中西文化冲突

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上中图分类号：G05 学号：南阳师范学院 本科毕业论文 论文题目：跨文化交际中的中西文化冲突及解决对策 作 者： _ 指导教师： 讲师 学 院： 外 国 语 学 院 专 业： 英 语 班 级： 2011 级 8班 二一五年 三 月 跨文化交际中的中西文化冲突及解决对策南阳师范学院外国语学院英语专业申请文学学士学位毕业论文作 者： 指导教师： Intercultural Conflicts between Chinese Culture and Western Culture and SolutionsA Thesis Submitted toEnglish Depart

2、ment,School of Foreign Languages,Nanyang Normal Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsBySupervisor： 专心-专注-专业AcknowledgementsI would like to thank all those who have given me generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been the major driving po

3、wer to complete the paper.First of all, I am sincerely indebted to my respected supervisor, Ms Fang. Without her help, guidance and encouragement, I can not finish my thesis so smoothly. Especially, the supervisor gave me much good advice and commented on the whole manuscript. Then I want to appreci

4、ate all teachers in Nanyang Normal University who guided me to the academic study. Also my thanks go to my colleagues who worked in English training school because I got many good ideas from the discussions with them, which are helpful to my completion of this thesis. Besides, I want to say “thank y

5、ou” to my roommates and classmates because they always offer me a hand when I have some troubles in finishing the paper. Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude are to my family members. Their support and understanding were my backbone and made me devoted to the writing of this thesis who

6、leheartedly摘 要根据你的论文内容修改补充摘要。随着经济全球化和中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入,跨文化交往活动与日俱增，这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交流的机会。但中、西方文化传统、思维模式和社会价值观的巨大差异根据你论文中列举的几方面不同，加上民族文化优越感思想的影响，不可避免地产生了文化冲突现象，给跨文化交际活动带来不利影响。因此，本文主要讨论跨文化交际中四个方面的冲突现象：寒暄语、隐私、行为规范及时间观。然后系统分析了导致这些冲突的主要原因。最后,提出相应的解决策略，确保跨文化交际的有效性，促进中西方的交流与合作。关键词：跨文化交际；文化冲突；思维模式；解决对策 Abstrac

7、tWith the further development of globalization and Chinese reform and opening up to the world, Intercultural communication in economy and social communication is becoming more and more popular and frequent, which provides us more opportunities to communicate with western people. However, due to the

8、great differences including traditional culture, the modes of thinking, social values and the influence of the superiority of national culture, cultural clashes can inevitably occur in intercultural communication, which are the obstacles in the intercultural communication. Therefore, this paper stud

9、ies the main conflicts firstly, such as greeting language, privacy, stands of behavior and the sense of time and then analyzes the reasons of these conflicts. At last, it puts forward some solutions accordingly to ensure the successful and effective communication and improve the cooperation with wes

10、tern countries.Key Words: Intercultural Communication; cultural conflicts; modes of thinking; solutions根据汉语再修改 ContentsAcknowledgements I摘要 IIAbstract IIIContents IV1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 11.2 Motivation and Purpose 21.3 Organization of the Study22. Intercultural Communication and

11、 Cultural Conflict 32.1 The Definition of Intercultural Communication 32.2 The Definition of the Culture and Conflict 43. Main Conflicts in Intercultural Communication5 3.1 The Conflict on Greeting Language 53.2 The Conflict on Privacy 53.3 The Conflict on Standards of Behavior63.4 The Conflict on S

12、ense of Time63.5 The Summary of Main Conflicts84. The Reasons of Cultural Conflicts 84.1 Difference in Traditional Culture 84.2 Difference in Modes of Thinking 94.3 Difference in Social Values 104.4 Influenced by Superiority of National Culture 11 4.5 The Summary of the Reasons115. Solutions on Inte

13、rcultural Communication 115.1 Learn about the Western Traditional Cultures 125.2 Respect the Diversity and Differences of Cultures 125.3 Promote the Intercultural Communication Competence136. Conclusion14Bibliography151. Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundIntercultural communication has emerged in t

14、he United States since in the 1950s. With the rapidly development of Chinese reform and opening up, some Chinese foreign language teaching scholars introduced Intercultural communication into China in the 1980s. In the 21st century, Intercultural communication is becoming more frequent. Hence, more

15、and more scholars attach great importance to this area.And there are a lot of predecessors who study the intercultural communication and make great progress in this area. For instance, the academic circles regarded The Silent Language written by Edward Hall as the foundation work of the study of int

16、ercultural communication. He expounds the opinions about culture, transmission and intercultural communication and he also states the idea “Culture is communication, communication is culture” 1:143.格式！ And the book Communication Between Cultures written by L. A. Samovar，REPorter, and L. A. Stefani,

17、they propose seven potential problems in intercultural communication such as diversity of communication purposes，misuse of power, stereotyping and prejudice, avoidance of the unfamiliar, culture shock, the desire to reduce uncertainty and ethnocentrism 2. Whats more, six ways are put forward by them

18、 to improve intercultural communication: knowing yourself, seeking a shared code, considering the physical and human setting, encouraging feedback, learning about cultural adaptation, and developing empathy 2. 格式！However, this paper believes that four conflicts are the main problems in intercultural

19、 communication and will analyze the reasons of these conflicts and then accordingly proposes solutions to them.1.2 Motivation and purposeIn recent years, more and more scholars have paid more attention to the intercultral communication from many perspectives. However, this paper mainly studies the p

20、henomenon and reasons of culture conflicts between Chinese culture and Western culture from the perspective of intercultural communication. The research aims to reduce the obstacles and avoid the unnecessary troubles in intercultural communication. The result is also helpful to improve the intercult

21、ural communicative competence. Whats more, it is good for the development of our economy and society. It is wished that this paper can give some enlightenment into the study and practice of intercultural communication.1.3 Organization of the Study This paper mainly adopts the methods of literature r

22、eview and comparative analysis.It is made up of six parts. Part One is the general introduction which includes the research background, the motivation and purpose of the study and the organization of the study. Part Two states the definition of the Intercultural Communication, culture and conflict.

23、Part Three enumerates the main conflict phenomenons in Intercultural Communication. Part Four probes the reasons of cultural conflicts. Part Five puts forward the solutions of these conflicts. Part Six is the conclusion.2. Intercultural Communication and Cultural Conflict这部分介绍的只是国内跨文化交际的发展，单独列在这，与上下

24、文的关系是什么？2.1 The Definition标题大写 of Intercultural CommunicationIt has been fifty years since the intercultural communication become an international subject. When it comes to the intercultural communication, many people give the different definitions about this term. Intercultural Communication is a f

25、orm of communication which aims to share information between different cultures or social groups. It is used to describe a wider range of communication processes that naturally appear in an organization or society. And individuals in the organization or society are from different religious, social,

26、ethnic and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. The European researcher Daniele Trevisani pointed out the semantic distinctions between Intercultural Communication and Cross-Cultural Communication. And communication sh

27、ould be clearly specified: Intercultural Communication properly studies the “interaction” between people from different cultures, while Cross-Cultural Communication specifically means the comparison of how people from different cultures communicate. In other words, Cross-Cultural Communication is a

28、“static differential image” depicting differences in communication patterns between different cultures, while Intercultural Communication refers to the study of “dynamic interactional patterns”, what happens when people from different cultures meet and interact, and what “frames” are generated from

29、this interaction 3.2.2 The Definition of the Culture and Conflict大写 What is culture? There is not a fixed definition. American linguist Linell Davis defines the culture as follows: “Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that

30、 are shared and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. This is properly the most widely accepted definition of culture” 4:24格式. This word “conflict” consists of two parts. “com” and “fligere” respectively refers to “together” and “clash” in terms of this words Latin

31、stem. In a word, it is a disharmony state, which is the clash between two systems or powers. Conflicts, namely, divergence, existing in every society, is a clash between different faiths, opinions, values, demands and objectives. As for intercultural communication, conflicts can be defined as an imp

32、ortant and related events between different social values. And the conflicts or misunderstanding in intercultural communication are caused by the transmission of information by mistake. The meaning of the words or sentences seems to be same, but may be radically different in different cultures. The

33、best example is about Americans and Japanese understanding of “是”在论文中所有标点都用英文输入法打出. In America, it means that you agree with something or accept the former ideas. However, in Japan, people often talk to others using “hai”, which means that they have understood what you said. It is absolutely not rel

34、ated to the meaning of “agree”.3. Main Conflicts in Intercultural Communication3.1 The Conflict on Greeting LanguageChinese people have attached great importance to the modesty in communication with others since ancient China. Moreover, they often respect others but look down upon themselves. They d

35、eem it as a Chinese traditional virtue and a polite manner with Chinese characteristics. Thus, when Chinese people are praised by others, they often tend to show their modest. However, western countries do not have this phenomenon. When people praise them, they would be very happy and say “Thank you

36、” to others to show their acceptance of the praise. Because of the cultural differences, Chinese people often believe that western people are too confident to know about the fact that modesty is a kind of traditional virtue in Chinese culture. Meanwhile, western people do not agree with Chinese peop

37、le either, and they think Chinese people deny their compliment or even themselves. Western people are often very surprised by some Chinese manners, and they think that Chinese people are dishonest 5格式. Another example, Chinese people would like to greet each other by using“吃饭了吗”,“到哪儿去”,“上班呀”and so o

38、n. They are normally polite greetings in Chinese culture, but the western people think that you want to eat with them or you want to infringe their privacy, which leads to trouble. In western countries, people often said “hello”, “hi”or “How are you” instead.3.2 The Conflict on PrivacyThe privacy se

39、nse of western people is comparatively stronger than Chinese people. Chinese people bear a fixed idea in the mind that individuals should involve in the collective, and people in the collective should be fraternal, love and care for each other. So Chinese people are ready to know more about other pe

40、oples things and others are also want to tell them, but western people pay more attention to their personal privacy. They prefer to have personal space than willingly tell others about their own things, and they do not want others to interfere with their life. As a result, various conflicts on priva

41、cy often occur in the communication between Chinese people and western people. A case in the point is that when Chinese people encounter with others for the first time, they would like to ask somebody about their age, marriage, family, profession and even their income or something. Chinese people th

42、ink this is a polite manner to talk to others, but western people hold that these questions are the illegally invasion of  their privacy.3.3 The Conflict on Standards of BehaviorThe Standard of Behavior refers to the moral standards and code of behavior accepted by the whole society.

43、Generally speaking, it is to tell people what to do and what cannot to do. It is common that people tend to judge others behavior with their own behavior standards when they communicate with others who are from different cultural backgrounds. It has always caused misunderstanding, trouble or even wo

44、rse results due to the different standards of behavior小写. For instance, patting on the head of a little child stands for Chinese peoples friendliness while it is not respectful for the little child in western countries. And his or her parents would be very angry with you. Therefore, the standard of

45、behavior is an important factor of affecting intercultural communication. In order to make sure the successful intercultural communication, people must know more about other different cultures especially what is the taboo and the best way of successful intercultural communication is “Do in Rome as R

46、oman does” 6:23.3.4 The Conflicts on Sense of TimeHall divided the spending of time into two categories, Mono-chronic and poly-chronic 7. The former is a sense of time that emphasize the efficiency of doing something and tends to make short-term plans. But the latter spends time flexibly and tends t

47、o make long-term plans. People have different senses of time between different cultures due to the different cultural backgrounds. The sense of time of western people is closely related to money. Just as the saying goes “Time is money”, which is a deep-rooted thought. Therefore, they cherish time ve

48、ry much and have the careful planed arrangement in the daily life, which is a kind of fast-paced life. A good habit of going to a date on time comes into being. In western countries, if you would like to call on someone, you have to inform them or date with them ahead of time, and you also should te

49、ll them your purpose, the time and the place. As long as both of you agree with it, you can make it out. However, China belongs to the sense of poly-chronic. The spending of time is comparatively random and Chinese people are short of strictly careful planed arrangements as the westerners do. And th

50、e western people often cannot adjust to this lifestyle. In the case of time orientation, China and western countries have obvious different features on the time orientations. China is a country adopting the past time orientation. On the one hand, Chinese people prefer to tra

51、ce something back to the history, and would like to use standards of the past to measure the behavior of present. On the other hand, Chinese people get used to doing several things or talking to others at the same time and pay attention to the flexible of the plan. However, this time

52、orientation tends to lead to the lack of the sense of urgency and the punctual ideas. Doing something inefficiently and being late for the appointments would often occur in the daily life, which is often taken as the behaviors of irresponsible and arrogant. While the western people is the future ori

53、entation, and they look into the future by emphasizing “looking forward” They think that time is treasurable and they do some certain things in a certain time. It seems that the western people have the time sense, plan carefully and do something effectively. But at the same time, they cannot spend t

54、ime flexibly and become the slaves of time. This lifestyle may make Chinese people feel uncomfortable because of the tension of time and fast-paced lifestyle.3.5 The Summary of Main ConflictsIn the intercultural communication, many conflicts may impede the communication because of the conflicts on g

55、reeting language, privacy, standards of behavior and the sense of time. Therefore, in order to get rid of the barriers and achieve successful intercultural communication, it is necessary to find out the reasons of the main conflicts and find the solutions of these problems. 4. The Reasons of Cultura

56、l Conflicts 4.1 Difference in Traditional CultureAs we all know, different countries have different cultures. Therefore , no one can correctly give a definition of culture because the range of culture is wide including many aspects such as values, customs, religious, faith and so on. Confucianism is

57、 the cornerstone of Chinese traditional culture. It is extensive and profound, covering the fields of humanity, politics, law, education, philosophy and ethics. And Confucian culture is an important component of Chinese traditional culture. However, the western culture is mainly affected by the demo

58、cratic ideology of ancient Greek and Rome. Therefore, there are many differences between Chinese traditional culture and western culture. Furthermore, the different traditional cultures tend to cause troubles or even culture conflicts in communication. 4.2 Difference in Modes of ThinkingCulture has an effect on