小升初英语培优第1讲：名词讲解(教师版)含答案

1、第一讲：名词一、【考点解读】名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇，是用来表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念 的名称的词。在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。小升初的考点主要 集中在名词的分类判断和名词的修饰成分上面。二、【知识讲解】知识点1名词的分类和可数名词的单复数可数名词具体名词抽象名词一、名词的种类例：book, student例:colour, message普通名词不可数名词具体名词抽象名词例:rice, sugar例：work, advice名词名词是用来表示人名、地名、事物名称及其抽象概念的词类,专有名词 Shanghai. Engsh二、名词的数（-）可数名词有单

2、数和土数两种。名词复数的构成法：变化规则读音规则示例特殊情况一般在名iq后加-s在清辅音后读/S/book-books, map-mapshouse-houses 发音/ziz/在元音和浊辅音后勿toe-toes, room-rooms名词以s/x/cli/sh结尾在其后加-eses 一般读/iz/bus-buses, box-boxes,dish-dishes,match-matches以由结尾的加-S,例：monthmonths©stomachstomachs以“辅音字母+y”结尾 的名词，把y改为ie, 再加-s一般读/山family-families, city-cities

3、, strawberry-strawberries以“辅音字母+y”结尾直接加"s"： toy-toysmonkey-monkeys以字母f/fe结尾，把f/fe变为“ve”再加-s一般读人力leaf-leaves, knife-kniveswolf-wolves, wife-wives特例：roof-roofsdwarf-dwarfsthief-thieveschief-chiefs以字母。结尾的名词大部分加S一般读zoo-zooskangaroo-kangaroos photo-photos piano-pianoshero-heroesmango-mangoestom

4、ato-tomatoes,potato_potatoes, NegroNegroes （黑人） zero-zeros/es不规则变化的名词tooth-teethfootfeetgoose-geesemanmenwomanwomenmouse-micechild-children oxoxen （公牛）单复数形式相同sheep-sheepdeer_deer,fish - fish （指鱼的条数时）fishfishes （指鱼的种类时）只以复数形式出现scissors （剪刀）trousers （长裤）shorts （短裤）jeans （牛仔裤） compasses （圆规或指南针）scales

5、（天平）sunglasses （太阳镜） surroundings （环境）savings （储蓄）writings （作品）people cattle police以S结尾，但永远表示单数形式的单词可数： maths physics clothes means 例：a means（一种方式） 不可数：news 例：a piece of news复合名词变复数以man或woman为前缀的复合名词变复数，前后两个名词都变复数，例：man servant > men servants, woman doctor> women doctors.但以其他名词前缀的复合名词只需要变后面的名词

6、为复数。例：boy student-boy students, girl student-girl students(-)国人变复数的规则如下表:国名人民(s) /国籍语言Asia（Asians）ChinaChineseChinese （mandarin）JapanJapaneseJapaneseKoreaKorean（s）KoreanIndiaIndian(s)IndianThailandThai ThaiSingaporeSingaporean(s)Chinese and EnglishAmerica(Americans)the USA(America)American(s)English

7、CanadaCanadian(s)English and FrenchBrazilBrazilian(s)BrazilianEurope(Europeans)England /Britain/the UKEnglish(men)EnglishFranceFrench(men)FrenchItalyItalian(s)ItalianGermanyGerman(s)GermanSpainSpanishSpanishGreeceGreekGreekSwitzerlandSwissSwissHollandDutch (go dutch)DutchEgyptEgyptian EgyptianAfrica

8、 (Africans)KenyaKenyan(s)KenyanRSASouth AfricansOceaniaAustraliaAustralian(s)EnglishNews landNews landcr(s)EnglishAustriaAustrian(s)Austrian知识点2常见的不可数名词以及修饰名词的数量词一常见的不可数名词如下表液体类milk Juice, coffee, water, tea, coke, oiL vinegar(醋),soy, yogurt.wine.petrol (汽油) blood,flood食物类fruit,food.meat. beef, pork

9、, mutton.rice, floun bread, salt, sugar, buttercream, jam, sauce, pizzajellyjam.ham自然类weathenrain, snou;wind,fog,frost()Jight,fire,sunshinejhundcrJightningxlectricity材料类silk, wool,cotton.cloth.iron.steel,glass(玻璃)，papert coal,gold,silvenplastic,wood其他furniture money, air, fun, music, news, glue. tap

10、e, time(时间),work. homework.housework, information, advice二修饰名词的数量词如下表可数名词s不可数名词some/anyqqa lot of/lots ofqqplenty ofqqmanyq具体的数字/severalqa great number ofq(a) fewa large amount ofVa great deal ofmuchq(a)little知识点3一名词的句法作用名词在句子中可以用作如下成分：1 .名词作主语The boy opened the door,那个男孩把门打开了。2 .名词作宾语I saw the boy

11、.我看到那个男孩。（boy作动词saw的宾语）Give the money to your brother.把这些钱给你兄弟。（brother作介词to的宾语）3 .名词作表语He is a clever boy,他是个聪明的孩子。4 .名词宾语补足语They called him a fool,他们叫他傻瓜。He was called a fool.（当含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态的时候，原来的宾语变成了主语，那么原来的宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。）5 .名词作定语Is it a colour film?是彩色影片吗？6 .名词作同位语This is my friend John.知识

12、点4名词修饰成分的排列顺序下面所列的修饰语的顺序就是名词前修饰成分的常见顺序：L限定词 包括冠词(a,an,the )、指示代词(this,that,these,those)、所有格和形容词性物 主代词，他们不能同时出现。2 .数量形容词包括序数词和基数词，他们不能同时出现。3 .描述性的修饰语(beautiful, interesting, important )4 .常见的表示大小、高度或长度的形容词(big , large , huge, small, little , tiny, tall, high , deep , long , short 等)。5 .常见的表示年龄、新旧或温度的

13、形容词(old, new , hot, cold .freezing , burning等)6 .常见的表示形状的形容词(round, square , triangle等)。7.常见的表示颜色的形容词(green,yellow . brown , black , blue等)。8,表示国籍、出身或地点的修饰词(American , Chinese , French .Italian ,cily等)。9,表示物质或成分的修饰语(silver, wooden, gold ,silk , steel, glass 等)将常见的修饰语按其顺序用汉语变成顺口溜。我们已经熟悉代词和冠词通常放在前面，所以

14、 从数量词开始我们不妨记为：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作 用类别往后靠。三、【典例探究】【例题1】:1 . She must look after those.A. dogB. sheep C. parrot D. animal答案：B【解析】词汇辨析。Those+ns,决定了要选择名词复数。-A, C, D三个选项都是可数名词 的单数，而B项sheep单复同形，所以答案为B.【例题2】：2 . Lucy, do you like?一Yes. Most of my clothes are.A. an orange； an orangeC. oranges： oranges

15、B. orange： orangeD. orange； an orange答案：B【解析】词汇辨析。orange作为可数名词意思是“橘子”，基数形式为oranges：作为不可数 名词意为“橘子汁，橙汁，橘黄色"，无复数形式：作为形容词意为“橘黄色的”根据答语可知 此题考查它作为形容词和颜色名词的用法，故选择B。四、【课堂运用】【基础】【练习1一、朗读下列单词，并按照要求把单词写在相应的横线处。plane, lake, water, sugar, chair, butter, tea, meat, air, milk. card, cheese, match, news, rice可数

16、名词 不可数名词答案：可数名词 plane, lake, chair, card, match不口数名 i司 water, sugar, butter, tea. meat. air. milk, cheese, news, rice【练习2】名词的练习1 .写出下列名词的复数：tooth- goose- table -sheep-man driver-potato - piano-mouse-loaf-glass(玻璃杯)-2 .找出下列句子中的错误并改正：1) This is a pair of trouser.2) He gave me some advices.3) She went

17、to the library with two ladies friends.4) The police is looking for him.参考答案：1. teeth, geese, tables, men drivers, potatoes, pianos, sheep, mice .loaves, glasses.2. Dtrouser不对* trousers总是复数2)advises不对。advice是一个不可数名词，不能加-s.3)应是lady friends. lady和woman不同，它的复合名词变复数时，只变它后面的名词0 4) police总是复数，因此要把is改为are.

18、【巩固】【练习1可数名词复数不规则变化1. -What are these? -They are.A. deers B. radios C. radioes D. tomatos2. How many are there in these?A. tomatos, photos B. tomatoes, photos C. tomatoes, photoes D.potatos,photoes3. Mr. Chen has two.A. tooths B. teeth C. teeths D.toothes4. Here are for you. Sue.A. potatos B. some p

19、otatoes C. three tomatos D. some tomato5. Then the began to eat the green of young trees.A. deer, leafs B. deer, leaves C. deen leafD. deers, leafs答案：l.B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B【练习2国人复数变化专项1.1 met some in the park and talked with them the other day.A. Japanese B. American C. Chineses D. English2. - Excuse m

20、e, are you? - Yes. I m from.A. Japan. Japanese B. China, Chinese C. England. English D.American. America3. A group of are talking with two over there.A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Frenchmen, GermenC. Frenchmen, German D. Frenchmanes. Germans4. Yesterday a few came to visit some in Shantou.A. German, plac

21、es of interest B. Germans. places of interestsC. Germans, places of interest D. Germen, places of interesto5. Two and five are studying Chinese at Beijing University.A. German, English B. Germans, English C. Germans, Englishmen D. Germen, Englishmen 答案：LA 2.D 3.A 4.C 5.C【拔高】【练习11 .There are two over

22、 there, (watch)2.1 like taking. (photo)1.1 can see a and two standing there. (man, woman)4. There are two baskets of on the floor, (apple)5. Look at those. (child)6. He doesn't like these. (glass)7. How many can you see? (radio)8. There are more and more drivers in Shanghai now. (woman)9. Give m

23、e some, please, (water)答案：watches photos man women apples children glasses radios women water 含性别的复合名词1. There are twenty in our hospital.A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor2. are usually careful in doing exercises.A. Girl students B. Girls students C. Girls' studen

24、ts D Girfs students答案：C A复合名词1. The delicious dishes are cooked by.A. women cookers B. women cooks C .woman cooks D. woman cookers2. Julie went to the to buy a pair of shoes.A. shoes store B. shoe's store C. shoe store D. shoes' store答案：B C【练习2L Look at the shoes. They are my.A. sister B. si

25、stersC. sisters's D. sisters12. This is room. Come in, please.A. John and Joan of B. John and Joaii sC' John's and Joans D. John's and Joan3. We sell in our shop.A. woman and child's clothes B. women and children T-shirtsC. women's and children s jackets D. woman's and ch

26、ild's coats4. We had a good time during our holiday.A. two weeks B. two-week C. two-week,s D. two weeks'5. room is on the 5th floor.A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily s C. Lucy's and Lily D. Lucy's and Lily's1.1 like that son of.A John's sister B. John sister's C. John'

27、;s sister D. Jolins sisters7. On, all the children can play games all day.A. Children s Day B. Childrens, Day C. The Children s Day D.children day8. This is not my cap, but my.A. brothers B. brother's C. brothers' D. brother9. Tom's car is more beautiful than.A. his brother's and sis

28、ter B. his brother and sisterC. his brothers and sisters D. his brother's and sistefs10. Fil go and call at right after school.A. the doctor B. the Smiths C. Smith D.my uncle's答案：DBCBB CABDD【练习3】1. The house smells as if it hasn't been lived in for years.A. little white wooden B. little

29、wooden whiteC. white wcx)den little D. wooden white little2. The husband gave his wife every month in order to please her.A. all half his incomeB. his half all incomeC. half his all incomeD. all his half income3. student are required to take part in the boat race.A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten C

30、hinese strong youngC. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese4. John Smith ,a successful businessman ,has a car.A. large Gennan whiteB. large white GermanC. white large GermanD. German large white5. This girl is Linda's cousin.A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little prettyC. Span

31、ish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish答案：ADABD五、【课后巩固】【习题1】一.根据可数名词的复数规则变化，完成下列表格。名词单数名词复数名词单数名词复数名词单数名词复数mapgirlpenbagcarbusbrushboxwatchherocountryzoowolfscarflife二.可数名词复数不规则变化6. child foot tooth mouse man三.国人单复数变化7. German Englishman Chinese四.单复数同形8. deer sheep yuan答案： .l.maps girls pens bags

32、 cars 2.buses brushes watches boxes 3.babies citiescountries 4.heroes potatoes zoos tomatoes photos 5.knives leaves wolves wives lives Zl. children feet teeth mice men三 Germans Englishmen Chinese四.Deer sheep yuan【习题2】1. After moving to their new house, the Lees bought some in the mall nearby. （08 上海

33、）A. furniture B. chair C. table D. shelf2. We haven't got much for our picnic. Will you go and get some? （07 上海）A. apple B. tomato C. bread D. biscuit3. He knows Chinese and has Chinese friends.A. much, many B. many, much C. much, much D. many, many4. Pm thirsty. I think ril buy some.A. water B. bread C. eggs D. apples5. -Would you like some? -Oh. yes, just （只）a little.A. pe