山东省中考英语复习语法大全

1、山东省济宁市学而优教育咨询有限公司2013年中考英语复习语法大全1名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名 团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词2名词的数2.1规定名词的复数形式：一般在在单数形式后面加-s或-es规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-sMap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esClass-classesbox-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f 或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe 为v再加-esLeaf-leaves,thief-thievesk

2、ni fe-k niveswife-wives half-halves加-sChief-chiefs proof-proofs roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esParty-partiesfamily-familiesstory-storiescity-cities5以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y结尾的，加-sToy-toysboy-boysday-daysray-raysHen ry-He nrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes hero-heroes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes

3、不少外来词加-sPiano-pia nosphoto-photosauto-autoskilo-kilos solo-solos两者皆可Zero-zeroes/zerosvolca no-volca no es/volca nos7以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sRadio-radios bamboo-bamboos zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-sTruth-truthsmouth-mouthsmon th-m on thspath-paths2.2不规则名词复数的复数形式是不规则的，先归纳如下：1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式：man-men woma n-wome n foo

4、t-feet goose-geesemouse-mice2 单复数相同 ;sheep deer means works fish yuan jin3 只有复数形式： trousers clothes tha nks goods glasses4 一些集体名词总是用作复数：people police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）：class family crowd couplegroup gover nment populati on team public party6复数形式表示特别含义：customs （海关）times （时代）spirits（情绪）drinks

5、 （饮料）san ds（沙滩）papers（文件报纸）looks（外表）brai ns（头脑智力）gree ns（青菜）7表示某国人7.1 直接力口 -s : America ns Australia ns Germa ns Greeks Swedes Europea ns7.2 单复数同行：Swiss Portuguese Chinese Japanese7.3 以-man 或-woman结尾的改为 -men 或-women： Englishmen Frenchwomen8合成名词8.1 将主体名词变为复数： son s-i n-law lookers-on passers-by story

6、-tellers boy friends8.2无主体名词的将最后一部分改为复数：grown-ups housewives stopwatches8.3 将两部分变为复数：women singers ， men servants三名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格，分为两种情况：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是有介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。3.1 ' s所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加sThe boy ' s father jack' s book her son-in-law' sphoto复数名词一般在末

7、尾加sThe teachers ' room the twins ' room不规则复数名词后 加sThe children ' s toys women ' s rights表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末 尾均需加sJapan' s and American ' s problem Jane and Mary' s bikes以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者，Dicken ' s novels Charles' s job the Smiths' house表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词 末加sJapan and A

8、merican ' s problem Jane and Mary' s problem表示某人家，店铺所有格后名词省The doctor ' s the barber ' s the tailor ' s my uncle ' s3.2 s所有格的用法1表示时间Today' s newspaper five week s' holiday2表示自然现象The earth ' s atmosphere the tree' s branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词The country ' s plan

9、 the world' s plan China' s plan4表示工作群体The ship ' s crew majority' s view the team ' s victory5表示度量衡及价值A mile ' s journey five dollars ' worth o f apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词The life ' s time the play' s plot7某些固定词组A bird ' s eye view a stone ' s throw at one'

10、; s wit ' s end(不 知所措)3.3of所有格的用法3.3.1 用于无生命的东西： the legs of the chair , the cover of the book3.3.2 用于有生命的东西，尤其是比较长的定语时：the classrooms of the first-yearstude nts3.3.3 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the）2.1不定冠词的用法1指一类人或者一类事相当 于 a kind ofA pla ne is a mach ine that can

11、 fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特 指A boy is wait ing for you,3表示每一，相当于 every，oneWe study eight hours a day4表示相冋。相当于the sameWe are n early of an age5用于人名前，表示不认识此 人或某名人有类似性质的 人或事A Mr. Smith cameto visit you when you were out.The boy is rather a Lei Feng6用于 quite rather many half what such之后This room is rather a big

12、one.7用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time in a hurry have a walk many a time8用于 so ( as too how ) + 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.2.2定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物The house is a useful ani mal.2用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前The uni verse, the moon, the PacificOcea n3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的或者事Wind you mind

13、 ope ning the door?4用于乐器前面Play the violi n play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一 类人The rich the liv ing the woun ded6表示豕人或者夫妇The Gree ns the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比He is the taller of the two childre n.较级最高级前8用于国家党派等以及江河湖 海，山川群岛的名词前The Un ited States the Communist party ofChina the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词刖The compass

14、 was inven ted in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，世纪 的某个年代In the 1990' s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour12用于方位名词，身体部位名词 及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.2.3 零冠词的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地 名等名词前Beijing Uni versity, Jack, Chin a, love air2名词刖有 this my whose some no each every等限制I want this book, not tha

15、t one. Whose purse is this?3季节 月份 星期 节假日一日三餐前Match Sun day Nati onal day, spri ng4表示职位身份头衔的名词前Li ncoln was made Preside nt of America.5学科语言球类棋类名词刖He likes playi ng footballchess6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前By train by air by land7以and连接的连个相对的名词并用时Day and ni ght knife and fork husba nd and wife8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses a

16、re useful an imals三代词3.1代词可以分为七大类1人称 代词主格I you he she it we you they宾格Me you him her it us you them2物主 代词形容词性My you his her its our their名词性Mine yours his hers its ours theirs3反身代词Myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves4指示代词This that these those such some5疑问代词Who whom

17、whose which what whoever whichever whatever6关系代词That which who whom whose as7不定代词One some any, each every ,none no, many much, few little a few a little,Other ano ther, all both, n either, either3.2不定代词用法注意点3.2.1 one , some 与 any :1) one可以指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。Some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和 否定句。One should learn

18、to think of others 。 Have you any books？ no，I don' t have any books.I have some questio ns to ask.2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas ？ Could you give me some money ？3) some和any修饰可数名词单数时。Some表示某个，any表示任何一个I have read this article in some magazine。 Please correct the

19、 mistakes ， if any 。4) some与数词连用表示大约，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3000 stude nts in this school。 Do you feel any better today？3.2.2 each 和 every :Each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或者两个以上，而every强调的是整体，所指的数必须是三个或者三个以上。Each student has a dictionary 。Each of us has a dictionary。We each have a dictionary。Every stude nt

20、 has strong and weak points。3.2.3none 和 no:No等于not any，作定语。None做主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数 名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle。 How much water is therein the bottle ？ None None of the students are（ is） afraid of difficulties。3.2.4other 和 an other1） other泛指 另外的，别的 常与其他连词连用，如：the other day，every

21、 other week， some other reason ，no other wayThe other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others。女口 he hold a book in one hand and his notes in the other 。 Two students in class failed，but all the others passedthe exam 。2） an other指 另一个 又一个 无所指，复数形式是others泛指别的人或事I don ' t like this shirt，please show me another（

22、one）The trousers are too long, please show me ano ther pair.Some like football, while others like basketball.3.2.5 all 和 both。neither 和 eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数，both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither 禾口 none。All of the books are not writte n in En glish。 = Not all of the books are writte n inEn glishBot

23、h of us are not teachers。Not both of us are teachers。Either of us is a teacher 四形容词和副词1形容词形容词的位置1）形容词做定语通常前置，但在下列情况而后置4.1.1 修饰some, any ， every， no和body， thing ， one等构成的符合不定代词时，如：no body abse nt ， everyth ing possible ，4.1.2以-able ，-ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后，女如： the bestbook available ， the onl

24、y solution possible4.1.3alive ， alike ， awake，asleep，等可以后置，如：the only person awake4.1.4和空间，时间，单位连用时，如： a bridge 50 meters long4.1.5 成对的形容词可以置后，如：a huge room simple and beautiful4.1.6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序代词数词性状形容词冠词 前的 形容 词冠词 指示代 词不定 代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧 温度颜色国

25、籍 产地材料 质地名 词AllBothSuchTheAThisAno ther yourSecond ano therOne fourBeautifulGood poorLargeShort squarenewcoolBlack yellowChin eseLondonSilk stone3）复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edKin d-hearted6名词+ 形容词World-famous2形容词+形容 词Dark-blue7名词+现在分词Peace-lov ing3形容词+现在 分词Ordi nary-looki ng8名词+过去分词Sno w-covered4副词+现在分 词Hard

26、-worki ng9数词+名词+edThree-egged5副词+过去分 词Newly-built10数词+名词Twen ty-year2副词副词的分类1时间副词Soon early now fin ally once rece ntly5频度副词Always ofte n freque ntlySeldom n ever2地点副词Here n earby outside upwards Above6疑问副词How whe n where why3方式副词Hard well excitedly Reallyfastslowly7连接副词How whe n where why whetherHo

27、wever mea nwhile4程度副词Almost n early quiteRatherveryfairly8关系副词Whe n where why三形容词和副词比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est ，多音节和一些双音节前加more和most。3.1形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成1）规则变化构成方法原级比较级最咼级单音 节词 和部 分双 音节 词一般在词尾加er或estHighTallShortSlowHigherTallerShorterSlowerHighestTallestShortestSlowe

28、st以字母e结尾的词加-r或-stFi neLateFinerLaterFin est Latest重读闭音节词尾只有一 个辅音字母时，先双写 辅音字母，再加-er或-estBigThi nFatBiggerThinnerFatterBiggestThinn estFattest以辅音字母+y结尾的 双音节词，先把y改为 i再加-er或-estEasyFunnyEarlyEasierFunnierEarlierEasiestFunni estEarliest多曰 节词 和部 分双 音节 词在词前力口 more或 mostBeautiful In teresti ng Outgoi ng Com

29、fortableMore BeautifulMore In terest ingMore Outgoi ngMore ComfortableMost BeautifulMost in terest ingMost Outgoi ngMost Comfortable2）不规则变化原级比较级最咼级good/wellbetterbestbad/badlyworseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleastfarfartherfarthestfurtherfurthest3.2形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法级用法例句比较级表示两者(人或事物)的比 较。在比较级+th

30、an的句型 中，当than前后所使用的 动词相同时。通常用助动词 代替后面的动词。该动词或 者助动词可以省略。Tina is more athletic than Sam. Who runs faster, Lucy or Han Mei? He works much harder tha n 1 (do). =He works much harder tha n me.最高级表示二者或者二者以上(人或事物)的比较，其中有一 个在某一方面超过其他几 个。形容词最高级前面一般 要加定冠词the，后面可带 of (in )短语来说明比较的 范围。My person is the funniest

31、person 1 know.The Scree n City is the best theater inour tow n.Who is the funni est actor of the three.3.3注意点1 同级比较时常用 asas 以及 not so (as).as 女口 :I amnot so good a player as youare。Tom runs as fast as Jack 。2 可以修饰比较级的词有：much , many, a lot , even, far , a bit , a little , still ,yet , by far , any, a

32、 great deal3表示一方随另一方变化时用the more.the more.句型女口： The harder you work , the more progress you will make 。4用比较级来表达最高级的意思，如：I have never spent a more worrying day。5表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yoursOur school is four times as large as yours。 = Our school is four times the size o

33、fyours。6表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favorite excelle nt extreme perfect五介词(Prepositions )介词一般用于名词和代词前，表示该词与句中其它成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词(若是人称代词，则要用宾格)称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语结合在一起构成介词短语。1介词的分类1简单介词about across after against amongaround at below beyond during in on2合成介词In side into onto out of outside throughout upon with in

34、 without3短语介词Accord ing to, because of, i nstead of, up to, due to, owing to, tha nks to4双重介词From among, from b ehind, from under, till after, in between5分词转化成的介词Considering(就而论)including6形容词转化成的介词Like un like n ear next opposite1.1时间介词atOnIn钟点 at six o' clock某一天的时间段一天中某段时间 in the afternoon用餐 at

35、 lunch timeonSaturdayIn （duri ng） the day节日 at Christmasmorni ng/afterno on/evening月份 in April年龄 at the age of 20周几 on Monday季节 in spring时间 at this time日期 on May 4th年份in 1949时刻 at sun rise节日 on New Year ' s Day世纪 in the 19 th century一天中的某段时刻aton weeke nds on vacati on时期 in the holidaysnoon at ni

36、 ght,atdaw n.其它表示时间的介词还有before , after 等，如口： before breakfast/ class/ school/ afterbreakfast/class/ school1.2地点介词表示地点的介词很多，如口 at , in , on, near , next to , in front of, above , under, behind ,beside , between 等等。此夕卜, in the front of , in the middle of , at/in the cornerof, at the back of等，也是表示地点的介词

37、短语。但其中最常用也是最灵活的是at in on这三个介词。比如在河里可以说in the river ， on the river ;同样，在学校里也可以说in school 或者 at school 。at表示一个点（或小地方）at your school ， at home， at the pool ，at Huaxing Clothes Store ， at new park ， at the houseon表示在一个表面on Center Street/Fifth Avenue, on the table/chair/dresser, on the wall, on the beach

38、, on the floorin表示一个范围（或大地方）in Paris/Beiji ng/Ch ina,in the water, in the park/supermarket, in the schoolplaygro und, in Class Five, in the school magaz in e/the photo, in the corner要注意的是，学习表示地点的介词at o n in的正确用法，关键是要把握从什么角度看空间中的位置，试比较下列三个句子：They stood at the door and waited。他们站在门口等着（站在门口那个点上）He is p

39、utti ng up a picture on the door.他正把一幅画贴到门上（贴在门那个上面）There is a hole in the door.门上有个洞（从立体的角度看门上的洞）其他地点介词Above 在.上方 There is a map above the blackboard。Under 在.的下方 The watch is under the bed 。Before 在前面 David was sta nding before the mirror。In the front of物内部的前面）In front of在. 前面 There are some chairs

40、 in the front of the room。（某在.前面 The school is in front of the post office。（在某物外部In the middle of在.中间 My home is in the middle of the city。Behind 在.的后面 The hotel is behind the library。Near 靠近； 在附近 There is a big supermarket near your house。Next to在旁边 附近 The school is next to the post office。Beside 在

41、旁边 There is a dog beside Lily 。Inside 在 . 的里面 I never went inside the building。Outside 在外面 We can eat outside the classroom 。Between 在 . 之间 The library is between the restaurant and the supermarket。Across from 在 .对面 Our house is across from the supermarket。Through 穿过，通过 Take a walk through the parkD

42、own 沿着 Go down along the streetAt the back of 在. 的后面 At the back of the school is a playground。In the corner of 在的角落 The cat is lying in the corner of the living room。1.3 其他介词About 关于；对于 Could you tell me about your life？From从.;自从 He has a pen pal from China.With 与 . 一起；附有 Next to the hotel is a sma

43、ll house with an interesting garden. She often goes to the park with her father.Of .的；属于.的 Here is a photo of my family。Date of birthTo 向;到;对 Let me tell you the way to my house。My English class is from8:00to9:00.As 担任； 象：当 .时 we have a job for you as a writer。As a boy， he often went skating in wint

44、er.Like 像 What does he look like? What is the weather look like?At 在；对着；以 Call Ann at495-3539 We have sweaters at a very good price。For 对于；为了；给 .For breakfast , he likes eggs , bananas, and apples 。 以.为代价 For boys , you can buy socks for only ¥5each。（ 表示时间持续 ） . 之久 After class ， I play volleyba

45、ll for two hours。1.4 固定搭配1）介词和名词的连用At at first 起初at last最后at school在上课；在上学 at home在家，无拘束 at the moment此亥U at present现在 at work 在上班 在工作 at the same time 同时On on duty 值日 on holiday 度假 on time 准时 on the left/right 在左右边 on the radio 在广播中 on foot 步行 on sale 出售； 降价出售 on TV 在电视上播放 on the way 在路上 on the pho

46、ne 在电话中In in all 总体 in class 在课堂上 in English 用英语 in short 总之 in a hurry 匆 忙的 in the end 最后 in bed 躺床上 in danger 在危险中 in fact 事实上 in time 及时 的in a mi nute 立刻，马上2）动词和介词的连用Arrive in/at 到达 get off 下车 learn from 向学习 help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事 look after照顾 look for 寻找 think of 想到 ask for 请求 get up 起床 laugh

47、 at嘲笑 listen to 听 look at 看，注视 talk about 讨论 wait for 等候，等 worry about 担心 thank for 为 . 而感谢3）形容词和介词的连用Be afraid of 害怕 be proud of 感到自豪 be careful with/about 小心 be interested in 对感兴趣Be good at 善于 be crazy about 酷爱 be late for 干某事迟到 be good for 对有利3）其他By+交通工具by bus/ train/ pla ne/ air /ship/ bikeLots

48、of /a lot of 许多，大量 at most 至多 at least 至少 at once 立即，马上 in order to为了2常用介词区别表示时间的in , on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段时间，on总是与日子有关表示时间的 si nee , fromSince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和元成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始表示时间的in , afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在 过去时的一段时间中表示地理位置的in , on,toIn表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之 内表示在上的 on, inOn只表示在某

49、物的表面上，in表示占去某物 部分表示穿过的through , acrossThrough表示从内部通过， 与in有关，across表示在表面上通 过，与on有关表示关于的 about , onAbout指涉及到，on指专门论述Between 和 among 的区另UBetween表示在两者之间，among用于二者或者二者以上的中间Besides 和 except 的区别Besides指除了.还有再加上，except指除了，减去什么，不 放在句首表示用的in , withWith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位， 语言，声音As与like 的区别As意为作为，以地为或身份，

50、like为象一样，指情形相似In与into区别In通常表示位置（静态）into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六动词1动词的时态1.1动词的时态共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedShall/will askShould/would ask进行Am/is/are aski ngWas/were ask ingShall/willbeaski ngShould/wouldbeaski ng完成Have/has askedHad askedShall/will have askedShould/wouldhaveasked

51、完成进行Have/has bee n aski ngHadbeenasking Shall/will have bee n ask ingShould/wouldhavebee n ask ing1.2现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加已经等词，简言之，禾U用过去，说明现在。女口： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer 。（已经看过并且了解本书的内容）2）般过去时只表示过

52、去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译时可加过，了等词。简言之，只谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last mo nth。（只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住）I lived in Beijing for ten years。（只说明在北京住过了10年，与现在无关）1.3现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示从过去开始一直持续到现在，在含义上如注重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时，一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that b

53、ook。我读过那本书了 I have been reading that book all the morning 。 我一早上在读那本书1.4 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句will ， shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在 的状态My sister will be ten next year.Be goi ng to+ 动词原形含有打算，计划即将做某事， 或者表示很有可能要做某事We are going to have a party toni ght.Be+doing进仃时表示将 来Go come start move leavearrive等词可用进仃时表示按计划即将发生

54、的动作He is movi ng to the sou. th.Are they leavi ng for Europe?Be about to+ 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上要 发生的动作，后面一般不跟时 间状语。The meeti ng is about to closeI was about to leave whe n the bell rang.Be to+动词原型表示按计划进仃或征求对方 意见We are to meet at the school gate at noon.一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就 定好的事情，可用一般现在时 表示将来The meeting starts at five o' clock.The pla ne leaves at ten this evening.2动词的被动语态常用被动语 态构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am is are asked6过去进行时was were , being asked2一般过去时was were asked7现在完成时h