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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上薄冰实用英语语法详解之二十 状语从句主编 薄 冰 编著 王兰明 陈 静 山西出版传媒集团·山西教育出版社2014年6月第4版第46次印刷出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 潘 峰ISBN 978-7-5440-3553-8更加深入学习英语语法请加微平台bbzdzyyyf 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语,凭什么让我学语法吗?不时听到一些青年问道:学英语一定要学语法吗?语法应该怎么学呢?我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说,尤其是成年人,我看是学点语法好。语法,顾名思义,乃是语

2、言的法则和规律。学习语法,尤其是一些基本法则,至少有下列几个好处:第一 可以使你学得快些,因为已有现成的前人总结的法则,用不着你从头摸索。第二 可以使你学得透些,因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然,而且可以知其所以然。 第三 可以使你学得准些,因为语法法则就是一条条准绳,可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。 第四 语法不但可以引你入门,更可以引你入胜,使你逐渐眼界开阔,语感加深,从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢?我认为在学习语法过程中,应该注意下面几点:第一 基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时,一定要把它的基本概念搞清,牢记在心。第二 要大量地实践,大量地练习。实践要包括听、说

3、、读、写四个方面,练习要着重说和写。第三 学习语法时,应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较,效果就比较好。 第四 要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法,就不必钻牛角尖,进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五 将一本语法书通读一遍,当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书,像词典一样地经常查阅,始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六 实用英语语法只应是入门的向导,像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后,就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑,影响你说和写的流利性。 最后 可能还会有人说,语法应该学,就是太枯燥。我的感觉是:开头有点枯燥,过

4、些时候,就会像嚼橄榄似的,越学越有味了。如若不信,请试试看。 薄冰实用英语语法之·状语从句目录201 状语从句概述202 时间状语从句 203 地点状语从句 204 原因状语从句 205 条件状语从句206 让步状语从句207 目的状语从句208 结果状语从句209 方式状语从句2010比较状语从句2011单元练习Unit 20 状语从句201 状语从句概述在复合句中作状语的从句,叫做状语从句(the Adverbial Clause)。状语从句由从属连词或起连词作用的词语引出,用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词。状语从句在句中的位置较灵活,可位于句首、句末,也可位于句中。置于主句之

5、前时,其后常加逗号;置于主句之后,一般其前不加逗号;置于主句中间,从句前后均要加逗号与主句分开。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、目的、结果、方式和比较等九种。202 时间状语从句常见的引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when当时since 自从while 当时,在期间before 在以前after 在之后as 当时,一边一边till / until 直到once 一旦whenever 任何时候every time每当no sooner.than一就as soon as / the moment / directly / immediately一就hardly(scarc

6、ely).when 一就when,as和 while (1) when引出的时间状语从句,其中的动词既可以是表示延续性动作的动词,也可以是表示瞬间性动作的动词。它的意义在于既可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,又可以是从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如:When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials. 当你申请工作时,你必须递交你的有关证件。(同时)When the students heard the teacher's footsteps, they all stopped talking. 当学生们听到老

7、师的脚步声时,他们都停止了讲话。(从句动作发生在前) (2) when还可表示just then“正在那时,突然”的意思,此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。如:We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要动身,突然天下起雨来。 1. I left my umbrella in my room. Could you wait_I go back to get it? (2005年南昌市中考题)A. whenB. ifC. whileD. before【答案选C】while意思是“在期间”,这句话的意思是:“在我回家取伞期间,你能等我吗?”

8、2. We were swimming in the lake_suddenly the storm started.(2004年高考北京卷)A. whenB. ifC. whileD. before【答案选A】when连词,作“正当这时”解。 (3) as引导的时间状语从句,其动作是延续性的,而且侧重表示主句和从句的动作同时发生。如:She came up as he was working. 他正工作时,她走了进来。As the students walked to their dormitories, they sang happily. 学生们一边往宿舍走,一边快乐地唱着歌。 (4)

9、while表示“在某一段时间里”或“在期间”,其所引出的从句的动作是延续性的,并侧重表示和主句的动作同时发生。如:While you were away, two persons came to see you. 你不在时有两个人来找你。While the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. 当老师用英语阐释课文时,同学们注意地听并且做着笔记。 (5) while还可用作并列连词,相当于whereas,连接一个表示对比的并列分句。如:Mary was

10、 dressed in blue while Jane was dressed in red. 玛丽穿蓝色衣服,而珍妮穿红色衣服。whenever,every time和each timeWhenever I'm the only young people among all these older people, I feel out of it. 每当我一个年轻人与这些老人在一起时,我总感到很不自在。Whenever / Every time / Each time I met her, she was studying. 我每次看见她时,她总是在学习。Every time he

11、comes to Wuhan, he will call on me. 他每次来武汉都要来看我。 1. Miss Zhao is very helpful.She often helps us_we are in trouble.(2005年大连市中考题)A. whenB. ifC. wheneverD. before【答案选C】whenever无论在什么时候,本句为“无论我们什么时候有困难,她时常帮助我们”。 2. You can eat food free in my restaurant_you like.(2004年高考重庆卷)A. wheneverB. whereverC. what

12、everD. however【答案选A】本句意为“任何时候,只要你喜欢,你都可以在我的饭店免费吃饭”。根据句意和句子结构,应选用“whenever”。since 和ever sincesince,ever since引导的从句通常用一般过去时,主句中的谓语动词通常用完成时。如:We've never met since we graduated from the college. 自大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。但在“It is / was.since”句型中,主句中的谓语动词也可用一般时态。如:It is five years since we parted. 自从我们分手后已过了五年

13、了。 1. They have been in this city_three years ago.(2005年长沙市中考题)A. forB. aboutC. since【答案选C】since three years ago“自从三年前”。 2. It is almost five years_we saw each other last time.(2005年高考北京卷)A. untilB. sinceC. afterD. when【答案选B】此句为since的基本句型之一,意为“从我们上次见面到现在已有五年的时间了”。since之后用一般过去时,表示某个动作的起点,主句通常用现在完成时,所

14、以题干中的It is almost five years 也可用It has been five years来表示。before和after (1) before 引导的从句一般表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前,如从句是过去时,主句一般要用过去完成时。如:I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad. 在我的导师出国之前,我已完成了我的学位论文。 (2) after引导的从句,表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后,如主句是过去时,从句一般要用过去完成时。如:After the boy had finished his

15、 homework, he played football with his friends. 这个小男孩在完成作业后,和他的伙伴们踢了一会儿球。Why didn't you tell him about the meeting?He rushed out of the room_I could say a word.(2006年高考四川卷)A. beforeB. untilC. whenD. after【答案选A】此句意在考查连词before的灵活运用。此处before可译为“还没来得及”。till和untiltill和until所表示的意义相同, 但要注意以下情况: (1) 如果主

16、句的谓语动词为延续性动词,就常用肯定式表示 “直到为止”。如:Vern will remain in college until (till) he finishes his Ph.D course. 弗恩将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。 (2) 如果主句的谓语动词为瞬间性动词,就常用否定式表示“直到才”或 “在以前(不)”之意。这时till和until可用before替换,意义差别不大。如:I won't go with you until (till) I finish my homework. 等我做完作业我才和你一起去。 (3) until较正式,可用于句首,而till 通

17、常不用于句首。 1. It's 9 o'clock now.I must go. It's raining outside.Don't leave_it stops.(2005年北京市中考题)A. whenB. sinceC. whileD. until【答案选D】not.until.“直到才”,此句表达的是“雨停了再走”。 2. Simon thought his computer was broken_his little brother pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on.(2005年高考北京卷)

18、A. untilB. unlessC. afterD. because【答案选A】 先将句干做断句分析,主句意为:Simon认为他的电脑坏了。从句意为:他的小弟指出他忘了打开它。分析主从句的关系可知,选项C. after(在后)、D. because(因为)应该首先排除,选项A为thought持续的时间,B unless(if not)为条件。选until,取其before之意;完整的句意为:在他的小弟指出他忘了打开它(电脑)之前,Simon一直认为自己的电脑坏了。言外之意为:小弟指出来(真正的原因)之后,Simon才明白自己的电脑没坏,只是他忘了开机了。as soon as,immediat

19、ely,directly,once,the minute / moment (that)等表示时间的副词引导的时间状语从句表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一就”。如:As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我们一到家,电话就响了。I recognized her immediately I saw her. 我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。Directly the teacher came in, everyone was quiet. 老师一进来,大家就静了下来。Once you understand this rule, yo

20、u'll have no further difficulty. 一旦明白了这条规则,就再也没有困难了。I want to see her the minute / moment(that)she arrives. 她一来到我就要见她。 1. I tried to call you_I heard from him,but you were not in.(2005年河北省中考题)A. sinceB. whileC. untilD. as soon as【答案选D】as soon as.“一就”引导时间状语从句。 2. _environmental damage is done,it

21、takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.(2006年高考江苏卷)A. Even ifB. If onlyC. WhileD. Once【答案选D】“一旦环境遭到破坏,要好些年才能恢复。”由此可知,前面是一个时间状语从句。no sooner.than,hardly (scarcely).when引导的从句也表示 “一就”。 “刚就” 的含义。它们只用于过去时,主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时。no sooner,hardly位于句首时,主句的主谓语要部分倒装。如:Warren had no sooner (No sooner had

22、he) arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 沃伦刚一到家,就又要他出另一次差。No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. 这些话刚一出口,他就意识到自己本来应该保持沉默。Hardly had Tony reached the airport when the plane took off. 托尼刚到机场,飞机就起飞了。203 地点状语从句 (1) 常见的引导地点状语从句的连词有

23、:where在地方wherever无论哪里, 在任何地方 everywhere每一地方;到处anywhere任何地方Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。You can go wherever (anywhere) you like these days. 这些天你可以去任何你想去的地方。Wherever (Everywhere) they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一处, 都受到热烈的欢迎。I'll take you anywhere you like. 你喜欢哪儿我就带你去哪儿。I

24、f you are traveling_the customs are really foreign to your own,please do as the Romans do.(2006年天津高考题)A. in whichB. whatC. whenD. where【答案选D】根据句意,句中需要一个地点状语,而in which只在定语从句中的某些情况下才可以与where替换。 (2) 地点状语从句中有些成分常可省略。如:Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 要随处避免这种结构。Fill in the blanks with the

25、 given phrases. Change the form where necessary. 用所给的短语填空,必要的地方可以改变其形式。注意where 在地点状语从句中,除指地点外,还可指处境等。如:Rex said he was happy where he was. 雷克斯说他对现在的处境很满意。It is your fault that she is where she is. 她今天落到这个地步都怪你。204 原因状语从句常见的引导原因状语从句表原因或理由的关联词有:becauseassincefornow thatseeing thatconsidering(that)in t

26、hat (1) because 表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由,着重点在从句,其所引出的从句为全句句意的中心所在。通常用于回答why引出的疑问句,语气最强,除特别强调外,该从句通常位于主句后面。如:I didn't go abroad with her because I couldn't afford it. 我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。“Why is he absent?”“Because he is ill.” “他为什么旷课?”“因为他病了。” (2) since表示对方已知的、无须加以说明的既成事实的理由。全句中心在主句,语气比because弱,常译为“既然”

27、。如:Since traveling by air is much faster, they decided to take a plane. 既然乘飞机旅行快得多,他们就决定坐飞机。Since we've no money, we can't buy it. 由于我们没有钱,我们不能买它。 (3) as表示十分明显的原因,一般说明因果关系,着重点在主句,语气更弱,常译为“由于”。as和since引出的原因状语从句一般放在句首。since较as正式。because可以代替as和since。而as和since不一定能代替because。如:As it is snowing, we

28、 shall not climb the mountain. 由于在下雪,我们不去爬山了。I can't come tomorrow, as I'm going to a concert. 明天我不能来,因为我要去听音乐会。 (4) 表原因的连词for,有时可与because互换。但语法学家们多认为其是一个并列连词,用来连接两个简单的分句。for 引出的分句,语气最弱,主要是补充说明原因,解释另一分句,不可回答why的分句,其所引导的从句只能放在句子后部,也可单独成为一个句子。如:We must start early, for we have a long way to go

29、. 我们必须早点出发,因为我们有很长的路要走。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚准是下雨了,因为地面是湿的。He found it increasingly difficult to read,_his eyesight was beginning to fail.(2006年高考北京卷)A. andB. forC. butD. or【答案选B】and表示并列,for表示原因,but表示转折,or表示选择。从句意判断“他发现看书日益困难”,与“他的视力开始下降”之间应是因果关系。 (5) now(that),see

30、ing(that ),considering(that),in that:鉴于,由于。now (that)和since同义,其中that可省去,用来表示一种新的情况,再加以推论;in that 作“因为;基于的理由”解,在句中不重读,它所引导的从句只能位于主句之后。如:Now (that) you've passed your test, you can drive on your own. 你驾驶考试既已合格,就可以独自开车了。Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home. 由于天气不好,我们要待在家里了。Consi

31、dering (that) he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well. 考虑到他只学了一年,他的英文已讲得相当不错了。Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. 广告不同于其他交际形式,因为登广告的人要为其所提供的信息付费。I'm in a slightly awkward position

32、, in that he's not arriving until 10th. 我的处境有点难堪,因为他要10号才来。He transplanted the little tree to the garden_it was the best time for it.(2005年高考上海卷)A. whereB. whenC. thatD. until【答案选B】此处when=since;considering that既然;考虑到。句意:考虑到这是移种小树的最好时机,他把那棵小树移植到了花园。205 条件状语从句常见的引导条件状语从句的连词或词组有:if 如果unless除非as(so)

33、 long as只要on condition that条件是provided / providing that假如suppose / supposing假如in case如果for fear(that / lest) 唯恐;以免only if 只要;只有if only但愿;要是该多好如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。 (1) if可用于引导虚拟语气;而unless在意义上相当于“if.not”,而且语气较强,通常不用于虚拟语气。如:I'll buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money. 如果我能存下足够的钱,我就

34、买台计算机。Unless the weather was bad, my father always used to take a walk in the evening. 除非天气不好,我的父亲晚上总是去散步。 1. Tomorrow we'll go to the city park_it is sunny.(2005年安徽省中考题)A. as soon asB. whenC. ifD. as【答案选C】if表示条件,引导条件状语从句,“明天有阳光,我们就去城市公园”。 2. _you have tried it,you can't imagine how pleasant

35、 it is. (2006年高考北京卷)A. UnlessB. BecauseC. AlthoughD. When【答案选A】句意为“除非你尝试过,否则你不可能想象出那是多么愉快”。because因为;although尽管;when当.的时候,都不符合句意。注意if或unless引导的条件状语从句中某些词可以省略。如:If (it is ) necessary, I will come at 6. 如有必要,我六点钟来。Do not leave the building unless instructed to do so. 没有接到指示,不准离开这幢房子。 (2) suppose / sup

36、posing that,provided / providing (that) Suppose you had a million pounds how would you spend it? 假如你有一百万镑你怎么花呢?Supposing (that) it rains, can we play the match indoors? 要是下雨的话,我们在室内比赛行吗?I will agree to go providedproviding (that) my expenses are paid. 假如为我负担费用,我就同意去。 (3) as (so) long as只要就;on condit

37、ion (that)在条件下,倘若 ;in case以防万一,万一,如果。如:As long as it doesn't rain, we can play. 只要不下雨我们就能玩。You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat. 你要穿上外衣才能出去。You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains. 你最好带着雨伞,以防万一下起雨来。Daddy didn't mind what we were doing,as long as we were together,_

38、fun.(2005年高考重庆卷)A. hadB. haveC. to haveD. having【答案选D】as long as“只要.”引导状语从句,用以提出条件。本题意为:只要我们在一起,玩得开心,爸爸不介意我们在做什么。having fun是现在分词短语,在as long as从句中作伴随状语。 (4) only if引导真实条件句,用于句首,主句主谓倒装;if only一般引导虚拟条件句或感叹句。如:Only if a teacher has given permission, is a student allowed to enter this room. 只有得到教师的许可,学生才

39、可以进这间屋子。 (真实条件句)If only he had come, Van would have met you. 范要是来的话,本来会见到你的。 (虚拟条件句)If only I could swim. 要是我会游泳该多好。(虚拟感叹句)206 让步状语从句常见的引导让步状语从句的连词或词语有:although / though虽然even if / though即使;纵然;尽管as / while尽管whoever(no matter who)不管谁whatever(no matter what)无论什么whenever(no matter when)无论什么时候wherever(n

40、o matter where)无论哪里however(no matter how)无论怎样whether.or不论还是although,though,even if / though (1) although “虽然”较though正式,多用于书面体,而且在由其引导的让步状语从句中,主句不能用“but” ,因为but 作连词时为并列连词,它所连接的是并列句。如果要强调“但是”语气时,可使用yet,still,或nevertheless来表示“但是”、“依然”或“然而”之意。如:Although they have been talking for a long time, he cannot

41、make her believe him. 虽然和她谈了半天,他还是不能使她信任他。Though they lack official support, they continue their struggle. 他们虽然没有得到官方的支持,但仍继续奋斗。 (2) even though / if用以强调,口语中较为多见。如:Even if I failed again, I will not give up the experiment. 即使我再次失败,我也决不会放弃实验。I like her even though she can be annoying. 尽管她有时很恼人,但我还是喜欢

42、她。 1. Mrs Shute wouldn't leave the TV set,_her children were waiting for their supper.(2005年广州市中考题)A. ifB. becauseC. even thoughD. as soon as【答案选C】even though“即使”。 2. _he has limited technical knowledge,the old worker has a lot of experience.(2006年全国高考题)A. SinceB. UnlessC. AsD. Although【答案选D】as可

43、以引导让步状语从句,但必须使用倒装语序,即Limited technical knowledge as he has.。准确理解句意,精确把握主、从句的逻辑关系是解答本题的关键。 (3) 疑问词 + ever(whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever.) / no matter + 疑问词(no matter what / who / which / when.)二者引出的让步状语从句意义无明显差别,常译成汉语“无论”。如:Whoever(No matter who)wants to speak to me on the phone, tell them I

44、9;m busy. 不管谁要我接电话, 就说我现在正忙着呢。Wherever (No matter where) you go, I'm right here waiting for you. 无论你到哪里,我都依然在这里等着你。Whenever(No matter when) you call on us, you are welcome. 无论你何时来访,我们都欢迎。The old tower must be saved,_the cost. (2005年高考浙江卷)A. howeverB. whateverC. whicheverD. wherever【答案选B】 句意:无论花费

45、什么代价也要拯救这座古塔。A项“无论多么”,修饰形容词或副词;C项“无论哪个”;D项“无论在哪儿”。这三个选项不符合句意。.whatever the cost=.whatever the cost is。 (4) as引导让步状语从句时,常放在作表语、状语或谓语的一部分的形容词、名词、副词或动词原形之后。如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语,不再用冠词。如:Strong as you may be, you cannot lift it. 虽然你可能很有力气,你却无法把它提起来。Late as it was, they continued to study. 时间尽管不早了,他们仍继续学习。Y

46、oungest as he is in our class, he studies very well. 尽管他是我们班最小的,但学习却非常好。Child as he is, he knows a lot. 他尽管是个孩子,却知道得很多。Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress. 他虽然竭尽全力,但是没能取得多大进步。Much as I would like to stay, I really must go home. 虽然我愿意留下来,可我确实得回家了。Call as you may, he will not come. 即

47、使你给他打电话,他也不会来。Published as it was such a time, his work attracted much attention. 他的作品虽然在这样的时候发表,仍然引起了极大的关注。 (5) whether.or. Whether it rains or not, we're playing football on Sunday. 无论下不下雨,我们星期天一定踢足球。Whether she is sick or well, she is always cheerful. 无论她身体好坏,她总是高高兴兴的。Dad,I've finished my

48、 assignment. Good,and_you play or watch TV,you mustn't disturb me.(2003年高考上海卷)A. wheneverB. whetherC. whateverD. no matter【答案选B】whether.or引导让步状语从句,“无论是不是都”。句意:不管你玩还是看电视,你都不能打扰我。 引导目的状语从句的连词或词语有:so that以便in order that以便in case免得;以防for fear(that) 唯恐;以免lest唯恐;以免;为不使 (1) in order that 引导的从句可位于主句前面或后

49、面,so that 引导的从句只能位于主句之后。如:Amy wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight. 艾美要七点钟备好茶点,这样她八点以前就可以出门了。They started early so that they might arrive in time. 他们动身很早,以便能按时到达。They stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake. 他们在杭州停了下来,以便游览西湖。 1. You should return the digita

50、l camera to Sally_she will not be angry.(2004年苏州市中考题)A. so thatB. becauseC. beforeD. or【答案选A】so that表示因此的意思,because表示原因,before表示“在之前”,or表示选择或否则。这句话的意思是你应该把数码相机还给Sally,这样她就不会生气了,所以应该用so that。 2. John shut everybody out of the kitchen_he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.(2002年高考全国卷)A. wh

51、ichB. whenC. so thatD. as if【答案选C】正确理解语义是解决本题的关键,so that引导的是目的状语从句。比较设空前后两个分句的句意:John shut everybody out of the kitchen.(He didn't want others to know what he was doing there.).he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.(that's why he did so;his purpose)后面的句子应该是一个目的状语从句。四个选项中只有so that

52、可以引导这类从句。 (2) in case,for fear (that),lest引导的从句谓语动词可用虚拟语气即:should + 动词原形(should 不可省);若不用虚拟语气,要用一般现在时或过去时。如:Judy explained again and again in case we should misunderstand her. 朱蒂再三解释,生怕我们误解她。They spoke in whisper for fear (that) they might wake the baby. 他们轻声谈话,以免吵醒婴儿。Lest anyone should think it stra

53、nge, let me assure you that it is quite true. 我向你们保证那是真事,以免有人觉得奇怪。208 结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由so,that,so that,so.that,such that等引导,放在主句之后。 (1) 在so.that. 中,so后面接形容词或副词,在such.that.中,such后面接名词。在名词前有many,much,few,little这些词修饰时,要用“so.that.”。“such + a / an +adj. + 单数名词 + that ”可换成“so + adj. + a / an + 单数名词 + that”。如:June spoke so fast that nobody could catch what she was saying. 朱恩说话如此之快竟没有人听出来她在讲什么。Albert made such rapid progress that he soon be

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