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1、从句表语,宾语,定语从句1 That 引导宾语从句时 That 可省,引导主语从句,表语从句不可省2 Wh- 型代词和副词引导疑问句时要倒装,从句都不能倒装3 引导宾语从句的 whether 和 if 通常可以互换,但与 or ,not 连用时只能用 whether4 As if 也经常用于引导表语从句5 某些形容词后,跟 that 引导的表语从句, that 常被省略,这些词有: afraid, alarmed, amazed, amused, angry, annoyed, astonished, aware, clear, confident, depressed, disappoint

2、ed, distressed, glad, grateful, happy, hopeful, horrified, irritated, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sorry, sure, thankful, upset 等等6 关系代词在定语从句中必定担当一个句子成分,所以注意主语,宾语的重复,同时做主语的时候不可省略7 关系代词本身没有单复数区别,从句中的谓语动词取决于先行词8 在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which 和 whom9 关系代词 whose 在定语从句中做定语,修饰名词,该名词可以是人,也可以是物,且后者居多,表示 of whic

3、h10 定语从句中的语态取决于先行词(当关系代词做主语时)11 . Such.as中as引导定语从句,不可替换成别的任何词12 . The same .as/that 中,as 表示同类,that 表示 not changed, not another (即该事物本身),如口: you 'e made the samemistakes as I did(another) ; you've made the same mistakes as you made last time (itself)13. What 不能引导定语从句14. 先行词为 all, nothing, eve

4、rything, something, anything, much, little等(复合)不定代词时,或先行词有序数次,最高级修饰,或被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时,只能用 that 引导定语从句而不能用 which15. 介词关系代词引导定语从句时,人用 whom, 物用 that16. 非限定性定语从句只能由 which, who, whom 引导17. 先行词有多个(人和物并存) ,用 that 引导定语从句18. 定语从句与强调句型需要注意区分, 强调句型为 it is/was + 强调成分 + that/who ,在强调句

5、型中, 去掉 is/was that/who 两部分仍然可成为一个完整句状语从句 连接词:时间:when, whenever, as, while, before, after, until, till, once, the moment, as soon as, by the time, since地点:where, wherever原因:because, as, since, now that目的:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case that, lest结果:so that, so .that, such .that条件:if, a

6、s long as, unless, provided让步:though, although, no matter, however, even if方式:as if, as though, as比较:than, as注意:状语在句子中不作为一个语法成分,因此状语也不仅仅限于从句,也可以由介词短语作为状语,并且介词短语有时在中文意思上和连接词完全一样,而介词只能接名词,连接词可以引导从句,需要注意区分常见介词与连词的混淆1 . Despite, in spite of 介 although, though 连2. During 介3 Because of, on account of, tha

7、nks to 介4. Too.to.为不定式结构,so.that.为状语从句结构,不可混淆5 Since 是介词和连接词,做连接词时,可以引导原因状语从句和时间状语从句,做介词时只能后面跟时刻6 Even 为强调副词,不能引导状语从句,必须用even though, even if有几种状语从句中可以省略主语和部分谓语,有:When, while 引导的时间状语从句If, unless 引导的条件状语从句Though, even though, although, no matter how 引导的让步状语从句As if 引导的方式状语从句但是省略必须满足以下两点要求:1 从句主语和主句主语一

8、致2 从句谓语必须包括动词 be此时可以省略是主语和谓语部分中的动词 be ,其他连接词引导的不可省略 同位语从句要点:1 可接同位语从句的名词(泛属于抽象概念,概括性,蕴涵性的需要一定解释的名词即可) 信息: information, news, word, message, story, proof, announcement 等 思想: thought, idea, belief, truth 等 心理活动: hope, doubt, fear 等问题回答: question, problem, answer, reply 等 建议劝告: suggestion, proposal, ad

9、vice 等 许诺保证: promise, permission 等2 同位于从句的引导词: that, whether, who, what, when, where, why, how 同位语从句与定语从句判断标准:看前面的名词能不能与句子划等号That 只要不是在从句中作主语都可省略,但that 作从句中介词后的宾语则必须当that 紧跟先行词时才可省略。childchildrenparenthesisparenthesesnucleusnucleifootfeetbasisbasesfungusfungitoothteethellipsisellipsesstimulusstimuli

10、goosegeeseaxisaxesalumnusalumnimanmenhypothesishypothesesfocusfociwomanwomenoasisoasesradiusradiimousemicecrisiscrisesterminusterminilouselicecriterioncriterialarvalarvaeoxoxenphenomenonphenomenaalgaalgaepennypencedatumdataformulaformulaeanalysisanalysesmediummediaappendixappendicesbacteriumbacteria

11、名词 常见不规则复数形式结尾读音为f并且以-f或-fe结尾的名词变化1 规则变化: beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, dwarves, hoofs, scarves2. 不规则变化:把f或fe变成v,加es,读音为vz3 杂交变化: wharfs, wharves 均可 以 -o 结尾1 +s : kilos, photos, Filipinos, Eskimos, radios, solos 死物2 +es : heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes活物3 +es/s : cargos / cargoes半死不活单复数同形:deerJapane

12、seheadquartersligrousePortuguesemeansmusalmonSwissseriesaircrafttroutVietnamesespeciesspacecraftcarpbarracksworkscraftbisoncorpshorsepoweroffspringsheepcrossroadshertzChinesegallowskilohertz词的性别词缀actoractressprinceprincessheroheroinehosthostesswaiterwaitresswidowerwidow没联系fathermotheruncleauntsondau

13、ghterkingqueen变态词dog雌雄均可,多指公狗bitch母狗horse雌雄均可stallion公马mare母马duck雌雄均可,多指母鸭drake公鸭加表示性别的词man doctormale nurcemaid servantwoman votergentleman friend(男性朋友)lady clerkmale swanfemale flower要点:1 .单数名词不可单独存在-必须有冠词2. Every, each, another, many a只能修饰单数可数名词3. 序数后一般使用单数可数名词4. Other 一般修饰复数名词,也可以修饰不可数5. 只能修饰复数名

14、词:these, those, many, various, several, numerous, few, a few, both, diverse, a (good / large / great) number of, numbers of, one of6. One / two / many + of + 限定词 +复数名词必须使用复数形式的词:clothes, riches, fireworks, remains, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets复合词:num, + n. + (adj.),其中n.要用单数只修饰不可数名词:much, little, a l

15、ittle, a great deal of, a great amount of, a piece of, an article of代词1 .反身代词没有所有格,要用one 'own表示2 .反身代词不能作主语3. 既能作不定代词又能作形容词:some, any, another, each, all, both, most, such, few, one, enough, many, neither, either4 . Every, no只能当形容词,后面必须跟名词才能存在5. 不定代词后有 of+名词结构名词前一定要有限定词,如:few of the students, ma

16、ny of these bridges6 . That和one可以指代单数名词,those和ones可以指代复数名词7 . Other即是限定词又是代词,others为复数形式8 .任何代词与指代对象要保持数的一致9 . It可以表示时间,日期,天气,距离;可以代替不定式,从句,动名词(短语)作形式主语或宾语,形容词1 .当一个名词有相应的形容词时,优先使用形容词进行修饰2 .形容词修饰不定代词后置3 .形容词短语修饰名词后置,相当于定语形容词短语:1.两个或两个以上形容词并列:He is a man rude but henpecked2. 形容词与介词短语搭配:This is a subj

17、ect worthy of careful study3. 少数形容词后直接跟逻辑宾语:She own a diamond worth $5,000,00;A student confident that .4. 有些形容词与不定式:a good , always ready to 5 . Soto do, too .to do,.enough to do 结构注意:若该结构修饰的名词前有不定冠词可这样修改:she is a nurse careful enough to - =she iscareful enough a nurse to6. 少数形容词后可加I -ing 分词:person

18、 busy doing; a student long understanding7. 距离,时间(名词)+形容词:a tower 180 feet high8. More than, as as 构成:a student no more diligent than Tom 9单个分词修饰名词,可前置也可后置,若分词短语则后置:a stolen car = a car stolen4 形容词顺序:数词,描述性形容词,品质性形容词5 形容词作宾语补足语时一般在宾语后,当宾语有很长的后置定语的时候则在宾语之前6 形容词,形容词短语作状语7 下列形容词没有比较级,最高级表示相对关系的: former

19、, latter, inner, outer, upper, elder表示强调意义的: mere, outright, utter, very表示限制意义的: chief, joint, main, only, principal, sole, chemical, nuclear, solar 源自拉丁问的形容词: major, minor, senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior 表示国籍的形容词: English, French表示绝对意义的形容词: average, equal, daily, weekly, unique, square,

20、round, vertical, excellent, infinite, extreme, right, absolute, correct, true, wrong, right, false, left 其他: inside, outside, indoor, outdoor8 修饰形容词,副词原级,比较级,最高级的词原级: exactly, just, nearly, almost, hardly, twice, three times比较级: slightly, a little, a bit, much, many, a lot, greatly, a great deal, fa

21、r, even, still和程度词 -2 times 最高级: by far, the second9 特殊意义的结构No more .than 与。同样不Tom no less than Jerry = Tom as much as Jerry TOM 和 JERRY 吃的一样多More .than 与其说。不如说It is more a poem than a picture 与其说它是副画,不如说是首诗As.as, more than, less than非真正意义上的比较,仅仅是一种前置修饰It'sno more than a mile to .只有一里就到。 。He wil

22、l come in less than 他不用。个小时就会来As many as 300 people come 多达 300 人来了易混形容词:Literal 逐字的,字面的 literary 文学的Economic 经济学的 economical 节约的Historic 历史上著名的 historical 历史的Forgettable 易被忘记的forgetful 健忘的Respectable 受尊敬的respectful 恭敬的respective 各方面的Sensible 明智的 sensitive 敏感的Imaginable 可想像的 imaginary 想像中的 imaginati

23、ve 富于想象力的Special 特殊的 specific 明确的,特有的Effective 有效的efficient 效率高的Credible 可信的creditable 值得赞扬的Considerable 相当多的,大量的 considerate 考虑周到的Industrial 工业的 industrious 勤劳的副词1 Yet 作状语在否定句中,要么在 not 之后,要么在句末2 连接副词可以联系句与句,体现逻辑,但非连接词不能在句首引导句子,只能作插入语 举例,补充: first, second / firstly, secondly / anyhow, anyway / again

24、, also, too, besides, further, furthermore / moreover, next, then / 总结: altogether 解释: namely转换话题: incidentally, meanwhile, now, well结果: accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, thereby否定: else, otherwise让步: however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, though对比: alternatively, conversely

25、, instead冠词1 不定冠词的一些习惯用法: have a walk / rest, all of a sudden, as a rule, go on a diet, in a sense, once in a while2 定冠词的一些习惯用法: all the time, by the way, in the distance, on the whole, to the point, out of the question, pull sb.By the arm , in the morning / afternoon / evening, in the past, in the

26、meanwhile, in the air3 同一名词在同一短语中反复出现时, 该名词前一般不使用任何冠词: hand in hand, step by step, day after day, from there to there4 有相对关系的名词在同一短语中成对使用一般不加冠词:from city to suburb, from birth till death, heart and soul, dayand night5 在 a kind / type / category / species / sort of等结构后面的名词前一般不使用任何冠词6 表示官职,职位,身份,称呼的名词

27、前一般不使用冠词7 零冠词的一些习惯用法: by accident, in advance, in fact, go to school / hospital / prison / bed (上学,住院,坐牢, 睡觉 ),on duty, on earth, under way介词重要介词:1 After 在。以后2 Among 在。一类中;是。 。中之一;在。 。范围之内3. As 作为,以。的身份;用于the sameas, such as 和asas等习语4 By 由,被;凭借,通过,用5 Despite 尽管,任凭,不顾6 During 在。期间7 In 在。期间;在。 。的过程中;在

28、。 。里面8 Into 到。里面9 Like 像10 Of 属于;由。组成11 Since 从。以来;从。 。以后12 To 朝;向;到1 介词短语中的加冠词与不加冠词的区别: 加冠词按照字面意思理解, 不加冠词则按常识理解: e.g. at table 吃饭, at the table 在桌边2 介词搭配通常跟词干确定而不限词性3 需要记忆的固定搭配与辨析 P162数词1 Only, more than, less than 等限定词修饰数词时,应紧靠在数词之前2 One of the+ 名词短语 中,名词短语的名词用复数,后面的谓语动词用单数3 序数词和形容词一起前置修饰名词时,序数词应放

29、在前面动名词的用法1 动名词可作主语,宾语,补语和定语2 动名词具有动词特征,后面可以接宾语,可以被副词修饰3 动名词的被动语态: being + v.ed ;完成时态: having + v.ed4 介词宾语和下列动词,习惯用语中必须用动名词,不能用不定式 动词:Advise, anticipate, fancy, mind, doubt, escape, finish, ponder, admit, suggest, consider, miss, delay, mention, resist, resent, risk, appreciate, enjoy, deny, keep, pr

30、actice, avoid, postpone, favor, ensure, resume, detest, can't help, forgive,quit, recall, celebrate, pardon, regret, advocate, tolerate, report, excuse, imagine, dislike, discontinue 习语:Cannot help +V-ing = cannot but +VThere is no + v-ing = it is impossible to doIt is no use + V-ing = it is of

31、no use to doBe worth + V-ingBe busy + V-ingOf one 'w own + V-ing = ed by oneselfFeel like + V-ingLook forward to + V-ingConfess to + V-ing5 不定式 to 与介词 to 的区别(1) 表示反对,对立,针对的to 为介词Be contrast to, be contradictory to, object to, be opposed to, with a view to, in contrast to(2) 表示“于”或“对于”的to 也通常为介词B

32、e used to, be accustomed to, be exposed to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, abandon oneself to, limited to, committed to, resort to, react to, as to, with regard to, respond to6 表示禁止,防止等语义的动词后面一般接 from ,再加动名词。 From 偏向于否定: V1 + 宾语 + From + V2-ing.分词1 分词作补语,若与修饰名词关系为主谓则用现在分词,若为动宾则为过去分词: a bell ringing

33、, I m excited at the news 2 分词作定语, 用一般主动式或一般被动式, 不能用完成式, 表示动作正在进行用现在分词, 以完成用过去分词: a moving story, a meeting held yesterday3 分词作状语,分词与句子主语存在主谓关系:现在分词的主动式;分词与句子主语存在动宾关系:现在分词的被动式或 过去分词;现在分词一般式动作与主句谓语同时进行,现在分词完成式动作在主句谓语动词之前做完,过去分词 强调动作已作但不强调时间(主动,被动不影响分词表示的时间概念) : He sat there, reading a book. Given mor

34、eattention, the trees.= Being given more attention, the trees 不定式1 不定式作表语,通常带to ,但前面若有 do 的限定形式,则 to 省略: What he did was (to) call us注意:凡表示“目的”“理由”“功能”“意图” 等语义的名词作主语, 表语一定要用不定式: purpose, objective, goal, aim, function, reason, intention2 有些动词后只能用不定式(短语)而不能用其他形式: afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt,

35、 beg, care, choose, claim, consent, contrive, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, guarantee, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, petition, plan, pledge, plot, pray, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, thr

36、eaten, undertake, venture, volunteer3 不定式作 except, but 的宾语4 不定式作定语, 被修饰词与不定式存在施动或受动关系, 以及一些常用不定式作定语的名词: ambition, approach, chance, courage, way, effort, force, method, motive, movement, opportunity, power, reason, time, ability, determination, attempt5. 不定式作结果状语: too .to, adj/adv + enough + to., so

37、 + adj/adv + as .to6 不定式在使役动词后面作宾补: cause, compel, drive, enable, enforce, force, get, lead, leave, oblige, press, urge7 不定式在一些表示思维活动的词后作宾补,参照 P.186-1878 除 Have, let, make 等使役动词,感观动词: feel, hear, listen 等后面使用不带 TO 的不定式(被动 to 要还原)9 一些短语接不带 to 的不定式: had better, would rather, had sooner( 宁愿), had rathe

38、r, would sooner (宁愿), cannot but (不得不) ,do nothing but (只是) , prefer to do rather than do10 不定式常用于被动语态的动词后作主语的补语11 不定式作形容词补语:(1)不定式表原因: I am sorry to hear that (常用形容词: fortunate, glad, happy, lucky, proud, sorry )(2)表示人的品格或智能特征的形容词: He was silly to do so(3)句子主语与某些形容词之后的不定式存在逻辑受动关系:She was difficult to teach(4)某些形容词后表示最终没发生的未来动作: He is afraid to go there(5)在表示说话人的看法的形容词后: He is certain to come12 疑问词不定式结构主谓一致: not only but also, not but, either or, neither

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