lecture 限定词

1、Lecture 6 限定词 determiner1. 限定词与三类名词的搭配关系a) 只能与单数名词搭配的限定词a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a 等example see page 61 b) 只能与复数名词搭配的词both, two, another three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of example see page 61 c) 只能与不可数名词搭配的词a (little) bit of, a larg

2、e amount of, a great deal of , (a) little, much, less, (the) least example see page 62 d) 能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词a lot of , lots of , plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other等example see page 62 2. 限定词的与限定词的搭配关系 page 64 1) 中位限定词：又称为“中心限定词”，即名词通常所带的表示特指，泛指等含义的限定词，中位限定词相互排斥，即一个名词短语只能有一个中位限定词。2）前位限定词：即位于中

3、位限定词之前表示全部，倍数，分数等含义的限定词，前位限定词之间相互排斥，即一个名词短语只能有一个前位限定词。3）后位限定词：即表示顺序，数量含义的限定词，后位限定词不相互排斥，即一个名词短语可以有两个后位限定词，通常表示顺序在前，表示数量在后。For example: the first two weeks 3. 若干限定词用法比较 page 68A Comparative study of some determiner usagea) many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示“多”可用many, much, a lot of, lots of

4、, plenty of, a good/ great many, a large amount of。作为限定词，many 和 a good/ great many 之后必须接复数名词，much 和 a large amount of 之后必须跟不可数名词。其他简单理解2）(a) few, (a) little 否定肯定可数Few A few 不可数Little A little Quite a few, a good few, not a few不表示“少”，而表示“相当多”的含义，相当于a fair number of. For example: Quite a few of us are

5、 getting worried.3) Some Vs. anya）一般来说， any作代词和形容词时用于否定句, 疑问句或条件句。 Some用于肯定句。但是，以问句的方式向对方提出要求或申请¤或期待对方作肯定的答复，要用Some，不用any，例如： If you have any ink, please give me some. Will you lend me some money. (请示） Can I have some tea? （请求） Wont you try some of the bread? (邀请） Has she lost something? (她看来正在

6、找东西，估计是丢了什么。）b) some与单数名词搭配时，表“某一”，any与单数名词搭配时，表“任何一个”。4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any a) 表全体，all 表三者及以上，both表两者。表全体都不时，三者及以上用none, 指人时也可用no one；两者都不用neither.b) each 可作代词或形容词，而every只能作形容词； each 指两者以上中间的每一个，而every只能指三个或三个以上中间的每一个，不用于两者。 every指许多人中的每一个时，着重在全体，而each则强调个体，一个一个地加以考虑。She k

7、nows every member of the society. (着重在整体上能辨认出谁是该协会的人，但与其本人并不一定认识）She knows each member of the society. (着重个体，她本人认识协会里的每一个人）c) 表全体中的“任何一个”，全体是“三个或三个以上”必须用any, 当全体只包含两个时，表其中任何一个须用either.Lecture 7限定词(determiner): 冠词一：冠词的定义 冠词是置于名词之前，对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志，它不能离开名词而独立存在。二：冠词的种类 1. 定冠词: the 2. 不定冠词:

8、 a / an 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是辅音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用a, 当紧跟不定冠词之后的单词是元音发音开头时,不定冠词应该用 an.。 a + 辅音 a wallet, a European country an + 元音 an hour, an 8-year-old boy 四：冠词的用法学冠词的用法必须明确两个概念：1） 泛指：一类中的任何一个个体，不明确，未指明哪一个。2） 特指：说话者和听话者都知道所指的内容。1） 不定冠词a/an的用法* a/an只能用在单数可数名词之前，复数名词或不可数名词表示泛指时不加冠词，或者用any/some等表示泛指意义的不定代词。* 单数可数名

9、词如果没有其它限定词（如：指示代词，物主代词，数词，量词等）修饰，必须要加冠词（定冠词或不定冠词）。A)单数可数名词用作表语，宾语补语，表示职业、阶级、宗教、社会地位等时，前面常常要加不定冠词a/an.如：She is a teacher.He is an Englishman.He is a politician(政治家).B) a/an具有“不确定”、“不限定”的含义，泛指一类人，事物中的任何一个或随便哪一个。这种含义常常用来泛指一类，或给事物下定义，或者表示类别，种类。 如：A book is on the desk.(泛指)Please buy my a book.(任何一本书)A h

10、orse runs faster than an elephant（下定义）.注意:也可以在单数可数名词前加the或在复数可数名词前不加任何冠词表示类别。不可数名词表示类别时不加任何冠词. 故上例也可写成如下： The horse runs faster than the elephant. Horses run faster than elephants. Water is a kind of liquid(液体)C)对于说话者特指但听话者还不知的单数可数名词(人或物),第一次提到时,前面经常加a / an;再次提到才加the.如：I bought a computer 3 years ag

11、o, but I have sold the computer (=it) already.D)在一些固定词组中要用a / an.如：have a rest, have a break, take a walk, have a look, in a moment, in a minute, once upon a time, twice a month, four times an hourE）如果不可数名词或动名词表示“一种、一类”的概念时，也可以和a/an连用。如：She got a big surprise when she saw a man lying on the floor.He

12、 has a good knowledge of English.This is a warning(一次警告) to you.F)不定冠词a/an常常用来表示数量。意思为“一个”，相当于数词“one”。It will take a day or two(one or two days) to get there.I don't know even a single person here.He didn't tell me a thing about his wife. G) 不定冠词表示单位，价格，速度，比率等，意为“每一”，相当于per或every。He drives a

13、t 50 miles an hour.He washes his clothes twice a week.He takes medicine three times a day.These shoes cost 5 yuan a pair.2） 定冠词the的用法A)在形容词、现在分词或过去分词前加the可以表示一类人或物,且表示复数.如：the poor, the rich, the sick, the old, the young, the following, the wounded, the English, the FrenchB) 在副词的最高级形式前可以加the,也可以不加th

14、e; 在形容词最高级前一般要加the; 但是, 如果不表示 “最”, 而是表示“非常”, 则应在最高级形容词前加 a / an。 如：She is the most beautiful girl in our school.(the不可省略) She sings (the) most beautifully in our school. Xi'an is a most (=very) beautiful city.C) 在序数词(如first, second, next, last )前一般要加the表示顺序;但如果表示数量的增加。但是，表示“又一，另一”,相当于 “another”的

15、意思,则要在序数词前加 a / an. 如：This is the second time that I have seen the film. Ive had two cakes, but I'd like a third (=another) one. D) 在世界上独一无二的名词和含有普通名词的专有名词前要加the.如：the moon, the sun, the earth. the United States of America, the Great Wall (比较:America, China, New York)E) 在表示江河、山脉、海洋、群岛、海峡、沙漠等地理名词

16、前加the, 但湖泊则通常不加冠词,但也有例外。 the River Nile, Dongting Lake, the West Lake, the Ural Mountains（乌拉尔山脉） the Pacific Ocean（太平洋）, the English Channel（英吉利海峡）F) 组织、机关、机构、公共建筑物、车船，报纸、杂志等一般需要加定冠词。The National Gallery The Times G) 在姓氏的复数前加the,表示全家人或该夫妇两人. 如：the Whites（怀特夫妇）, the Greens（格林一家）, the Wangs The Greens

17、 have a car.H) 在比较级形容词前加the,可以表示两者中“比较些的那个”或 “ 越, 就越”. the taller of the two boys the more expensive of the bags两个包中比较贵的那个 The more , the better 越多越好I) 在单数可数名词前或不可数名词前也常常可以用the限定，表示种类，类别。这一用法和不定冠词的用法基本相同。如：The pig is a kind of domestic animal(家畜).The dog is human's friends.J) “the+逢十的复数数词”表示一个世纪

18、中的一个年代，也可以表示一个人的年龄段。如：He died in the sixties.他死于60年代。The woman is in her thirties.这个女人三十多岁。K) 伤及某人某部位或拍、打、拉某人某部位要用句式woundbitebeatpattake +sb+介词+the+部位如：He hit the thief on the head.他打中了小偷的头。She cut herself on the hand.她切到自己的手了。L) 当一个名词带有限制性定语（形容词、介词短语、副词短语、定语从句等）时，从而成为特指时，前面加the。如：The magazine here

19、is mine.He went to the park which was beautiful.=He went to the beautiful park.五：不用冠词（即零冠词）的情况1） 指球类运动前, 以及在和介词by连用的交通工具与通讯方式前不用冠词. 如：play basketball/football/table tennisI go to school by bus/air/train every day.They went to Shanghai by ship (water, plane, air, train).注意:如果交通工具名词或通讯方式名词用了复数形式或前面有了修

20、饰语,就不能使用介词by,而要用in, on.如: We can go there on bikes/on the bike/in cars/in the car. She likes talking to her mother on the telephone.2) 在 go to之后加地点名词,表示去从事某项活动,不用冠词;和介词in连用,表示在从事某项活动,也不用冠词. go to school / in school go to hospital / in hospital go to class / in class go to bed / in bed I go to school

21、 by bike every morning. His mother is in hospital.注意:在以上词组中如果使用冠词,则表示到某个地点去或在某个地点.即对于这类名词如果带定冠词或不定冠词则表示该名词所表示的处所，若不带冠词，则表示该处所的功能。如: Im going to the hospital. I am going to the school. -Where is your father? -He is in the school.3) 在三餐饭前或在四个季节前不加冠词. Sometimes, she has lunch at school. When autumn com

22、es, leaves turn yellow.注意:如果在三餐饭在表示特指某一次的就餐前面或后面有形容词或其它修饰语则应加冠词；季节名词若表示季节性质，通常用零冠词，若表示特定时段或前面或后面有形容词或其它修饰语则应加冠词。如: In the autumn of 1949, our hometown was liberated. In a cold winter, he left his hometown for Shanghai. We had a good supper at her home. 4） 作表语,同位语,宾语补足语或主语补足语的正式官职或职务头衔名词前不加冠词.They el

23、ected(选举) him manager.She was made monitor of class 3.(班长)5) 用复数名词作表语，或宾语补语时，前面不加冠词。如：They have been friends/classmates for many years.People call them cowards(懦夫).6） 如果谓语动词为turn或go等表示变化的半系动词时，即使表语是单数可数名词，也不用冠词。如：He has gone teacher.She turned doctor.7) 在节假日前不加冠词.如: Christmas Day, Womens Day ,Teache

24、rs' Day National Day(国庆节)注意:在“春节”和“中秋节”之前要加the. 例如: the Spring Festival, the Mid-autumn Day8）在一些固定词组或固定句型中不用冠词.例如: out of question (没问题) in time (按时) in turn (轮流) at night / at daybreak /at dawn/at sunrise Child as he is, he is very brave. (虽然他是个孩子, 但是他很勇敢.)9) 各种语言前一般不加冠词。如：English is spoken in

25、many countries. Are you studying Chinese? 讲练结合1. Id like _ information about the management of your hotel, please.Well, you could have _ word with the manager. He might be helpful. A. some, aB. an, someC. some, someD. an, a2. Have you seen _ pen? I left it here this morning.Is it _ black one? I thin

26、k I saw it somewhere. A. a; theB. the; theC. the; aD. a; a3. Paper money was in _ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _ thirteenth century. A. the; 不填B. the; theC. 不填; theD. 不填; 不填4. Most animals have little connection with _ animals of _ different kind unless they kill them for food

27、. A. the; aB.不填; aC. the; theD.不填; the5. Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience. A. 不填, theB. 不填, anC. an, anD. the, the6. The sign reads “In case of _ fire, break the glass and press _ red button.” A. 不填; aB. 不填; theC. the; theD. a; a7. Five years ago her brot

28、her was _ university student of _ physics. A. a, theB. an, theC. an, 不填D. a, 不填8. If the manager had to choose between the two, he would say John was _. A. goodB. the bestC. betterD. the better9. It is not rare in _ that people in _ fifties are going to university for further education. A. 90s; theB

29、. the 90s; 不填C. 90s; theirD. the 90s; their10. A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in _ leg. A. aB. oneC. theD. his11. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation. A. 不填B. theC. aD. one12. I earn 10 dollars _ hour as _ supermarket cashier

30、on Saturdays. A. a; anB. the; aC. an; aD. an; the13. Summer in _ south of France is for _ most part dry and sunny. A. 不填, aB. the, 不填C. 不填, 不填D. the, the14. Wheres _ nearest bookstore?Theres one at _ end of the street. A. the; anB. a; theC. the; theD. a; an15. Mr Smith, theres a man at _ front door

31、who says he has _ news for you of great importance. A. the, 不填B. the, theC. 不填, 不填                  D. 不填, the16. I dont like talking on _ telephone; I prefer writing _ letters.A. a; theB. the; 不填C. the; theD.

32、a; 不填17. The cakes are delicious. Hed like to have _ third one because _ second one is rather too small. A. a; aB. the; theC. a; theD. the; a18. Our neighbor has _ ours. A. as a big house asB. as big a house asC. the same big house asD. a house the same big as19. On _ news today, there were _ report

33、s of heavy snow in that area. A. the; theB. the; 不填C. 不填; 不填D. 不填; the20. Tom owns _larger collection of _books than any other student in our class. A. the; 不填B. a; 不填C. a; theD. 不填; the21. For a long time they walked without saying _word. Jim was the first to break _silence. A. the; aB. a; theC. a;

34、 不填D. the; 不填22. When he left _college, he got a job as _reporter in a newspaper office. A. 不填; aB. 不填; theC. a; theD. the; the23. If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off _. A. a priceB. priceC. the priceD. prices24. _on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking

35、 Canadians is _major concern of the country. A. The; 不填B. The; aC. An; theD. An; 不填25. The Wilsons live in _A-shaped house near the coast. It is _17th century cottage. A. the, 不填B. an, theC. 不填, theD. an, a【答案与解析】1. A。information 是不可数名词，排除 B 和 D。have a word with(和某人谈一下)是固定短语。2. D。两空均为泛指，用不定冠词。3. C。i

36、n use(在使用中)是固定词组; 第二空是在序数词前加 the，指第13世纪。4. B。animals 是名词复数表示泛指，不用冠词; kind 是单数可数名词，用 a 表示泛指。此题出自NMET1996中阅读理解C篇的第1句话：Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind unless they hunt them for food.5. C。airplane 和 experience(经历)都是单数可数名词，表示泛指，因此，要加不定冠词。句意为：从一万英尺高的飞机里跳出来是一次非常激动人心的经历。

37、6. B。fire 不是特指时不用冠词; red button 是特指，用 the。句意为：那块牌子上写着：“万一失火，就打碎这块玻璃，按那个红色按钮。”7. D。在表示职业身份的名词前用不定冠词，university 虽以元音字母开头，但读音却以辅音开始，因此用 a。又如，a useful book, a European boy, a one-eyed man 等。physics 是学科名词，前面不用冠词。8. D。表示“(两者中)较的那一个”时，用“the+比较级”。9. D。表示在几十年代，在以 ty 结尾的复数基数词前加 the; 表示在某人几十多岁时，用 ones 加以 ty 结尾的