定语从句精编

1、 定 语 从 句 （一）掌握定语从句，关系词，先行词的概念：(1) 在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子担任），修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。带有定语从句的复合句实际上是由两个简单句结合而成的。其中一个句子（从句）是对另一个句子（主句）中的名词或代词进行修饰说明或限定。(2) 定语从句要由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as或关系副词when, where, why引导。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，它具有三个作用： 在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用； 在从句中做某一句子成分； 指代先行词。因此关系词语的选择要受它所起的作用的制约。(3

2、) 被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。例如： The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 住在我们隔壁的那个人是个警察。先行词是The man，关系代词是who，它在从句中做主语，定语从句是who lives next to us You must do everything that I do. 你必须做我做的每件事。先行词是everything，关系代词是that，它在从句中做宾语，定语从句是that I do。(二) 关系代词起代词的作用，关系代词在从句做主语、宾语。关系代词在从句中担任的句子成分及它指代的先行词属性如下表所示：从句中成分

3、先行词是人先行词是物主语who, thatthat, which宾语who, whom, thatthat, which定语whosewhose(三) 关系副词起副词的作用，关系副词在从句做状语。关系副词在从句中担任的句子成分及它指代的先行词属性如下表所示：关系代词在从句中成分先行词是人先行词是物状语状语状语(四) 关系代词用法：关系代词先行词是在从句中担当例句说明who人主语或宾语This is the doctor who saved the boys life. She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you. 她就是我要介绍

4、给你的新学生whom人宾语The man (whom) you met just now is my friend.The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替, 但做介词宾语时只能用whom而不是who, 也不能省略that人或物主语或宾语The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.Ive brought everything (that) you need.This is the best film that I hav

5、e seen.The first place that well visit is Beijing Library.that只能用在限定性定语从句中，在非限定性定语从句中不能用that而是用which; 介词后边不用that而是用whichwhich物主语或宾语Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.The book (which) Tom bought is very interesting.Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?which充当

6、宾语时可以省去。which做介词宾语不可省whose人或物定语The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Peter. = The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Peter. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. = The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired. 指某人的也可以用the +

7、 n + of whom代替whose指物时可用the + n + of which 代替 whoseas人或物主语或宾语Such points as you've mentioned are really important in solving the problem. Such people as you describe are rarely seen nowadays. 你描述的这种人现在很少见了。As is known to all of us, Professor Li is popular among the students.They won the first pl

8、ace in the game, as could be expected.可以预料，他们在比赛中得了第一。用于such.as, so.as和the same.as等句式和非限定性定语从句中(五) 关系副词用法：关系副词先行词是在从句中担当例句说明when时间状语He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我们最需要的时候来了。Well never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天。先行词是time, minute,

9、 moment, next time很少用关系副词when, 可用that但通常省去。where地点状语This is the room where he put up for the night.这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子。在定语从句中作地点状语whyreason状语I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。why可由for which, that替换，也可省略- 7 -(六)关系代词的一些特殊用法<1> 先行词是物时只能用that的情况：(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something

10、, nothing, everything, little, none, few等不定代词时；All the people that were present burst into tears. Im interested in everything that I dont know.All that is needed is a supply of oil.(2) 如果先等词被all, little, none, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时；I read all the books that you gave to me. All th

11、e money that was collected was given to the Hope Project. (3) 如果先等词被the only, the very, the last修饰时；This is the only book that I really like. He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(4) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时；This is the first book that was written in English. This is

12、 the last factory that I visited.This is the best film that I have ever seen.(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that, 而不用who, which；He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6)who, which开头的特殊疑问句中，用that；Who is the person that is standing there?(7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.；He is not the man th

13、at he used to be. China isnt the country it used to be.(8) 当主句there be开头时，关系代词要用that引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.<2> 先行词是物时只能用which的情况1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：Bei jing, which is chinas capital, is rich in cult

14、ure.2) those/that +名词后的定语从句用which引导，不能用关系代词that。That pen which he took is mine. A shop should keep those goods which sell well.3) 介词后只用which引导；This is the room in which he lived. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.4)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?5)

15、关系代词后面有插入语时，用关系代词which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.<3> 先行词是人时只用who, whom而不用that的情况1) 如果先行词是用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词如someone, anyone, everyone, ones, anybody, everybody, somebody等时；Is there anyone here who will go with you? Wed bet

16、ter not believe in anyone who we dont know.2) 先行词为those时，用who为关系代词；Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词who；Professor Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me questi

17、ons in Chinese.4) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who；The aunt / uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.5) 在there be 开头的句子中There is an old man who wants to see you. There are many young men who are against him.6) 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who；Mr. Smith came to vis

18、it my family, who were watching TV then.Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting(七) 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 类型区别 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语，“的”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用A. 做宾语时可省 B. 可用thatA. 不可省 B. 不用that 限定性定语从句, 顾名思义, 是对先行词从本质

19、或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句, 这类定语从句是不能去掉的, 否则剩下的部分就失去意义不能成立, 或者含义不清, 甚至让人感到莫名其妙。非限定性定语从句则不然, 它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明, 去掉之后并不影响句子的整个含义。除which外, 还可用when, where, who等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。例如:After graduation, I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life. Albert Einstein left Germany

20、 for the United States during World War II, when Jews (犹太人) were badly treated in Germany. (七) 什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1) 先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需再加以限定。例如：Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物时，用限制性定语从句是则表示之一, 用非限制性定语从句时则表示唯一的一个。例如：I have a brother who is worki

21、ng in Beijing. (我不止一个brother)I have a brother, who is working in Beijing. (我只有一个brother)3) 当先行词类指，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.(八) 介词关系代词(1)“介词关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without等，关系代词只可用whom或wh

22、ich, 不用who或that。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. (the father of whom= whose)This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.（2）关系代词前的介词如何确

23、定？A. 依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money. (spendon)B. 依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定There was no way in which it could be brought back to the earth. (in this way)C. 根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen. The gas without which we cannot l

24、ive is called oxygen.(3)注意关系代词的位置介词在关系代词前时，只能用which和whom不能用that代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which, that, whom, who, 都行，而且还可以省略。This is the drawer in which I put my letters.=This is the drawer (which / that) I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?=Have you seen the

25、pen (which / that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法, 如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that / which he works at.This is the college where he works. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is t

26、he boy whom / who she has taken care of.This is the book which / that I am looking for.(九)whose 引导从句的意义1） 指人=the + n + of whom 表示所修饰的某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物= the + n + of which表所修饰的某物的I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room,

27、 the window of which faces south(十) as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别A) 相同之处：都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which可做宾语或表语He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 区别：1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面, 中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：As we all know, Galileos theory of falling

28、 objects is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.As you know, he is good at English.2）as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which没有。as后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say

29、, mention, report等。Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.3) as在引导限制性定语从句多与such, so或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。This is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4）the same.as与the same.that：前者修饰的是原物同样的或相似的, 后者修饰的就是先行词。This is

30、 the same watch as I lost. 这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the same watch that I lost. 着就是我丢的那一只手表。5) 但是当非限定性定语从句是否定含义时, 用which(而不用as)引导。例如:He didn't win the championship, which I hadn't expected.他没获得冠军, 这一点是我没预料到的。(十一)什么时候that可以省略1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “whitewater” comes from the fa

31、ct that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.The reason for his absence was that he was ill.2）宾语从句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that仅在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语，做宾语可以省略。(十二)关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who dont

32、 study hard will not pass the exam.one of the . 与the only one of the . He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.(十五)定语从句中不能用what引导。Do you understand what I said?Do you understand the words that I said?(十六) 容易出现的错误: 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. (×)Some of the boys I invited didnt come. 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。Those who h