

23、dont find it difficult for ABC to sell at the price.我们觉着CBC卖1150恐怕有困难, 而ABC卖的话则不会有多大问题.英语中, 形式主语It 替代的动词不定式短语, 不少可以转换成, 由 that 引导的名词性从句. 如:1> It is very important to avoid destructive competition and opposition among colleagues, especially between managers and employees. 同事之间, 尤其是经理与雇员之间, 避免出现破坏性

24、的竞争和对峙至关重要.< It is very important that we <should> avoid destructive competition and opposition among colleagues, especially between managers and employees. >2> It is indispensable for a manager to motivate employees and develop them through work.一位经理如何来激励员工并通过工作使他们得到发展是他工作中的一个不可分割的重要

25、部分.< It is indispensable that a manager <should> motivate employees and develop them through work. >3> It is necessary to trust the employees and let everyone share in problem solving.必须信任员工, 让他们共同参与解决出现的问题.< It is necessary that we <should> trust the employees and let everyo

26、ne share in problem solving. > 引导动词不定式的逻辑主语的介词 for “FOR” + NOTIONAL S + INFINITIVEIt is not uncommon, sometimes, for the shipper to nominate a carrier.< cf. It is not uncommon, sometimes, to nominate a carrier. > 由托运人先指定承运人也是常有的.Its relatively easier for the shipper to look for a better rat

27、e than the service required.< cf. Its relatively easier to look for a better rate than the service required. >因为让托运人找个好一点的价格相对于寻觅合适的服务要容易得多.Importers may specify an earliest date of shipment for the exporter not to ship the goods too early to cause the high inventory, warehouse congestion and

28、financial strain. 进口商可以在信用证里明确规定最早出运日期, 防止出口商过早地出运货物, 以避免仓储成本上升, 库地拥挤和财政上的压力.They said they would save minimum 30 TEUs per voyage for Panalpina to sell to their VIP customers. 他们说他们每航次至少要保留30舱位供泛亚班拿 卖给他们的VIP客户.Theyve arranged a VOLVO transporter for the shipment to be hauled to the work site.他们已经安排好

29、一辆VOLVO拖车把货物拉到工地现场去. 形式宾语 It < FORMAL OBJECT IT >动词不定式在用作宾语时, 须用先行词it来替代它, 而把不定式放在形容词, 名词等宾语补足语的后面.V + it + adj./n. + inf. to Good team work makes customers feel it most comfortable to do the business transaction with you. 良好的团队精神可以使得客户感到跟你做生意心情舒畅.Do you think it wrong not to quote USD675 for

30、Asia-Europe westbound ?你觉得西行运价不报USD675错了吗 ?We consider it our first priority to foster the employees loyalty before everything else.我们认为培育员工对公司的忠诚度是高于其它一切的首要任务.You will find it strange to speak English before your fellow workers for the first couple of days.开头的一两天你会觉得在同事面前讲英语有些怪怪的. Dont you deem it

31、necessary to apply for some extension of the free use time ?你不觉得再申请一些时日的免费使用期很有必要吗 ?Try to make it an easy job for the customer to use the system.想办法让客户使用该系统更方便些.Will you look at it as a chance for you to make the impossible possible ?难道你不认为这是你可以变不可能为可能的一次机会吗 ?这个结构里it 被称之为 形式宾语, 而真正意义上的 宾语 则是 inf. t

32、o 动词不定式短语. Only to + V 这里 only to + V. 意为 不料 / 其结果却是 . 一般用 意外的场合Logically, nobody would take the trouble of traveling a long way from outside Shanghai to sign an agreement with a line just for a couple of boxes only to quit immediately afterwards.没有人会打上海以外老远的地方来为一两个箱子签署个协议,而后出运了就不走了. 这不合逻辑.They took

33、 delivery of the goods first time the vessel commenced unloading and hauled all the way to the Fish Market for sale only to find the market was closed.他们在船舶卸货的第一时间接货, 一路紧赶着将货物拉到 鱼市场去卖, 不料等他们赶到时,市场已经结束.He hurried all the way back to the office only to be told that he was sackd.他急急忙忙赶回公司却被告知他被解雇了.They

34、 have been doing the preparation of the meeting for weeks only to be informed that the meeting will no longer be called.他们为筹备这个会议忙碌了好几个星期,结果被告知说会议不开了.动名词 < GERUND >动名词是非谓语动词的另一种形式, 由 V + ing 构成 <与现在分词形式同>. 如 : doing .It is simply because small accounts might work wonders in doing the Wor

35、d of Mouth Marketing.理由就是那些小客户在 口碑营销 上往往会做出意想不到的成效.所谓 动名词, 顾名思义, 即是一种兼有动词又有名词特性的非谓语动词. 如, 上句中的 doing 既是介词 in 的宾语<名词性>, 同时还带着自身的宾语 the word of mouth marketing <动词性>. Smaller shippers in turn take advantage of the lower costs of the NVOCC as a big shipper by tendering their shipments to th

36、e NVOCC.小箱量托运人则可以利用大货量NVOCC享有大货主低价的便利把小批量的箱子交给这家NVOCC托运.Seeing is believing. <眼见为实> 中, 动名词分别是句子的主语跟表语.英语中有相当一部分的及物动词后面需要用动名词作宾语. 如,The Customer Service Chief always avoids giving the customer a direct answer.这位客服主管总是回避直接回答客户提出的问题.The line usually practices down-cutting of its rates at this tim

37、e of year.该公司通常在这个时候减低其运价.They always begin putting up their price a month before Christmas.他们老是在圣诞节前一个月提价.在动词 need want 后面的动名词具有被动意义. 如:The relationship between the Conference and some key member lines needs mending.公会与几家大的成员公司间的关系有待弥合,改善.动名词可以有其自身的逻辑主语. 如:Nevertheless, Christmas is just another op

38、portunity to stimulate local consumer spending.然而, 圣诞节仅仅是刺激当地消费一个时机而已. 动名词 <-ing> 与动词不定式 < infinitive >比较 1. 动名词 <-ing> 通常表示抽象动作. 如: Its no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收, 后悔于事无补.动词不定式 < infinitive > 则表示具体动作. 如:His elder brother had advised him that it was no use to cry over

39、 spilt milk.他哥哥劝他不要作无益的后悔.2. 动名词 <-ing> 通常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起, 所表示的是一般总的情况;Seeing is believing.眼见为实. < 百闻不如一见 >动词不定式 < infinitive > 则往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起, 所表示的是特指具体的情况;To see is to believe. < This time I need to see it myself.>我要看了才能相信.因此, 动名词 <-ing> 又常见于布告式的标识中. 如:No smoking !

40、 禁止吸烟 !No parking ! 严禁泊车 !No fishing ! 不准垂钓 !No Spitting ! 禁止随地吐痰 ! STOP + ing / STOP + to INFINITIVE I had stopped being surprised when my cargo agent phoned me, saying that some words in the document had been misspelt; some blanks needed to be filled and some more money paid.当货代电话通知我, 单证上有的字拼错, 有几

41、栏还需填写, 另外还要再付些钱时, 我已习以为常, 不再感到惊奇了.注意stop + ing 跟 stop + to的区别. 前者意为 停止<不再> 后者意为 停下手头的活去从事 如:The rate stopped further climbing up.运价已经不再往上涨了.The rate stopped to climb up.运价盘旋后开始上扬.现在分词 < PRESENT PARTICIPLE >He called me the next day, asking about the end result of the talk.第二天, 他打电话给我, 询问

42、洽谈的最终结果.这里现在分词短语 asking about 表示的是 第二天来电, 询问 一种伴随状况.The market fluctuated, indicating price unable to firm up.市场波动, 表明运价难以上浮. < 状态状语 >They proposed, saying that the major lines unite to stabilize the westbound rates.他们提议说大公司为稳定西行运价理应团结一致. < 状态状语 >The liner sailed, leaving hundreds of con

43、tainers short shipped.船开航了, 留下好几百个漏装箱. < 结果状语 >In 2004, there were approximately 84 freight forwarding companies that quit the local market, representing a 75% increase over 2003.2004年,大约有84家货代公司撤出当地市场,与2003年相比增长幅度达75%.<结果状语>语气 MOOD 语气是指说话人对所讲内容的态度、看法以及心情。英语谓语动词的语气有三种：1. 陈述语气 < The In

44、dicative Mood > 用于陈述事实、描述状态ABC has added two GRIs this year . ABC公司今年已经调了两次旺季附加费了。2. 祈使语气 < The Imperative Mood > 用于提出请求、命令、劝告等Ship the cargo when the earliest sailing is available.一有航班,尽快将货物出运出去.Lets take a look at the goings of the market price.现在让我们来看看市场运价的走势.3 虚拟语气 < The Subjunctive

45、Mood > 用于表示主观愿望和假设等虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现出说话人的主观因素比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至无法实现。I wish the market would pick up when the big liners phase in.但愿大船纳线之后, 市场会好起来。虚拟语气常用于表示客气、委婉的说法.虚拟语气之所以能表示客气、委婉，就是因为语气是虚拟的；讲话的人有意将内容虚拟化，给听话人以能否接受所听内容方面留有较大空间和余地；不会产生压力或强迫感。因而，虚拟语气比陈述语气，祈使语气都要来得客气、委婉和礼貌。

46、Could you tell me why your line dropped the freight rate when the others had just put it up ? 你能告诉我为什么在别的公司都上调运价的时候, 你们公司却下浮呢？Would you mind making a second review of our case ? 劳驾您可否再审视一下我们的情况。宾语 < 0 >SVO语序的英语句子中, 宾语就是谓语V发出的动作承受者, 或结果.凡带有宾语的谓语V都是及物动词<v.t.>.英语介词<前置词>也带宾语.宾语主要分两类: 直

47、接宾语, 间接宾语. 当然, 还有, 介词宾语, 形式宾语.英语中可以充当句子宾语的有: 名词, 代词, 数词 以及具有名词性的动词非谓语形式动名词, 动词不定式, 和名词性从句.名词 NOUNNOL merged APL in 1997.1997年 “东方海皇” 兼并了 “美国总统轮船公司”.代词 PRONOUNABC charged them 1500USD per TEU and 2900USD per FEU for Asia-Europe westbound.ABC公司收他们欧洲西行的小箱运费是1500美元, 大箱2900美元.ABC granted none 10 days for

48、 free use time.ABC没有批给任何一家10天的免费使用期.数词 NUMERALABC quoted 1300 for their volume of 20 FEUs.他们有20个大箱, ABC报给他们1300这个价格.动名词 GERUNDABC rejected the booking. They found repositioning of containers difficult in India.ABC回绝了订舱. 他们觉得在印度回调空箱难度很大.The CEO stressed increasing liftings and downsizing the number o

49、f staffs at the meeting as of primary importance for now.总裁在会上强调增加箱量, 缩减员工人数是当前首要任务.动词不定式 VERB INFINITIVEThe lines found it too natural to add a GRI at this time of year .船公司觉着一年这个时候调价加收旺季附加费是再自然不过的了. < it 是形式宾语,先行替代to add>名词性从句 NOUN CLAUSEOn many occasions they repeated that the market share

50、is of first importance to a line. 他们在诸多场合重申市场份额对于一家船公司来说是首要的.He asked if any illegal rebate had been granted in the transaction.他曾经问起交易中是否给了 “暗扣”.表语 PREDICATIVESV语序的英语句子中, 当谓语V是系动词时, 语序便由SVO转为SVP<主系表>.表语是阐明主语的特征, 处于的状态, 因而是静态的. < STATISTIC>.英语中可以充当句子表语的有: 名词, 代词, 数词,形容词,分词,动名词, 动词不定式,副词,介词短语和名词性从句.常见的系动词有: be, become,