高中英语选修八 Unit1A land of diversity-语法篇（教师版）

1、.第2讲A land of diversity 语法篇_1.掌握名词性从句的构造与功能；2.可以纯熟选用适宜的引导词。一. 概述：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句Noun Clauses。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 二. 分类一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。引导主语从句的连词有：that, whether, who, whom, what, whatev

2、er, whose1.常规主语从句，既复合句在句中充当一个主语，那么这个句子就是主语从句1That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.2Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.3Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.4Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.5What cause

3、d the accident remains is unknown.6What we need is time.注：连词位于句首不能省略2. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子构造，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句那么是对句子某一部分进展强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b

4、It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。用it 作形式主语的构造:1 It is 名词 从句It is a fact that 事实是.It is an honor that .非常荣幸It is common knowledge that .是常识2 It is 形容词 从句It is natural that 很自然.It is strange that 奇怪的是.3 It is 不及物动词 从句It seems that 似乎.It happened that 碰巧.It appears that 似乎.4

5、 It 过去分词 从句It is reported that 据报道.It has been proved that 已证实.It is said that 据说.3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：1if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。2It is said /reported构造中的主语从句不可提早。例如： It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.3It happens/occurs构造中的主语从句不可提早。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the

6、examination.4It doesnt matter how/whether 构造中的主语从句不可提早。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.5含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提早。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 那么不然。例如： a What you said yesterday is right. b That she

7、 is still alive is a consolation 二宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 及物动词 或介词之后。1 由that引导的宾语从句that 通常可以省略, 例如：I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略:that从句位于句首时，that不可省略:That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。that宾语从句的状语

8、部分位于从句前部时。I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth. 我曾许诺假如有人把我放了，我就让他成为全世界的国王。当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then. 亚伯拉罕林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地承受教育。that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略:I know nothin

9、g about him except that he is from the south. 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited. 然而当他到英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。只有第一个可省略Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must k

10、eep it among us and never forget it. 他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth. 我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。宾语从句的主语是this/that，或用this/that修饰主语时。He said that that was a good idea. 他说那是个好主意。在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。“Im sorry to tell you, he said,“that you d

11、idnt watch carefully enough what I did.我很遗憾的告诉大家，你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。2附属连词if/whether。连词whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，不可省。if引导宾语从句。一宾语从句是肯定句时，whether,if可互换；但whether常和or not连用，if一般不

12、与or not连用,宾语从句是否认句时，一般用if引导。如:I don't know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否应告诉你。I wonder whether it is true or not.不知这是不是真的。I don't care if it doesn't rain.天下不下雨我不会在乎。二用if引导宾语从句假如会引起歧义，应防止使用if而用wheter。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if

13、从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“假如你想去的话，请告诉我一声。三作介词宾语时，只能用whether,不能用if。介词常可省略如：Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经历。3连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词 where, when, how, why。如: Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什

14、么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。有关宾语从句的其它一些要点:.宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。如：Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗?.如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语，那么用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句后置。其句型为：“主语+谓语+i

15、t+补足语+宾语从句。如： We think it important that we should master at least one foreign language.我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。注意：1连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导，那么需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。See to it that children don't catc

16、h cold.注意孩子别感冒了。 2that引导表语从句时，在句中无词义，只起连接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。. 宾语从句的否认转移。在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否认意思，却不用否认形式，而将think等动词变为否认形式。如：I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished

17、their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。That 引导的从句还常跟在以下形容词后作宾语：Anxious, aware, confident, convinced, determined, proud, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, di

18、sappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。如：I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exa

19、ms. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到快乐。.有关that的忌讳：后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：I admire their winning the match. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“构造中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, r

20、efuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 介词宾语从句.宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。有时介词可以省略。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么

21、。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。I dont care for who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful as to how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。.作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in,besides后。其他一些介词的宾语从句假如由连词that引导，那么需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student e

22、xcept that he is careless.that一般不省他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？介词宾语只能用whether,不能用if。介词常可省略Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经历。补充:"if"、

23、"whether"在名词性从句中的使用介词的宾语从句，不定式作宾语，都可用whether引导。whether也可引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，这时却不能换成if。引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用 whether。不用if，用whether的情况：在标语从句和同位语从句中。例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.在主语从句中，只有用it作形式主语时，whether和if都能

24、引导主语从句，否那么，也只能用 whether。例如：whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet.It hasn,t been decided whether if we shall attend the meeting .后面直接跟动词不定式。例如：He doesnt know whether to stay or not .还有关联词只能用whether 或if，不能用 that的情况如下:假设doubt一词作“疑心解接宾语从句时，主语为肯定句用wether或if，主句为否认句或疑问句用that。例如：I doubt

25、 whether he will come soon.I do not doubt that he will come soon. Do you doubt that he will come soon?注意: 1下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为 .不必可能。I doubt that he will come.我认为他不可能来2whatever可以引导名词性从句，同时起先行词和关系代词的作用。相当于anything that或all that，有任何一切这类意思。此时不能用no matter what交换。三、表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容

26、词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语系动词有：be, keep, remain, stay, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, turn, get, go,等。构成: 主语+ 连系动词+表语从句一个句子作表语表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，充当表语的是一个句子，那么这个句子就叫做表语从句。连接表语从句的连接词有:连词: that不作成分，没有词义；不能省略whether 不作成分连接代词：what, who, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, w

27、hatever等关系副词：when, where, why, howHe has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名老师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 本卷须知: A. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 The question is when he can arrive at the hotel

28、. B. 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句as if 例外。 引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether， 位于介词后要用whether，位于句首时要用whether.引导主语从句时,whether引导的从句可以放在主句前和后，而if从句只能放在主句后。引导表语从句， 同位语从句时要用whetherThe question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. 对C. 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 The question is who will travel with me to Bei

29、jing tomorrow. 对D . that在表语从句中具有三个特点：不作成分；不能省略；没有意义。E. 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是连系动词。 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。what在表语从句中充当直接宾语 That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。why在表语从句中作原因状语 F. “That is why.

30、是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进展总结，如:That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮， 这就是如今这个老太婆出如今你面前的原因。G. “That is why. “That is the reason why. “That is because.辨析： 1“That is why.与“That is the reason why.同义， 从语法构造上讲， “That is the reason why.中why引导的是个

31、定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉那么与“That is why.构造一样， 例如： That is the reason why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 2“That is because.句型中附属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为。“That is because.与“That is why.之间的不同在于：“That is because.指原因或理由， “That is why.那么指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如： He did not see the film last nig

32、ht. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。H. 当主句的主语为reason,或者是由why引导的从句时,与它们相关的表语从句用that,而不能由because引导; because 引导表语从句时只能用于It/That/This is /was bec

33、ause_句型中. 1.The reason why I was late was that I missed the train.2. I was late. It/That/This was because I missed the train.I. 名词主语+系动词+表语从句主语名词常常是表示事实，真理的名词，如：fact, truth 表示看法，观点、问题、费事的名词，如：idea, opinion, belief, view, news, advice, feeling, suggestion, plan, trouble, question, problem, 1.The fact

34、 is that our team has won the game.2.The truth is that she was the very person we are looking for.必须记住:1. that引导表语从句时不能省.2. if不能引导表语从句.3. 除that外的所有引导词都有自己的意义。4. 除that, whether外的所有引导词都须在从句中充当相应的成分 5. what在表语从句中译成“ 东西；事情; 内容 1. 2019北京高考I truly believe _ beauty comes from within.A. ThatB. where C. what

35、 D. why答案: A解析: 此题为宾语从句，从句中成分完好，所以用不充当成分的that，所以选A。2. 2019北京高考_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.A. WhereB. How C. Why D. When答案: B解析: 此句是主语从句，根据句意从句部分缺少方式状语，how引导，所以选B。3. 2019重庆高考We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.A. WhenB. how C. where D. why答案:

36、A解析: 此题考察宾语从句，从句中缺少状语，根据句意为时间，所以选A。4. 2019湖南高考 You have to know _ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.A. what B. that C. where D. who答案: C解析: 此题考察宾语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，用where引导，所以选C。5. 2019浙江高考If you swim in a river or lake, be sure to investigate _ is below the water surface. Ofte

37、n there are rocks or branches hidden in the water.A. whatB. whoC. that D. whoever答案: A解析: 此句考察宾语从句的引导词，从句部分缺少主语，根据句意应该填what，所以选择A。 根底演练1. _the earth is round is true.A. WhatB. ThatC. WhereD. How2. _ you need is more practice.A. WhatB. ThatC. All which D. How3. _ leaves the classroom last will turn o

38、ff the lights.A. WhateverB. WhoeverC. WhoD. Whom4. _ was said here must be kept secret.A. WhateverB. WhoeverC. Who D. What5. It is said _ his father will come back from Japan.A. whatB. thatC. all which D. howKey: 1-5 BABAB 稳固进步6. _you dont like him is none of my business.A. What B. That C. Who D. Ho

39、w7._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded.A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what8. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A. What B. It C. All that D. That9. It is widely _that smoking can cause cancer.A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped10. _caused

40、the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What B. That C. How D. Where11. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.A. while B. that C. if D. for12.When and why he came here _ yet.A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known13. _ Tom liked to eat was different from _.

41、A. Thatthat you had expected B. What that you had expectedC. Thatwhat you had expected D. Whatwhat you had expected14. _ we go swimming every day _ us a lot of good. A. If.do B. That.do C. If.does D. That.does 15. Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing.A. if B. that C. whether D. howKey: 6-10

42、 BCBAA 10-15 BACDC1_he does has nothing to do with me.A. WhateverB. No matter whatC. ThatD. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_A. did the quarrel came aboutB .the quarrel had come aboutC. had the quarrel come aboutD. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work.A. what

43、 B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no idea at all_.A. where he has gone B. w

44、here did he goC. which place has he gone D. where has he gone7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the disease.A. that B. which C. of which D. of that8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning.A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leaveC. /; mu

45、st leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match.A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research.A. that B. which C. whether D. if11. Is _he said really true?A. that

46、B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter.A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13. It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray.A. while B. if C. that D. for14. _more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A. Whether B. This C

47、. who D. If15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A. What B. That C. Whether D. IfKey: 1-5 ABABC 6-10 AABAC 11-15 BBCAB _1. 单项选择1. _that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A. It is said B. They are said C. It said D. It says2. _ caused the accident is still a complet

48、e mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 3. _surprised me most was _such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A. That; what B. What; that C. That; that D. What; what4. _ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. A. WhoB. AnyoneC. WhoeverD. The person 5. _he passed the imp

49、ortant but difficult exam is a very good thing.  A. What B. AsC./ D. That6. _he saw in his office the day before yesterday is still a puzzle. A. ThatB. WhoseC. WhichD. Whom7. _will be in charge of our company is still being discussed by the leaders of our city. A. WhoB. WhomC. WhichD.

50、 Whoever 8. _they settled that social problem interests every one of us. A. HowB. WhatC. Which D. That 9. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. IfB. Whether C. ThatD. Where 10._ makes mistakes must correct them.A. WhatB. ThatC. WhoeverD. WhateverKey: 1-5 AABCD6-10 DAABC 二. 完形填空阅读下

51、面短文，从短文后所给各题的四个选项A、B、C和D中，选出可以填入空白处的最正确选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 About a year ago, I went to stay at a Detroit hotel. I didn't want to 1 too much money with me, so I asked the desk clerk to put a hundred-dollar bill in the safe for me. The next morning, 2 , the clerk said that he knew nothing about my money. I didn't have any proof 3 I had given the man the money. There was clearly nothing left to do but go to the 4 lawyer.The lawyer 5 me to return to the hotel with him and give another hundred dollar bill to the desk. So we did. An hour later, I went 6 t