Unit4Pygmalion知识讲解复习过去分词2

1、复习过去分词2 （作状语）编稿：牛新阁审稿：王春霞概念引入在上一单元我们已经复习了过去分词作定语、表语和补足语，本单元我们继续复习过 去分词作状语的用法，并小结非谓语动词的做题技巧。先看下面句子：1. Now once taught by me , she'd become an upper class lady.2. Once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three mon ths as a duchess.3. Placed in side the rooms , statues o

2、f Gods seem to guard the large sleep ing Buddha.4. Bitten by the snake in the bush , Susan was sent back to the camp.这些句子中斜体词部分都是过去分词短语作状语，其中句1和句2是条件状语，句 3是方式状语；句4是原因状语。那么用过去分词作状语时要注意什么呢？作状语时与动词-ing形式和不定式有什么区别呢？下面我们将就这些问题进行讨论。用法讲解过去分词作状语1【高清课堂：非谓语动词之过去分词-作状语】过去分词或短语作状语时，表示被动和完成，在句子中一般可表示时间、原因等。1. 时间

3、状语Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly.知道了他母亲病了，李雷赶紧回了家。Seen from the moon, the earth looks green. 从月球上看，地球是绿色的。2. 原因状语Broken down on the highway, his car was carried away by the police.他的车在公路上出了故障，被警方拖走了。Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class.老师对他做的很满意，在班上

4、表扬了他。3. 条件状语Given a few minutes, I' ll fin给我几分钟，我就会完成它。Compared with you, I still have a long way to go.与你相比，我仍然有很长的路要走。4. 让步状语Explained a hundred times, he still can' t understand it.给他解释了上百次，他仍然不明白。Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. 一天训练 10 小时，他也还是个蠢人。5. 结果状语He fell off a ta

5、ll tree, his leg broke n.他从一棵很高的树上掉了下来，腿骨折了。The cup fell dow n to the ground, broke n.杯子落至 U地上，碎了。注意:有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为单独的短语，在句子中作状语。如：1. exactly / hon estly / fran kly / gen erally speak ing准确地说 / 老实地说 / 坦率地说 / 一般说来Exactly speak ing, he got here at eight fourtee n this morning.确切地说，他今天早晨 8点 14 分到这里

6、的。Generally speaking, a snake won ' t attack a man unless it is bothered. 总的来说，蛇如果没被搅扰就不会咬人。2. judging from / by. 从 / 根据某东西判断Judging by his accent, he is from Hunan. 从他的口音判断，他是湖南人。Judging from what he said, he is very honest. 根据他的话判断，他很诚实。3. providing / provided 假如 / 如果Providing he follows our a

7、dvice, we can help him. 如果他听我们的建议，我们可以帮助他。 Provided he is free, he is sure to come. 假如他有时间，他肯定会来。4. considering. 考虑到Considering he was just a little boy, we didn't punish him.考虑到他只是个小孩，我们没有惩罚他。Considering it was late, we didn't discuss the question.考虑到时间晚了，我们没有讨论这个问题。5. thinking of. 想到 / 考虑到

8、Thinking of the environment we live in, the waste can be thrown away'artound directly. 考虑到我们所生活的环境，废物不能随手扔掉。6. talking of. 谈到 / 说到Talking of math, he became excited. 说到数学，他非常激动。7. 其它常见短语：o consideration 把某事考虑进去calculating roughly, 粗略地计算supposing. 假定to be frank 坦白地说 so to speak 可以这么说to

9、tell you the truth 实话告诉你； to begin with 首先要做的是taken as a whole 从整体上来看put frankly, 坦率地说given that 鉴于 过去分词作状语 21. 逻辑主语与独立主格结构1）过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语一般是主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致。 When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent. 当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由

10、于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。2）如果主句的主语不是分词的逻辑主语，而是前面的名词或代词， 此结构属于独立主格结构。 注意此时代词必须是主格， 而且只用于作状语 。The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了。（ the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语）Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。（ her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语）2. 过去分词与从句 过去分词作原因状语、时间状语或条件状语时相当于谓语是被动语态的状语从句，而过去分词作伴随状语相当于a

11、nd+并列谓语/并列句。Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。（=Because he was caught in a heavy rain 原因状语从句 ）Grow n in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。（=If these seeds are grown in rich soil 条件状语从句 ）The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.训练员出现了，后面跟着六条小狗。（

12、=and he was followed by six little dogs）3. 连接词+过去分词根据需要，过去分词前也可加上 whe n, while, un til, once, though, although, as long as, uni ess, as if, even if 等词。When give n a medical exam in ati on, you should keep calm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。He sat there reading as if tied to the chair.他坐在那里读书，好像被绑在椅子上。注意：在before， af

13、ter，without后必须用being done代替过去分词。Before being called, rema in where you are. 叫你之前，待在原地另U动。The boy left the playhouse without be ing see n. 个男孩没被发现就离开了游戏室。4. 表示主动的过去分词有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动。常见的有：lost （迷路）； seated （坐）;hidden （躲）；stationed （驻扎）;lost / absorbed in （沉溺于）;born （出身于）; dressed in （穿着）;t

14、ired of （厌烦）等。Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn 'hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。Dressed in a jacket, he walked out of the house.他身穿一件夹克走出了那幢房子。非谓语动词做题七原则1. 用作目的状语，多用不定式When asked why he went there , he said he was sent therefor a space flight.A. trai ningB. being trainedC. to have tr

15、ainedD. to be trained解析：由于进行航空飞行训练是他被派往那儿的目的，所以要用不定式，因此可排除 A和B。另外，由于“他”与“训练”为被动关系，选D。2. 用作伴随状语，多用动词-ing形式As the light turned gree n, I stood for a mome nt, not, and asked myself what I was goingto do.A. movedB. movingC. to moveD. Being moved解析：move与主语“I”是主动关系，与 stood同时进行，用动词-ing形式，选B。3. 用作结果状语时，可用-i

16、ng形式或不定式不定式多表示意料之外的结果，而合乎逻辑的结果，即意料之中的结果多用-ing形式。1）The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance,in the naturallight duri ng the day.A. to letB. lett ingC. letD. havi ng let解析：此处用-ing形式表示自然而然的结果，选B。2) He hurried to the booking office onlythat all the tickets had been sold ou

17、t.A. to tellB. to be toldC. telli ngD. told解析：不定式表示出人意料的结果，tell与主语是被动关系，选B。注意句型:.never to do/ to be doneHe left his hometown 20 years ago, never to return .他 20 年前离开了，再也没有回来。4. 有被动意义时，多用过去分词但是，所涉及的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；强调所涉及的动作正在进行，则 用-ing形式的被动式。1）The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had

18、to struggle.A. to be heard B. to have heard C. heari ngD. being heard解析：根据句意，此处指的是“被听见”，故要用被动式，排除 B和C;另外，“设法被听见”为目的状语，动作在当时尚未发生，故用不定式，选A。2） At the beg inning of class, the no ise of deskscould be heard outside the classroom.A. ope ned and closedB. to be ope ned and closedC. being ope ned and closedD

19、. to ope n and close解析：of后应接-ing形式，desks与open and close之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，又因 could be heard，所以选-ing形式的被动式表示正在被进行的动作。答案为 C。5. 强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，要用完成式。根据句子要求选用不定式的完成式或-ing形式的完成式。1）from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animalsnotfound in any other coun tries in the world.A.

20、 Being separatedB. Having separatedC. Having bee n separatedD. to be separated解析：强调完成，与逻辑主语是被动关系，用-ing形式的完成被动式。选C。2） Li Ming is saidabroad. Do you know what country he studied in?Yes. In London.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be study ingD. to have bee n study ing解析：句型“ sb. +be said+ to do sth.

21、 ”表明空白处要加不定式，因为 studied在“ is said” 之前发生，用不定式的完成式。选A。如果studied改成“will study ”，选B; studied改成“studies”， 可以用Co6. 非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语应与主句主语保持一致。Faced with a bill for $10,000, .A. Joh n has take n an extra jobB. the boss has give n Joh n an extra jobC. an extra job has bee n take nD. an extra job has bee n give

22、 n to Joh n解析：及物动词face表示（困难、死亡、毁灭等）面临（某人），某人作主语一般用（be）faced with.，所以faced的逻辑主语，即句子的主语是人，排除C、D ;是John面临着要付的账单，而不是老板，排除 B。所以选A。7. 作定语时的原则：-ing;表示完成、被动，用过去分表示动作尚未发生，用不定式；表示动作正在进行，用词。注意： 1. 动词 -ing 形式的完成式（ having done, having been done ）不用作定语。2. 受the first, the second . the last修饰的名词或代词后多要用不定式作定语。1）Ther

23、e will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting the day aftertomorrow.A. holdB. holdingC. heldD. to be held解析：因 the day after tomorrow 可知选 D 。2）There are hundreds of visitors in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh 'spaintings.A. waitedB. to waitC. waitingD. wai

24、t解析： waiting 强调正在进行。选 C。3）“Things never come again! I couldn” 't help talkingmtoyself.A. lostB. losingC. to lostD. have lost解析：过去分词表示被动和完成。选 A 。非谓语动词的做题步骤1. 判定是谓语还是非谓语。方法：找谓语动词。如果句子已经有了谓语动词，要用的动词有下列情况：1） 并列谓语（应有连词and， but， or 等）；2） 并列句或从句谓语（应有从句、连词或分号“；”）；3） 非谓语动词（作主、宾、表、定、状、补等成分）。2. 找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。1）一般是句子的主语；2）定语的逻辑主语是所修饰词；3）宾语补足语的逻辑主语是宾语；4）独立主格结构的逻辑主语是分词前名词或代词。3. 判断主被动关系。方法：确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。4. 判断时间关系。方法： 分析句子， 看非谓语动词动作发生在谓语动作之前、 之后还是同时。 之前常用 done; 之后常用 to do; 同时常用 doing 。这些只用于一般情况， 注意特殊情况， 如：有些动词只接不定式作宾语， 而有些动词只 能接动词 -i