曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案28章分析解析

1、28UNEMPLOYMENT? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.WHATSNEWINTHESEVENTHEDITION:AnewIntheNewsfeatureonWhyHasEmploymentDeclined"hasbeenaddedandallstatisticsandtableshavebeenupdated.L

2、EARNINGOBJECTIVES:Bytheendofthischapter,studentsshouldunderstand:thedatausedtomeasuretheamountofunemployment.howunemploymentcanresultfromminimum-wagelaws.howunemploymentcanarisefrombargainingbetweenfirmsandunions.howunemploymentresultswhenfirmschoosetopayefficiencywages.CONTEXTANDPURPOSE:Chapter15is

3、thefourthchapterinafour-chaptersequenceonthelevelandgrowthofoutputinthelongrun.InChapter12,welearnedthatcapitalandlaborareamongtheprimarydeterminantsofoutputandgrowth.InChapter13,weaddressedhowsavingandinvestmentincapitalgoodsaffecttheproductionofoutput.InChapter14,welearnedaboutsomeofthetoolspeople

4、andfirmsusewhenchoosingcapitalprojectsinwhichtoinvest.InChapter15,weseehowfullutilizationofourlaborresourcesimprovesthelevelofproductionandourstandardofliving.ThepurposeofChapter15istointroducestudentstothelabormarket.Wewillseehoweconomistsmeasuretheperformanceofthelabormarketusingunemploymentstatis

5、tics.Wewillalsoaddressanumberofsourcesofunemploymentandsomepoliciesthatthegovernmentmightusetolowercertaintypesofunemployment.KEYPOINTS:247 Theunemploymentrateisthepercentageofthosewhowouldliketoworkwhodonothavejobs.TheBureauofLaborStatisticscalculatesthisstatisticmonthlybasedonasurveyofthousandsofh

6、ouseholds.Chapter 15/Unemployment ?263tTheunemploymentrateisanimperfectmeasureofjoblessness.Somepeoplewhocallthemselvesunemployedmayactuallynotwanttowork,andsomepeoplewhowouldliketoworkhaveleftthelaborforceafteranunsuccessfulsearchandthereforearenotcountedasunemployed. IntheU.S.economy,mostpeoplewho

7、becomeunemployedfindworkwithinashortperiodoftime.Nonetheless,mostunemploymentobservedatanygiventimeisattributabletothefewpeoplewhoareunemployedforlongperiodsoftime.oOnereasonforunemploymentisthetimeittakesforworkerstosearchforjobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills.Thisfrictionalunemploymentisincreased

8、asaresultofunemploymentinsurance,agovernmentpolicydesignedtoprotectworkers'incomes.aAsecondreasonoureconomyalwayshassomeunemploymentisminimum-wagelaws.Byraisingthewageofunskilledandinexperiencedworkersabovetheequilibriumlevel,minimum-wagelawsraisethequantityoflaborsuppliedandreducethequantitydem

9、anded.Theresultingsurplusoflaborrepresentsunemployment. Athirdreasonforunemploymentisthemarketpowerofunions.Whenunionspushthewagesinunionizedindustriesabovetheequilibriumlevel,theycreateasurplusoflabor. Afourthreasonforunemploymentissuggestedbythetheoryofefficiencywages.Accordingtothistheory,firmsfi

10、nditprofitabletopaywagesabovetheequilibriumlevel.Highwagescanimproveworkerhealth,lowerworkerturnover,raiseworkerquality,andincreaseworkereffort.CHAPTEROUTLINE:I. Unemploymentcanbedividedintotwocategories.A. Theeconomy'snaturalrateofunemploymentreferstotheamountofunemploymentthattheeconomynormall

11、yexperiences.B. Cyclicalunemploymentreferstotheyear-to-yearfluctuationsinunemploymentarounditsnaturalrate.II. IdentifyingUnemploymentA.HowIsUnemploymentMeasured?1. TheBureauofLaborStatistics(BLS)surveysabout60,000householdseverymonth.2. TheBLSplaceseachadult(age16orolder)intooneofthreecategories:emp

12、loyed,unemployed,ornotinthelaborforce.Figure1Askstudentswhichcategorytheyarein.Remindthemthattobeconsideredtobeunemployed,theymustbewithoutajobandlookingforwork.Manystudentsarenotinthelaborforce,butmayconsiderthemselvestobeunemployedsimplybecausetheydonothaveajob.Explaintostudentsthattheunemployment

13、rateisausefulstatisticbecauseitanswersthefollowingquestion:Ofthoseintheeconomywhowanttowork,whatpercentagecannotfindajob?3. Definitionoflaborforce:thetotalnumberofworkers,includingboththeemployedandtheunemployed.Laborforce=Numberofemployed-Numberofunemployed4.Definitionofunemploymentrate:thepercenta

14、geofthelaborforcethatisunemployedNumberofunemployedUnemploymentratex100Laborforce5.Definition oflabor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult population? 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in

15、 whole or in part.thatisinthelaborforcex100LaborforceLabor-forceparticipationrate=Adultpopulation6. Example:Datafrom2012.Inthatyear,therewere142.5millionemployedpeopleand12.5millionunemployedpeople.a. LaborForce=142.5+12.5=155.0million.b. UnemploymentRate=(12.5/155.0)100=8.1%.100 = 63.7%. xc. Becaus

16、etheadultpopulationwas243.3million,thelabor-forceparticipationratewas:Labor-ForceParticipationRate=(155.0/243.3)Makesurethatstudentsunderstandhowtomakethesecalculations.Makesurethattheformulaiswrittenontheboardandrefertoitoften.ALTERNATIVECLASSROOMEXAMPLE:ThecountryofBadahascollectedthefollowinginfo

17、rmation:Population240,000Employed180,000Unemployed30,000LaborForce=180,000+30,000=210,000Unemploymentrate=(30,000/210,000)100=1轨Labor-forceparticipationrate=(210,000/240,000)100=87.5%xTable17. Table1showsunemploymentandlabor-forceparticipationratesforvarioussub-groupsoftheU.S.population.a. Womenofpr

18、imeworkingage(25to54yearsold)havelowerratesoflabor-forceparticipationthanmen,butonceinthelabormarket,menandwomenhavesimilarratesofunemployment.b. Prime-ageblackshavesimilarlabor-forceparticipationratesasprime-agewhites,buttheyhavemuchhigherratesofunemployment.c. Teenagershavemuchlowerratesoflabor-fo

19、rceparticipationandmuchhigherratesofunemploymentthanolderworkers.Figure28. Figure2showstheunemploymentrateintheUnitedStatessince1960.B. Definitionofthenaturalrateofunemployment:thenormalrateofunemploymentaroundwhichtheunemploymentratefluctuates.C. Definitionofcyclicalunemployment:thedeviationofunemp

20、loymentfromitsnaturalrate.Discusshowtheagecompositionofthelaborforceandotherdemographicandsocialfactorscancausethenaturalrateofunemploymenttovaryovertime.For2012,economistsattheCongressionalBudgetOfficehaveestimatedanaturalrateof5.5%.D. CaseStudy:Labor-ForceParticipationofMenandWomenintheU.S.Economy

21、1. Therehasbeenadramaticriseinthelabor-forceparticipationratesofwomenoverthepast60years.Figure32. Figure3showsthisriseinthelabor-forceparticipationrateofwomen.Thefigurealsoshowsthatthelabor-forceparticipationratesformenhaveactuallyfallenbyasmallamountoverthesametimeperiod.E. DoestheUnemploymentRateM

22、easureWhatWeWantItTo?1. Measuringtheunemploymentrateisnotasstraightforwardasitmayseem.2. Thereisatremendousamountofmovementintoandoutofthelaborforce.a. Manyoftheunemployedarenewentrantsorre-entrantslookingforwork.b. Manyunemploymentspellsendwithapersonleavingthelaborforceasopposedtoactuallyfindingaj

23、ob.3. Theremaybeindividualswhoarecallingthemselvesunemployedtoqualifyforgovernmentassistance,yettheyarenottryinghardtofindwork.Theseindividualsaremorelikelynotapartofthetruelaborforce,buttheywillbecountedasunemployed.4. Definitionofdiscouragedworkers:individualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookin

24、gforajob.a. Theseindividualswillnotbecountedaspartofthelaborforce.b. Thus,whiletheyarelikelyapartoftheunemployed,theywillnotshowupintheunemploymentstatistics.Table25. Table2presentsothermeasuresoflaborunderutilizationcalculatedbytheBureauofLaborStatistics.Type：Topics:Materials needed:Time:Class limi

25、tations:Activity1WhoIsUnemployed?In-classassignmentUnemploymentcategoriesNone5minutesWorksinanysizeclassPurposeThisassignmenthelpsfamiliarizestudentswithlabor-forcestatistics.InstructionsAskthestudentstoclassifyeachofthefollowingindividualsinoneofthefollowingcategories:employed,unemployed,ornotinthe

26、laborforce.1. Steveworked40hourslastweekinanofficesupplystore.2. Lastweek,Elizabethworked10hoursasacomputerprogrammerfortheNationalVideoCompanyandattendednightclassesatthelocalcollege.Shewouldpreferafull-timejob.3. RogerlosthisjobattheR-goneManufacturingCompany.Sincethenhehasbeentryingtofindajobatot

27、herlocalfactories.4. Lindaisahomemaker.Lastweekshewasoccupiedwithhernormalhouseholdchores.Sheneitherheldajobnorlookedforajob.5. Linda'sfatherisunabletowork.6. ScotthasaPh.D.Heworkedfull-timebutdoesnotlikehisjobasadishwasher.Hehasappliedforjobswiththreecompaniesandfiveuniversities.Assoonashegetsa

28、noffer,hewillquithiscurrentjob.7. Mary-Helenhasbeenoutofworkforafullyear.Shewouldtakeajobifitwasoffered,butnolocalcompaniesarehiring.Sheisnotactivelysearchingforwork.s father,CommonAnswersandPointsforDiscussionSteve,Elizabeth,andScottareemployed.Rogerisunemployed.Linda,LindaMary-Helenarenotinthelabo

29、rforce.Thisassignmentcanalsobeusedtodiscussmeasurementproblemssuchasunderemployment(ElizabethandScottareexamples)anddiscouragedworkers(Mary-Helenprovidesanexample).F. HowLongAretheUnemployedwithoutWork?1. Anotherimportantvariablethatpolicymakersmaybeconcernedwithisthedurationofunemployment.2. Mostsp

30、ellsofunemploymentareshort,andmostunemploymentobservedatanygiventimeislongterm.G. WhyAreThereAlwaysSomePeopleUnemployed?1. Inanideallabormarket,wageswouldadjustsothatthequantityoflaborsuppliedandthequantityoflabordemandedwouldbeequal.2. However,thereisalwaysunemploymentevenwhentheeconomyisdoingwell.

31、Theunemploymentrateisneverzero;itfluctuatesaroundthenaturalrate.a. Definitionoffrictionalunemployment:unemploymentthatresultsbecauseittakestimeforworkerstosearchforthejobsthatbestsuittheirtastesandskills.b. Definitionofstructuralunemployment:unemploymentthatresultsbecausethenumberofjobsavailableinso

32、melabormarketsisinsufficienttoprovideajobforeveryonewhowantsone.c. Threepossiblereasonsforstructuralunemploymentareminimum-wagelaws,unions,andefficiencywages.H. FYI:TheJobsNumberI. WhentheBureauofLaborStatisticsannouncestheunemploymentrateeachmonth,italsoannouncesthenumberofjobstheeconomygainedorlos

33、t.J. Thisinformationcomesfromasurveyof160,000businessestablishments.III. JobSearchA. Definitionofjobsearchtheprocessbywhichworkersfindappropriatejobsgiventheirtastesandskills.B. Becauseworkersdifferfromoneanotherintermsoftheirskillsandtastesandjobsdifferintheirattributes,itisoftendifficultforworkers

34、tomatchwiththeappropriatejob.C. WhySomeFrictionalUnemploymentIsInevitable1. Frictionalunemploymentoftenoccursbecauseofachangeinthedemandforlaboramongdifferentfirms.a. WhenconsumersdecidetostopbuyingagoodproducedbyFirmAandinsteadstartbuyingagoodproducedbyFirmB,someworkersatFirmAwilllikelylosetheirjob

35、s.b. NewjobswillbecreatedatFirmB,butitwilltakesometimetomovethedisplacedworkersfromFirmAtoFirmB.c. Theresultofthistransitionisaperiodofunemployment.d. Thesamesituationcanoccuracrossindustriesandregionsaswell.2. Thisimpliesthat,becausetheeconomyisalwayschanging,frictionalunemploymentisinevitable.Work

36、ersindecliningindustrieswillfindthemselveslookingfornewjobs,andfirmsingrowingindustrieswillbeseekingnewworkers.D. PublicPolicyandJobSearch1. Thefasterinformationspreadsaboutjobopeningsandworkeravailability,themorerapidlytheeconomycanmatchworkersandfirms.2. Governmentprogramstrytofacilitatejobsearchi

37、nvariousways.a. Government-runemploymentagenciesgiveoutinformationonjobvacancies.b. Publictrainingprogramscaneasethetransitionofworkersfromdecliningtogrowingindustriesandhelpdisadvantagedgroupsescapepoverty.3. Criticsoftheseprogramsarguethattheprivatelabormarketwilldoabetterjobofmatchingworkerswithe

38、mployersandthereforethegovernmentshouldnotbeinvolvedintheprocessofjobsearch.E. UnemploymentInsurance1. Definitionofunemploymentinsurance:agovernmentprogramthatpartiallyprotectsworkers'incomeswhentheybecomeunemployed.2. Becauseunemploymentinsurancereducesthehardshipofunemployment,italsoincreasest

39、heamountofunemploymentthatexists.3. Manystudieshaveshownthatmoregenerousunemploymentinsurancebenefitsleadtoreducedjobsearcheffortand,asaresult,moreunemployment.4. IntheNews:WhyHasEmploymentDeclined?a. ThenumberofAmericansreceivinggovernmentbenefitshasgrownsubstantiallyrecentlywhiletheemployment-popu

40、lationratiohasdeclined.b. ThisarticlefromTheWallStreetJournaldiscussestheincentivescreatedbythesegovernmentbenefitsandtheeffectsontheannualrateofrealoutputgrowth.IV. Minimum-WageLawsA. Unemploymentcanalsooccurbecauseofminimum-wagelaws.Figure41. Iftheminimumwageissetabovetheequilibriumwageinthelaborm

41、arket,asurplusoflaborwilloccur.2. Whileminimum-wagelawsareonereasonunemploymentexistsintheU.S.economy,theydonotaffecteveryone.a. Thevastmajorityofworkersintheeconomyhavewageswellabovethelegalminimum,sothelawdoesnotpreventmostwagesfromadjustingtobalancesupplyanddemand.b. Minimum-wagelawsthereforehave

42、thelargestaffectontheleastskilledandleastexperiencedmembersofthelaborforce,suchasteenagers.B. Anytimeawageiskeptabovetheequilibriumlevelforanyreason,theresultisunemployment.right job is1. Othercausesofthissituationincludeunionsandefficiencywages.2. Thissituationisdifferentfromfrictionalunemploymentw

43、herethesearchforthethereasonforunemployment.CFYI:WhoEarnstheMinimumWage?1. In2012,theDepartmentofLaborreleasedastudyofwhichworkersreportedearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagein2011.a. Ofthoseworkerspaidanhourlyrate,about4%ofmenand6%ofwomenreportedwagesatorbelowthefederalminimum.b. Minimum-wageworkerstend

44、tobeyoung,withabouthalfundertheageof25.c. Minimum-wageworkerstendtobelesseducated.Ofthoseworkersages16andoverwithahighschooleducation,only5%earnedtheminimumwage.d. Minimum-wageworkersaremorelikelytobeworkingparttime.d. Theindustrywiththehighestproportionofworkerswithreportedhourlywagesatorbelowthemi

45、nimumwagewasleisureandhospitality.e. Theproportionofworkersearningtheprevailingminimumwagehaschangedsubstantiallyovertime,trendingdownwardfrom1979to2006thenincreasingin2011.Theincreaseispartiallyattributabletoanincreaseintheminimumwage.V. UnionsandCollectiveBargainingA. Definitionofunion:aworkerasso

46、ciationthatbargainswithemployersoverwagesandworkingconditions.B. UnionsplayasmallerroleintheU.S.economytodaythantheydidinthepast.However,unionscontinuetobeprevalentinmanyEuropeancountries.C. TheEconomicsofUnions1. Definitionofcollectivebargaining:theprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemplo

47、yment.2. Unionstrytonegotiateforhigherwages,betterbenefits,andbetterworkingconditionsthanthefirmwouldofferiftherewerenounion.3. Definitionofstrike:theorganizedwithdrawaloflaborfromafirmbyaunion.4. Economistshavefoundthatunionworkerstypicallyearn10%to20%morethansimilarworkerswhodonotbelongtounions.5.

48、 Thisimpliesthatunionsraisethewageabovetheequilibriumwage,resultinginunemployment.a. Unionsareoftenbelievedtocauseconflictbetweeninsiders(whobenefitfromhighunionwages)andoutsiders(whodonotgettheunionjobs).b. Outsiderswilleitherremainunemployedorfindjobsinfirmsthatarenotunionized.c. Thesupplyofworker

49、sinnonunionfirmswillincrease,pushingwagesatthosefirmsdown.D. AreUnionsGoodorBadfortheEconomy?1. Criticsofunionsarguethatunionsareacartel,whichcausesinefficiencybecausefewerworkersendupbeinghiredatthehigherunionwage.2. Advocatesofunionsarguethatunionsareananswertotheproblemsthatoccurwhenafirmhastoomu

50、chpowerinthelabormarket(forexample,ifitistheonlymajoremployerintown).Inaddition,byrepresentingworkers'views,unionshelpfirmsprovidetherightmixofjobattributes.VI. TheTheoryofEfficiencyWagesA. Definitionofefficiencywages:above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivity.B. Effici

51、encywagesraisethewageabovethemarketequilibriumwage,resultinginunemployment.C. Thereareseveralreasonswhyafirmmaypayefficiencywages.1. WorkerHealtha. Better-paidworkerscanaffordtoeatbetterandcanaffordgoodmedicalcare.b. Thisismoreapplicableindevelopingcountrieswhereinadequatenutritioncanbeasignificantp

52、roblem.2. WorkerTurnovera. Afirmcanreduceturnoverbypayingawagegreaterthanitsworkerscouldreceiveelsewhere.b. Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforfirmsthatfacehighhiringandtrainingcosts.3. WorkerQualitya. Offeringhigherwagesattractsabetterpoolofapplicants.b. Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforfirmsthatarenotabletoperfec

53、tlygaugethequalityofjobapplicants.4. WorkerEfforta. Again,ifafirmpaysaworkermorethanheorshecanreceiveelsewhere,theworkerwillbemorelikelytotrytoprotecthisorherjobbyworkingharder.b. Thisisespeciallyhelpfulforfirmsthathavedifficultymonitoringtheirworkers.5. CaseStudy:HenryFordandtheVeryGenerous$5-a-Day

54、Wages production costs actually fell duea. HenryFordusedahighwage(abouttwicethegoingrate)toattractbetteremployees.b. Afterinstitutingthishigherwagepolicy,thecompanytoreducedturnover,absenteeism,andshirking.Whendiscussingthematerialinthischapter,youmayfindthatstudentswanttobegindiscussingpossiblepoli

55、ciestodealwithunemployment.Keepthefocusoninstitutionalresponsessuchasunemploymentinsurance,jobtraining,andgovernment-sponsoredemploymentagencies.SOLUTIONSTOTEXTPROBLEMS:QuickQuizzes1. Theunemploymentrateismeasuredstartingwithasurveyofabout60,000households.TheBLScategorizesindividualssurveyedasemploy

56、ed,unemployed,andnotinthelaborforce.Next,theBLScomputesthelaborforceasthesumofthenumberofemployedandthenumberofunemployed.Finally,theunemploymentrateiscalculatedasthenumberofunemployeddividedbythelaborforcemultipliedby100.Theunemploymentrateoverstatestheamountofjoblessnessbecausesomeofthosewhoreport

57、beingunemployedmaynot,infact,betryinghardtofindajob.Buttheunemploymentratemayunderstatetheamountofjoblessnessbecausediscouragedworkersareconsiderednotinthelaborforceeventhoughtheyareworkerswithoutjobs.2. Anincreaseintheworldpriceofoilincreasestheamountoffrictionalunemploymentasoilproducingfirmsincre

58、aseoutputandemployment,butotherfirms,suchasthoseintheautoindustry,reduceoutputandemployment.Thesectoralshiftfromtheautoindustrytooilfirmscauseshigherfrictionalunemploymentforatimeuntilworkershaveshiftedfromtheautoindustrytotheoilindustry.Althoughnoincreaseinunemploymentisreallydesirable,thistypeoffrictionalunemploymentisanaturaloutcomeofthereallocationofresourcesbetweendifferentsectors.Publicpoliciesthatmightaffecttheunemploymentcausedbythischangei