美国生态文学批评的发展

1、学号：2007026067哈尔滨师范大学学士学位论文题 目 美国生态文学批评的发展 学 生 盛冬雪 指导教师 陆春香 讲师年 级 2007级 8 班专 业 英语教育系 别 英语教育系学 院 西语学院 哈 尔 滨 师 范 大 学学士学位论文开题报告论文题目 美国生态文学批评的发展学生姓名 盛冬雪指导教师 陆春香 讲师年 级 2007级 8 班专 业 英 语 教 育2011年 3 月说 明本表需在指导教师和有关领导审查批准的情况下，要求学生认真填写。说明课题的来源（自拟题目或指导教师承担的科研任务）、课题研究的目的和意义、课题在国内外研究现状和发展趋势。若课题因故变动时，应向指导教师提出申请，提交

2、题目变动论证报告。课题来源：导师指导下自拟题目。课题研究的目的和意义：目的： 通过研究美国生态文学批评的定义，引出美国生态文学的渐进发展，认清美国生态文学的发展各个阶段：第一阶段主要  研究自然与环境是怎样在文学作品中被表达的。生态文学批评的第二阶段把重点放在努力弘扬长期被忽视的描写自然的文学作品上，对美国描写自然的文学作品的历史、发展、成就，及 其风格体裁等作了深入的探讨和研究。生态文学批评的第三阶段试图创建一种生态诗学，通过强调生态系统的概念，加强生态文学批评的理论建设。意义： 从20世纪中叶开始，以美国为首的西方发达工业化国家开始进入环境与生态问题日趋严重的时代。社会

3、生产方式的异化带来的环境破坏的反作用开使威胁到人类社会赖以生存的生态基础。这种状况迫使人们开始反思资本主义工业化社会的生产方式。对事关人类本体生存的环境问题的思考超越生产与技术的层次，成为一种特定社会背景下的生态思潮。随着它逐渐渗透进西方社会文化领域，作为稳定社会心理的文化开始出现相应的调整和变化，并进而影响到人们的思维方式、价值观念与审美观念的发展与变化。当代生态思想也由此开始蓬勃发展。所有这一切构成了文学研究领域的生态批评产生所需的环境和土壤。在这种社会与文化背景下，美国生态批评的思想酝酿、萌生与蓬勃发展也就成为一种水到渠成的必然结果。国内外同类课题研究现状及发展趋势：国内：由于生态环境问

4、题日益严重，生态批评自然而然的进入文学讨论范围，国内生态文学发展较晚。从朱自清的荷塘月色到姜戎的狼图腾这个发展阶段，我们可以看出国内生态文学批评发展的蓬勃且有活力。国外：美国生态批评自20世纪70年代末开始萌发到现在只有二十几年的时间，而且在最初的十几年的发展相当分散与缓慢，只是到90年代初期才得以确立为一种文学研究流派，开始迅速发展。也就是说，从上世纪90年代正式形成到当今为止，美国生态批评真正确立以后的发展时间只有十几年。就其发展的实际情况而言，美国生态批评现在还处于较快发展的时期。在这种状况下，它仍具有相当大的潜力，同时它要想使自身的生态批评研究日趋成熟，还需要不断改进自身的观点与研究方

5、法，在调整与改进的基础上向前发展。课题研究的主要内容和方法，研究过程中的主要问题和解决办法：主要内容：生态文学批评的定义，生态文学批评的渐进发展，生态文学批评发展的框架，生态文学批评的发展的三个阶段。主要问题：在网上查到的相关资料较少，对此课题的认识程度不够，知识面较狭隘。因此在本课题的研究过程中有一 些问题，很难顺理成章的完成本文。解决方法：向老师求助 上网查阅资料 去图书馆借取有关资料课题研究起止时间和进度安排：1. 2010年12月1日至12月15日：选导师及撰写论文方向。2. 2010年12月16日至12月31日：与导师商榷论文题目。3. 2011年1月1日至2011年3月15日：撰写

6、并提交开题报告。4. 2011年3月16日至2011年4月25日：撰写并提交毕业论文。5. 2011年4月26日至2011年5月7日：准备并参加毕业论文答辩。6. 2011年5月8日至2011年5月12日：导师上交所有论文材料。课题研究所需主要设备、仪器及药品：无外出调研主要单位，访问学者姓名：刘莹讲师，任兵讲师指导教师审查意见： 此论文选题新颖，研究资料充足有力，符合时代发展的需要和本科生毕业论文的基本要求，同意开题。指导教师 陆春香 （签字） 2011年3月 16日教研室（研究室）评审意见：理论教研室主任 王静 （签字） 2011年3月 16日系（部）主任审查意见：英语系（部）主任 王丽娅

7、 （签字） 2011年3月 16日 GRADUATION PAPERFOR BACHELOR DEGREE HARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY     TITLE: The Development of American Ecological CriticismSTUDENT: SHENG Dong-xueTUTOR: LU Chun-xiang (Lecturer)GRADE: Grade 2007MAJOR: English EducationDEPARTMENT: English Education Departm

8、entCOLLEGE: Faculty of Western Languages and Literatures   May, 2011HARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY The Development of American Ecological CriticismSHENG Dong-xueAbstract :Ecological criticism was born in the United States in the 1990s. It has experienced three stages from the beginning up to today. A

9、s a literary and cultural criticism, the main task of ecological criticism is to review the human culture , to explore the human cultural criticism, and ideological cultue, to study how social development patterns affect even decide human knowlege on the nature , and how those patterns lead to the d

10、eterioration of environment and ecological crisis. Its main idea is to reveal the literary works which reflect the cultural thoughts of ecological crisis, also to explore the roots of its ecological aesthetics and literature artistic performance.Key Words: Ecological criticism;Three stages; Ecologic

11、al crisis 1.The Definition of the Ecological Criticism The concept of Ecocriticism appeared in the 1970s. Generally speaking, ecological criticism is neither a kind of pure literature criticism, nor a kind of patternizing methodology. It's a approach of modern criticism which includes ecological

12、 philosophy, ecological aesthetics, ecological ethics background and mutual harmony about life. The concept is a kind of instruction of reaching humanity . To avoid ambiguity, we might call ecological criticism as "ecological literature criticism". In American academic field, ecological li

13、terature criticism had many names, mainly ecocriticism,ecological criticism,environmental literary criticism,ecological literary criticism, green- cultural studies, environmental literary etc. No matter what the name is, its study object is consistent and steady, namely to explain the embodiment of

14、nature in literary works, to discover the relationships between human cultural and natural environment. The first collected paper on ecological literature criticism of United States-The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology .One of the editor , Cheryll Glotfelty has given the defin

15、ition of ecological literature criticism "the study of the relationship of literature and natural environment ". This definition looks simple, but actually contains very rich content. Ecological literature criticism breaks the previous tradition which states that the literary theory resear

16、ch "anthropocentric",and advocates "ecocentric or earth-centered", changeing the ecological literature criticism discussion from "writer, text and the world in the relationship" to"the human society" then extends to the whole "ecological system". Thu

17、s making literature as a kind of human culture form beyond the "humanistic" concept. Based on the investigation of etymology, the Greek etymology "oikos" is the original word of "ecological criticism" (ecocriticism) . "Oikos" in Greek means "people's

18、dwelling place", and"criticism"is evaluation. When they get together it means" the evaluation of the person's residence or the colony ". In addition, the "ecological" (eco-) in Latin etymology means "family or housekeeping" (huose). Obviously, No matt

19、er from the perspective of Greek or Latin etymology the word "ecological" points to people's living homes. We now call "ecological" not only represents nature, but also provides mankind shelters. From the word-formation method, "ecological criticism" is made up by &

20、quot;ecological" and "critiicism". "Ecology"is a academic term created by German biologist Emst Haeckel in 1866, it represents the ecology, and "criticism" refers to the literary criticism. Thus, The first half of "ecological criticism" is about the natur

21、e, while the latter part belong to the human culture content. Literally the words structure can tell the difference between the special feature: "ecological criticism" depending on the nature and humans explores the connection between interdisciplinary cultures. 2.The Gradual Development o

22、f the United States Ecological Literature Criticism From the beginning of the middle 20th century, the US-led western industrialized countries enters into a period in which the environment and ecological problems that has become serious. This situation forced people to consider the social product mo

23、de of capitalist industrialization.Seriously, the destruction of environment and technology on human body beyond a certain level, has become a social context of the ecological trend. And it gradually penetrate into the western society culture field. The stable social psychological culture began to a

24、ppear corresponding adjustment and change, and affected people's way of thinking, values and aesthetic concept of development and change. The contemporary ecology idea is also starting a vigorous development. All this constituted literature research in the field of ecological criticism is to pro

25、duce a desired environment and soil. In this society and culture background, American ecological criticism ideas brewing initiation and vigorous development has become the inevitable result of formality.2.1 The Prophase Brewing of American Ecological Criticism In the late 20th century,The environmen

26、tal awareness of the western developed countries' people had grown. In the United States, the leader of western industrialized countries , the environmental issues of social concern has already become the focus of the news, covering environmental themeand become the focus of the public. Like the

27、 ecological critics Cheryll Glotfelty said, if you browse the newspaper headlines of the same period, you will see such content: oil spill, leading pollution, toxic waste pollution, unprecedented extinction, the protest, the ozone hole, expanding the predictions of global warming , acid rain, o

28、verburden erosion, the destruction of tropical forests, the fire, Yellowstone national park, Pacific beaches are washed the medical waste, famine, drought, flood. The United Nations held special meetings on environment and development. The President of the United States claimed that the 1990s was en

29、vironmental age. The USA magazine is no doubt has statement of "Suffer Threats of the Earth's" which shows the highly focus on the ecological criticism. These facts or events show such topics. environmental damage caused serious consequences, and ecological environmental awareness, anx

30、iety and positive environmental action,etc.The whole American society has had a broad impact,because of the ecological change and cultural change. American ecologists Barry Kanmans points out," The issue caused by environmental crisis is too deep and too common. They call for a national debate.

31、" At this era background and cultural atmosphere, the environmental consciousness of people and ecological thinking will reflect that the humanities and social science research have important influence. Thought transition period from1960s to 1970s , also under the background of the environmenta

32、l crisis of social science field, some of the subjects, such as ethics, history, law and politics gradually responds the western culture, sport culture of contemporary atmosphere, with the ecological thoughts resources,and the designer tries to combine ecological thinking in their field of study: &q

33、uot;greening" transformation. From the perspective of their own subject development, when the disciplines found in the past faces new environment, it becomes not suitable even harmful, than "a common sense conversion" is quietly in these field. Facing the other social subject of this

34、trend, the literature research field from ecological to literary research transformation thought is still underway. Green, roves as the early 1990s established term by American ecological criticism advocates the situation which expresses that hope literature research responds as soon as possible and

35、 the hope that desperation produces the ecological criticism to shorten the time ideological ferment. Ecological thinking and literary research are combined by the real need brewing time, but beyond that it still has some objective factors which are also under the influence. For example, a new metho

36、d of literary studing in the development process often needs to break the traditional study methods, and needs to get rid of some of the barriers of some old thought-form. Literature about the environment and ecological researchers should not only relies on the ecological philosophy, but also the na

37、tural science knowledge, such as "Walden" and "Silent Spring," these classic readings and ecological thinkings may involves some biology or biological ecology content.Even by the plight of many objective factors influenced by the literature research in the field of "greening

38、", the rapid germination in American literature research field appeared a few "greening" the clue. According to the United States active advocation of the ecological criticism, America's first environmental research and literature professor Cheryll Glotfelty did installment of the

39、 development of the American ecological criticism. Chosing this period division is out of such a consideration: American ecological criticism in the environmental crisis is under the background of which the literary criticism genre appears, so the early period of ideological ferment definition is no

40、t from this particular background, and it didn't stop this particular background of the previous decades, or even hundreds of years during which people regarded ideological achievements as the important idea resources ecological criticism. When American literature research field in the environme

41、ntal crisis was under pressure entering in the 1970s, some scholars of literary research in the contemporary is under the background of environmental crisis which have a brewing of ecological consciousness literature research methods. What is further development, to what extent is unknown. The futur

42、e development tendency and research status is mentioned. At the same time, the researchers did not form the tacit understanding and cooperation between unites clearly, even in the name of research. Then, in the brewing process of the idea has initially ecological thinking consciousness and literatur

43、e research are often referred to various studies under the name or theme. As Cheryll Glotfelty said this is for the classification, these names including "American research, local characteristics, rural thought, border, human ecology, science and literature, literature of the natural scenery of

44、 natural, literature", and so on. In addition, the researchers almost have no mutual references between the locals, which explains their mutual understanding between no exchanges. In other words, these early environmental and ecological consciousness with the literature research and thought exp

45、loration, and these scholars, are still in their exploration of all times. Although these previous studies and scholars has not formed collaboration , but undeniable, their thoughts is literature research in the field of ecological criticism ideological trend of the final establishment of earlier th

46、ought matting, which based on the ecological thinking from the ecological perspective . Ecological critics David Mazel traces from traditional ecological criticism of the United States angle, trying to trace a century forward from literary criticism of environmental awareness. As for American ecolog

47、ical criticism depicting a "traditional" or "history", and making this valuable traceability to "early ecological criticism of a century" is important. Indeed, the early ideas of brewing and preparing for American ecological criticism production speaking is indispensabl

48、e, like ecological critic Lawrence says, "if no relevant gerne thought and green reading, it cannot be discussed as green literature". In short, this period is American literature research domain, constituting the ecological criticism of American born with the ideological ferment preparati

49、on stage.2.2 The Germination of American Ecological Criticism In the 1970s, American ecological criticism was in the preparation stage, and ideological ferment literary research field though had not appeared this literature research term "ecological criticism". But it had the ecological co

50、nsciousness of literary criticism and ecological thinking for "ecological criticism" this literary criticism term appear ready thought matting, based on the ecological perspective for the literary research collaborative development completed preparations for the thought. In the first stage

51、, based on the thought of ecological consciousness ,literature research began the uniform name towards the direction of literary research genres gradual development. With the research of the appearance of the name of "ecological criticism" the ecological consciousness literature research a

52、ctivities began to gather, and finally"ecological criticism" as the uniform name, "American ecological criticism" finally established the premise. After the brewing in the 1970s, American literature research field development based on the ecological perspective in the literature

53、research activities in the 1970s have iconic progress. American ecological criticism pioneer William Rueekert create and first used this term "ecological criticism" , use this term based on the ecological perspective named literary criticism methods. Thus, "ecological criticism"

54、as a formal literature research term began to enter into people' perspective."Ecological criticism" before, some scholars have tried another kind of name of ecological consciousness literature with research activities. In 1974, the United States biological ecologists and comparative li

55、terature scholar, ecological criticism pioneer Jospeh Meeke based on ecological perspective named "of literary studies, and literary ecology" published a monograph survival comedy:"literature ecology".Meeke in this early writing ecological criticism of literature from the perspec

56、tive of a kind of ecology, try to reading from the new way of human influence on environment of literary ecology perspective research. In his view, the "human is the only thing on earth's literary creatures. if literary creation is an important characteristic of mankind, then we should care

57、fully for its research, honest, to find it on human behavior and natural environment influence, so as to determine it in the human clubs and survival. If really plays the role of a word - what? Is it a kind of activity that makes us better adapt to the world ? Or make us alienate the world from the

58、activity? Continued evolution and natural selection's point of view, the literature on human survival for contributions to human extinction whether it was the 'contribution'?" These are densely engaged in "literature ecology" jumping-off place. Meanwhile, Meeke also based

59、on ecological view of literature's tragedy and comedy model for the most enlightening new comprehension and interpretation, "in the context of literary ecology" show today's human had to face the environmental problems relates to the ultimate survival. Like ecological critics of this early, green ecological criticism of the significance to explore, this evaluation of literary ecology research : its meaning w