电池发展历史、现状及趋势

1、电池发展历史、现状及趋势主要内容n电池发展简史n电池的定义、特点和作用n一次电池n二次电池n电化学电容器n燃料电池Baghdad 电池2200年前 电池发展简史主要电池的发明时间-2200 Baghdad battery1800Voltaic pile: silver zinc1836Daniell cell: copper zinc1838 Grove: principle of air cell1859Plant: lead-acid cell1868Leclanch: carbon zinc wet cell1888Gassner: carbon zinc dry cell1899Jun

2、ger: nickel cadmium cell电池发展简史电池的历史1946Neumann: sealed NiCd1956 Bacon: alkaline fuel cell1959 Urry: alkaline primary battery1960sRechargeable NiCd1970sLithium, sealed lead acid1990Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)1991Lithium ion1992Rechargeable alkaline1999Lithium ion polymer电池发展简史1980年代前后n1980年代，电池工业被认为已

3、相当成熟，无太多的发展空间n最近二十年，新型电池层出不穷v传统电池的性能显著的改善 v新概念电池发明 电池发展简史定义电池是将化学能转化成电能的一种装置电池的定义、特点和应用价值电活性物质Most wants to reduce (gain electrons)nGoldnMercurynSilvernCoppernLeadnNickelnCadmiumnIronnZincnAluminumnMagnesiumnSodiumnPotassiumnLithiumMost wants to oxidize (lose electrons)电池的定义、特点和应用价值电池发电的特点n能量转化效率高n无

4、噪音n操作方便n 电池的定义、特点和应用价值电池为人类带来了极大的便利n最早的手提电话：第一部手提电话重量为9.8kg 1982年，Nokian现在的大多数手提电话重量小于100g电池的定义、特点和应用价值新世纪更需要电池n社会可持续发展v减少自然资源的使用v减少环境污染人类生活更加舒适便利v电器越来越多v电器变小v使用时间延长v电动汽车电池的定义、特点和应用价值电池的新应用n高价值的电子设备n电动工具n工业牵引n军事n固定备用电源n电动汽车 n可再生能源利用的储能装备电池的定义、特点和应用价值电池工业发展趋势n环保v电池本身对环境无污染v电池可回收二次化高能高功率电池的定义、特点和应用价值发

5、展需求与电池化学的矛盾n能用于设计成电池的化学反应相当有限n需求v能量：从100mWh 的扣式电池到20kWh的动力电池v功率：从25-100W的心脏起搏器电池到MW级的备用电源 电池的定义、特点和应用价值对策材料的变革结构设计的进步电池的定义、特点和应用价值一次电池一次锂电池n优点 高能n缺点 成本高锂二氧化锰电池 一次电池Li-CFx电池一次电池锌锰电池一次电池智能卡(Smart Card)一次电池纸电池 一次电池锌二氧化锰薄电池一次电池锌银电池一次电池金属空气电池n金属作阳极作活性物质Li, Mg, Zn, Al, Fen用不完的空气作阴极活性物质一次电池铝空气电池一次电池锌空气电池一次

6、电池二次电池阀控式铅酸电池二次电池Alloy (H) + OH- Alloy + H2O + e- NiOOH + H2O + e- Ni(OH)2 + OH-Ni-MH电池二次电池锌镍电池二次电池锂离子电池二次电池锂离子电池二次电池二次电池锂电池材料二次电池聚合物干聚合物聚合物凝胶聚合物溶液二次电池锂二次电池二次电池可充碱性锌锰电池二次电池电化学电容器电容器电化学电容器电解电容器电化学电容器电化学电容器n电化学电容器1000m2/g * 5uF/cm2 * 10000 = 50F/g电化学电容器电化学电容器电化学电容器e- -2H2 4H+ + 4e- -2H2 + 4OH- - 4H2O

7、+ 4e- -2H2 4H+ + 4e- - CH3OH + H2O CO2 + 4H+ + 4e- -O2 + 2CO2 + 4e- - 2CO32- -2H2 + 2CO32- - 2CO2 + 2H2O + 4e- - or2CO + 2CO32- - 4CO2 + 4e- - O2 + 4e- - 2O2- -2H2 + 2O2- 2H2O + 4e- - or 2CO + 2O2- 2CO2 + 4e- - or CH4 + 2O2- CO2 + H2O + 4e- -OxidantFuelCurrentLoadElectrolyteResidual oxidant and wate

8、rResidual fuel and product gasesLi2CO3 + K2CO3in LiAlO2 CO32-YSZ O2- -PAFCAFCPEMFCDMFCMCFCSOFC+e- -O2 + 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2OH3PO4H+ O2 + 2H2O + 4e- - 4OH- - KOH OH- -O2 + 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2OPolymerH+ O2 + 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2OAcid or polymerH+ 燃料电池的类型燃料电池的类型燃料电池固定电站燃料电池固定电站 PAFC systems most commercially advanc

9、ed 150 220 C operates on H2 ( low S, low C, CO2 tolerant ) efficiency 35 45 % start-up time 1 4 h1 MW power plant 5 200 kW unitsAnchorage, Alaska( UTC )PEMFC systems trials with 250 kW units 80 90 C operates on pure hydrogen efficiency 40 60% responsive to load changes fast start-up time ( 6 min )1

10、kW ( Ballard / Tokyo Gas ) SOFC systems trials with 100 250 kW units 700 1000 C ( suitable for cogeneration operations ) operates on a variety of fuels, inexpensive catalysts efficiency 45 50 % slow response to load changes (best for base-load) difficult materials science problems slow start-up ( 1

11、5 h )220 kW SOFCgas turbine system (Siemens Westinghouse )混合动力电源混合动力电源Principal difficulties with fuel cell vehiclesFuel availability and supply compact and lightweight storageVehicle requirements fast start-up from cold intermittent operation hydrocarbon fuel + reformer is impracticalAt present, PE

12、MFC / compressed H2 system preferredShort range ( typically 300 km ) Hybrid systems preferred ( with batteries / supercapacitors )Fuel cellPower control unitMotorSecondarybatteryToyota FCHVDaimlerChrysler FC BusGM Sequel3500300025002000150010005000便携式燃料电池便携式燃料电池Micro fuel cell ( PEMFC, DMFC ) + batt

13、ery ( Li ) systems for : mobile phones personal digital assistants laptop computers MP3 players military equipment man-pack radios helmet-mounted image displays night-vision sights laser range finders communications systems sensorsMT Micro Fuel Cells, Inc.NECSpecific energy ( Wh kg-1)NiCdNiMHLi-ionDMFC1239301002006003003000ExpectedPresentMotorolaMotorola, 4 cells, 0.35 W5 cmCarbon nanohor ns微生物燃料电池液流储能电池Dye-sensitized solar cell: energy generator (electricity) Tandem cell太阳能电池太阳能电池Photoel