Intonation语言学演讲

1、Intonation What is intonation? The melody of language is called intonation. It is the total pattern of pitch changes, i.e., the rising and falling of the voice when a person is speaking, within an utterance.Grammatical Function 语法功能语法功能Intonation is closely related to grammar or a part of grammar I

2、am so happy to meet you. I am sory to hear that your bike was stolen. Oh , thats great. Oh, you are so lucky. Congratulations.Example sentences: Intonation vs. MeaningWhat are the types of intonation? Falling Rising Falling-rising1）Falling降调Use falling intonation for definite and complete informatio

3、n.表示完整和确定，主要用在：陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 Hes studying French. When will you be ready? Stand there still! What a sunny room you have! 3. If there is more than one word in the word group (e.g. There were too many people there.), (1) the stressed syllable of the first important word is the highest in pitch (句

4、中第一个关键词的重读音节的音高最高 ). (2) the stressed syllable of the next important word is a little lower than the previous one in pitch (第一个关键词重读音节之后，其他关键词的重读音节，其音高依次递降 ). (3) all the following unstressed syllables are on the same pitch with the previous important word (每两个关键词重读音节之间的非重读音节的音高，和前面一个重读音节的音高相同 ). (4

5、) all syllables before the first important word are low (第一个关键词重读音节之前的所有音节都声调低平). (5) all syllables after the last important word are low (最后一个关键词重读音节之后的所有音节都声调低平). (6) the fall occurs at the last stressed syllable (在最后一个关键词重读音节上降调) 总之，降调的特点是头(第一个关键词重读音节之前)尾(最后一个关键词重读音节之后)低平，第一个关键词重读音节音调最高，在最后一个关键重读

6、音节上降调，中间各关键词的音高按楼梯状递降。 图示：2) Rising升调Use rising intonation for indefinite and incomplete information. 表示不完整和不确定；主要用在：一般疑问句，话没说完；征求意见；较长的陈述句的前一部分。General questions: e.g. Is this true?Requests: e.g. Can I help you?Greetings (on parting): e.g. See you later.3) Falling-rising 比较复杂，表示“话里有话”，有“言外之意”， 主要用在

7、：含有对比的陈述句、含保留意见的 陈述句、含警告口吻的祈使句。 :e.g. Hes really hardworking.:e.g. Hes going to stay for another week.:e.g. You must be more careful.Falling-rising Intonation Its very efficient. (but not beautiful) Mary, where are you (warm address) Shes very young. (I dont think so.) Really? (unbelievable)Fall-ris

8、e toneQuestions/statements and responses 4. （句子的降升调读法句子的降升调读法）在采用降升调的句子中，调核可以处于句子最后一个实词的重读音节上，例如： 但是有时候会根据强调信息的需要而发生前移。例如： 总之，一般情况下，降升调的特点是，头(第一个关键词重读音节之前) 低平，第一个关键词重读音节音调最高，中间各关键词的音高按楼梯状下降，在最后一个关键词的重读音节开始降调，到最后一个重读音节(若没有，就是全句最后一个音节)开始升调，到句末升到中等音高的位置。 图示：总结：To sum up: The English intonation of an En

9、glish sentence containing a number of level tones takes the form of a slowly descending series of stressed syllables interspersed with unstressed ones. 总之，在英式英语中，句子的第一个关键词的重读音节是最高音，然后句子主体的语调是逐渐降调（gradual descent），首先每个词组word group中，重读音节后面跟着几个音高相同的弱读音节，然后许多这样的词组（重读音节+几个同音高的弱读音节）连在一起构成句子，每个词组中的重音音节的音调都

10、比前个词组低了一些，于是在音高上形成一个楼梯状的递降结构。关于句子的尾音，升降调都从最后一个关键词的重读音节开始，在句子最后一个音节完成。 图示：Structure of an Intonation Unit A full tone-group consists of five parts: P = Pre-head 调冠调冠 H = Head 调头调头 B = Body 调身调身 N = Nucleus 调核调核 T = Tail 调尾调尾 Occasionally one part or more parts may be missing, but nucleus is always es

11、sential.（ 1 ）调冠：句子中第一个重读音节之前的非重调冠：句子中第一个重读音节之前的非重读音节读音节. 如：如： Theres plenty of time （ theres ） Its nearly the same （ its ） （ 2 ）调尾：指调心之后的所有音节，分为声调调尾：指调心之后的所有音节，分为声调调尾与降调调尾调尾与降调调尾. 如：如： I think so （ so ） Where is it? （ is it ）（ 3 ）调头：是句子中的第一个重读音节。如：调头：是句子中的第一个重读音节。如： Are the student going to be ready

12、? （ student ） （ 4 ）调心：是指句子中动调出现的音节，也就调心：是指句子中动调出现的音节，也就是一般我们所说的有逻辑重音、降调、升调和降是一般我们所说的有逻辑重音、降调、升调和降升调所在的音节。它是说话人要传达的信息中心。升调所在的音节。它是说话人要传达的信息中心。如：如： Are the student going to be ready? （ ready ） （ 5 ）调身：是调头与调心之间的全部音节。如：调身：是调头与调心之间的全部音节。如： Are the student going to be ready? （ going to be ）Pre-head of an

13、Intonation Unit Any unstressed syllable or syllables that may precede the “head”, or the “nucleus” if there is no head, are called the “”. e.g. I am writing a letter to him. PHead of a Intonation Unit The first full stress of a tone unit The part that extends from the first stressed syllable up to t

14、he nucleus is called the “” of the intonation unit e.g. I am writing a letter to him. HBody of an Intonation Unit The part of an intonation unit lying between its head and its nucleus. The main feature of the body is that it gradually. e.g. I am writing a letter to him. BNucleus Placing 一个句调一般只有一个调心

15、 。但在其之前完全可以有一个或多个动调，构成调头或调身的一部分。 They flew to don. (the normal way)They flew London. (Direction is highlighted.)They to London.(Way of traveling is highlighted.) flew to London.(A particular group of people is highlighted.)Tail of an Intonation Unit Any syllable or syllables that may follow the nucl

16、eus are called the “” e.g. I am writing a letter to him. TAn ExampleWe are LEARNing a FOReign LANGuage. P H B N T P = Pre-head 调冠调冠 H = Head 调头调头B = Body 调身调身 N = Nucleus 调核调核 T = Tail 调尾调尾Features of an Intonation Unit Normally a low prehead. Normally a high head. In the body, the stressed syllables have mostly level tones and they all fall down gradually in pitch. The changes in the tail are determined by the nucleus. In a fall, the tail remains a low level tone; in a Rise or Fall-rise, the tail rises gradually.Stress Rules Stress tends to fall on content words within an ut