专业英语95203

1、Unit 1 The Fundamentals of ComputersComplex sentencesOR:Tower PCs are microcomputers whose case sits as a “tower”,often on the floor beside a desk,freeing up desk surface space.塔式个人计算机是一种机箱像“塔”一样放置的微型计算机，通常机箱放在桌子旁边的地上，腾出了桌面空间。Or:workstations have caught the eye of the public mainly for their graphic

2、s capabilities主要由于其所具有的图形能力，工作站已经引起了公众的关注OR：this computer stands as the first as it was the first system to be fully programmable 因为这台计算机是第一个完全可编程的系统，所以他名列第一On every motherboard and card within a computer system ,are many chips that contain information on what the boards and cards do在计算机系统中的每一个主板和卡上

3、，有许多包含信息的芯片，主板和卡执行这些芯片上的信息。1.1 The Varieties of Computers III. Translating. 1. Original: Primary storage, or memory, is the internal computer circuitry that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed. Secondary storage, simply called storage, refers to the devices and media that store data or in

4、formation permanently. Translation: 一级存储，或称内存，是临时保存等待被处理数据的计算机内部电路。而二级存储，简称存储器，是指那些永久性存储数据或信息的设备和介质。 2. Original: A biological nanocomputer, which would be made of DNA and could fit into a single human cell, would use DNA as its software and enzymes as its hardware; its molecular-sized circuits woul

5、d be viewable only through a microscope. Translation: 由DNA制成并能放置在一个单独的人体细胞中的生物学纳米计算机会利用DNA作为它的软件，酶作为它的硬件；其具有分子大小尺寸的电路将只有通过显微镜才能够看见。1.2 The History of Computers III. Translating. 1. Original: This introduction brought about the first real signs of competition within computing history, which helped to

6、 spur faster and better development of computers. Translation: 这一引入带来了计算历史中可谓第一个真正的竞争标志，有助于刺激计算机更快 更好的发展。 2. Original: While expensive, these machines started the trend for computers within common households. Translation: 虽然昂贵，但是这些机器开启了计算机在普通家庭中使用的趋势。Unit 2 Computer HardwareThe proximity of multiple

7、 CPU cores on the same die allows the cache coherency circuitry to operate at a much higher clock rate than is possible if the signals have to travel off-chip.由于位于同一芯管上的几个CPU距离很近，高速缓存的同步要比在多个芯管间CPU上的高速缓存同步快很多Although threaded applications incur little additional performance penalty on single-process

8、or machines ,the extra overhead of development has been difficult to justify due to the preponderance of single-processor machines.虽然在单处理器机上线程应用程序几乎不会导致额外的性能损失，但是由于单处理机的优势，开发的额外开支已经很难证明。OR：these capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate ,as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate.因为电容器基

9、于谁的电解液会慢慢地蒸发，所以他们老化的速度依赖温度OR:it has been noted that Microsoft was more than happy to license the operating system(DOS),and IBM was more than happy to sue companies that violated the copyright of their BIOS广为人知的是，微软公司很乐于授权DOS操作系统，而IBM公司非常热衷于对那些侵犯其BIOS版权的公司提出诉讼。1.1 Computer Motherboard III. Translatin

10、g. 1. Original: A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Translation: 2003年的一个研究发现，一些伪劣的计

11、算机损毁和常规可靠性的问题，从屏幕图像失真到输入/输出读写错误，并不是由于软件或外围硬件引起的，而是由于PC机主板上老化的电容器造成的。 2. Original: At power-up the central processor would load its program counter with the address of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions displaying system information on the screen and running memory checks. Translation:

12、启动之后，中央处理器将加载记录着引导ROM地址的程序计数器，并开始执行ROM指令，此时在屏幕上显示系统信息并运行内存检查。1.2 Multi-core Processors III. Translating. 1. Original: This all assumes however that the software has been designed to take advantage of available parallelism. If it hasnt, there will not be any speedup at all. Translation:无论如何，这都要假定软件设计

13、时已经利用了可行的并行性的优势。如果没有这样的设计，则加速根本不可能。 2. Original: It would be possible for an application that used two CPUs to end up running faster on one dual-core if communication between the CPUs was the limiting factor, which would count as more than 100% improvement. Translation:如果CPU之间的通信是限制因素，那么对于一个使用两个CPU的

14、应用程序来说，在一台双核计算机上可能会运行得更快，甚至可以认为是大于100%的改进。Unit 3 Computer SoftwareVisual studio supports languages by means of language services, which allow any programming language to be supported(to varying degrees) by the code editor and debugger ,provided a language-specific service has been authored.如果创建了特定的语

15、言服务，visual studio就可以用语言服务来支持语言，这个语言服务允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持任何一种编程语言。Visual studio 2008 also includes a multithreaded build engine (MSbuild)to compile multiple source files(and build the executable file ) in a project across multiple threads simultaneouslyVS2008也包含一个多线程构建引擎（msBUILD），这个引擎可以在一个工程中同时跨多个线

16、程编译多个源文件（并创建可执行文件）Some citizens may express concerns over aerial information depicting their properties and residences being disseminated freely.AS relatively few jurisdictions actually guarantee the individuals right to privacy, this is an evolving but minor point .一些公民也许对那些正在被随意传播的描述其财产和住处的航空拍摄信息表

17、示关注。当与国家保密的权利相比是，实际上只有相对很少的司法来保证个人隐私的权利，虽然这种观点在不断被人接受，但仍然显得微不足道。Critics have expressed concern over the willingness of Google to cripple their dataset to cater to special interests ,believing that intentionally obscuring any land goes against its stated goal of letting the user “point and zoom to pl

18、ace on the planet that you want to explore.批评者已经对google公司愿意削减数据集来满足特定利益的做法表示关注，认为故意模糊化任何国土违反了其宣称的目标，即让用户“指向并移动到用户想探查的地球上的任何地方”1.1 Microsoft Visual Studio III. Translating. 1. Original: Microsoft Visual Studio can be used to develop console and Graphical User Interface applications along with Windows

19、 Forms applications, Websites, Web applications, and Web services in both native code as well as managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silverlight. Translation: Microsoft Visual Studio能够使用本机代码和托管代码，为Microso

20、ft Windows、Windows Mobile、.NET Framework、.NET Compact Framework以及Microsoft Silverlight所支持的所有平台开发控制台和图形用户界面应用程序，以及Windows窗体应用程序、网站、Web应用程序和Web服务。 2. Original: Support for other languages such as Chrome, F#, Python, and Ruby among others has been made available via language services which are to be in

21、stalled separately. Translation:对其他语言（如其中的Chrome, F#, Python, Ruby）的支持通过单独安装的语言服务已经可用。1.2 Google Earth III. Translating. 1. Original: Google Earth maps the earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe. Translation: Google Earth通过从卫星影像、航空

22、摄影和GIS三维地球获得的图像的叠印绘制了地球。 2. Original: Finally, empirical research has shown that while Google does allow people to opt-out from personal listings, a vast majority of people can still be geographically located using phone numbers. Translation:最后，经验性研究显示，尽管Google公司允许人们不再使用个人列表，但使用电话号码仍可在地理上指出绝大多数人的位置。

23、Unit 4 Operating System1.1 Windows Vista III. Translating.In light of this ,Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced in early 2002 a companywide “Trustworthy Compuing initiative”which aims to incorporate security work into every aspect of software development at the company鉴于这种情况，微软公司董事长比尔盖茨在2002年初宣布

24、了一个公司范围内的“可靠计算新方案”，旨在将安全工作纳入到公司软件开发的每个方面In the article ,Tanenbaum criticized the operating system as being monolithic in design and being tied closely to the x86 architecture and thus not portable ,as he described “a fundamental error .” 在这篇文章中，Tanenbaum批评操作系统在设计上完整而庞大，并且紧密依赖X86体系结构而不可抑制，正像他所描述的，这是“

25、一个根本性的错误”Today Linux is used in numberous domains,from embedded systems to supercomputers ,and has secured a place in server installations with the popular LAMP application stack.现在LINUX应用于众多领域，从嵌入式系统到超级计算机，并且已经在用流行的LAMP应用程序栈进行服务器安装方面获得了一席之地。 1. Original: In conjunction with SuperFetch, an automatic

26、 built-in Windows Disk Defragmenter makes sure that those applications are strategically positioned on the hard disk where they can be loaded into memory very quickly with the least amount of physical movement of the hard disks read-write heads. Translation:与SuperFetch结合，自动的内置Windows磁盘碎片整理程序可确保那些应用程

27、序被策略性地保存在硬盘上，从而使用最少的硬盘读写头的物理移动量就能够非常快速地将那些应用程序加载到内存中。 2. Original: The Heap Manager implements additional features such as integrity checking in order to improve robustness and defend against buffer overflow security exploits, although this comes at the price of breaking backward compatibility with

28、some legacy applications. Translation:堆管理器实现了一些额外的特性，例如为了改进健壮性并免于缓冲区溢出安全漏洞的完整性检查，但是这样做也付出了代价，破坏了对一些遗留应用程序的向后兼容性。1.2 Linux III. Translating. 1. Original: However, given that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, this provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the softwa

29、re produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. Translation:但是，假如软件许可证可明确准许重新销售版本，那么这就为收集由独立项目编写的软件的大规模项目提供了基础，并使得其可以以Linux销售版本的形式立即获得。 2. Original:The distinction between the Linux kernel and distributions based on it plus the GNU system is

30、 a source of confusion to many newcomers, and the naming remains controversial, as manylarge Linux distributions (e.g. Ubuntu and SuSE Linux) are simply using the Linux name. rather than GNU/Linux.Translation:Linux内核与基于它并采用GNU系统的销售版本之间的区别对许多新手来说容易引起混淆，而且命名仍然有争议，因为许多大型的Linux销售版本（例如：Ubuntu和SuSE Linux）

31、正在简单地使用Linux的名字，而不是GNU/Linux。Unit 5 Computer Programming1.1 Object-Oriented Programming III. Translating. Computer programming methodology focuses on data rather than processes ,with programs composed of self-sufficient modules (objects)containing all the information needed to manipulate a data stru

32、cture. 计算机程序设计方法强调的是数据而不是过程，它使用由自给自足的模块（对象）组成的程序，这些模块包含了处理数据结构所需的所有信息。 Some languages go further :Java uses the default access modifier to restrict access also to classes in the same package, C# ,and VB.NET reserve some menbers to classes in the same assembly using keywords internal (C#)or Friend(VB

33、.NET),and Eiffel and C+ allow one to specify which classes may access any member . 一些语言课更进一步：JAVA使用默认访问控制修饰符内置访问同一个包中的类，C#和VB.NET使用关键词internal （C#）或 Friend(VB.NET)为在同一个集合中的类保留了一些类的成员，而Eiffel和C+允许程序员制定哪一个类可以访问任何任意成员 The CLR is Microsofts commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure

34、 (CLI),an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly. 通用语言运行时（CLR）微软公司对通用语言基础结构（CLI）的商业实现，他是一个国际标准，该标准是创建语言和库无缝协调工作的执行和开发环境的基础。 In addition to the run time services ,the .NET Framework also in

35、cludes an extensive library of over 4000 calsses organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing ,to Windows Forms controls. 除了运行时服务，.NET Framework还包括一个巨大的类库，有超过4000个被阻止道命名空间中的类，这个类库提供了多种有用的

36、功能，从文件输入输出到串操作，道XML解析，再到Windows窗体控制。 1. Original: Object-oriented programming was deployed in part as an attempt to address this problem by strongly emphasizing discrete units of programming logic and re-usability in software. Translation:面向对象程序设计的使用，在某种程度上通过强有力地加强程序设计逻辑的离散单元和软件中的可重用性来尝试处理这个问题。 2. O

37、riginal: In the past decade Java has emerged in wide use partially because of its similarity to C and to C+, but perhaps more importantly because of its implementation using a virtual machine that is intended to run code unchanged on many different platforms. Translation:在过去十年中，Java已经被广泛使用，部分原因是在于其与

38、C和C+的相似之处，然而或许更重要的是由于Java采用虚拟机实现，虚拟机是为在许多不同平台上运行无需修改的代码而设计的。1.2 Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework III. Translating. 1. Original: C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on th

39、e .NET Framework. Translation:C#是一种简洁的、类型安全的面向对象语言，它能使开发者构建很多在.NET Framework上运行的安全健壮的应用程序。 2. Original: The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. Translation: IL代码与位图、串等资源一起存

40、储在磁盘上的一个被称为“程序集”的可执行文件中，通常具有.exe 或.dll的文件后缀。Unit 6 Databases1.1 Distributed Database III. Translating. These technologies implementation can and does depend on the needs of the business and the sensitivity/confidentiality of the data to be stored in the database ,and hence the price the business is

41、willing to spend on ensuring data security ,consistency and integrity. 这些技术的实现能够并且确实取决于企业的需求，同时还取决于要存储在数据库中的数据的敏感性/机密性，因此也取决于企业愿意花费在保证数据安全、一致性和完整性上的代价。 Internally ,a pool of worker threads is maintained ,onto which the tasks are scheduled .A task is associated with the thread until it is completed ,

42、only after its completion is the thread freed and returned to the pool ,If there are no free threads to assign the task to ,the task is remporarily blocked . 在SQLOS内部，维护着一个工作者线程池，任务在这个池上被调度，一个任务与线程相结合直到该任务完成，只有在其完成之后线程才被释放并返回到池中。如果没有空闲线程分配给某任务，该任务就被临时阻塞。 SQLOS monitor all the memory allocated from t

43、he buffer pool, ensuring that the components return unused memory to the pool ,and shuffles data out of the cache to make room for newer data . SQLOS见识所有从缓冲池分配的内存，确保组件将不用的内存归还给缓冲池，并将数据溢出高速缓存，为新数据腾出空间 1. Original: A distributed database is a database that is under the control of a central database ma

44、nagement system (DBMS) in which storage devices are not all attached to a common CPU. Translation:分布式数据库是在一个中央数据库管理系统控制下的数据库，在中央数据库管理系统中，存储设备不是都附着在一个普通的CPU上。 2. Original: Data is located near the site of greatest demand, and the database systems themselves are parallelized, allowing load on the data

45、bases to be balanced among servers. Translation:数据位于大量需求处附近，而且数据库系统本身是并行的，允许数据库上的负载在服务器之间保持平衡。1.2 Microsoft SQL Server III. Translating. 1. Original: For changes that are made to the data in buffer, SQLOS writes the data back to the disc lazily, that is when the disc subsystem is either free, or the

46、re have been significant numbers of changes made to the cache, while still serving requests from the cache. Translation:对于那些对缓冲器中数据所做的更改，SQLOS将数据慢吞吞地写回磁盘，也就是在磁盘子系统空闲或者已有大量对高速缓存的更改时，仍然为来自高速缓存的请求提供服务。 2. Original: SQL queries specify what data to retrieve, and the query processor optimizes and transla

47、tes the query into the sequence of operations needed to retrieve the data. Translation: SQL查询语句会指定要检索什么数据，并且查询处理器会将查询语句优化并翻译成为检索数据所需的操作序列。Unit 7 Computer Network1.1 Ethernet III. Translating. 1.The combination of the twisted pair versions of Ethernet for connecting end systems to the network,along w

48、ith the fiber optic versions for site backbones,is the most widespread wired LAN technology. 以太网的用于将中端系统连接到网络的双绞线版本与用于场地主干网的光纤版本的组合，是最为广泛使用的有线局域网技术。 2.These systems replaced the coaxial cable on which early Ethernets were deployed with a system of hubs links with unshielded twisted pair ,ultimately

49、replacing the CSMA/CD scheme in favor of a switched full duplex system offering higher performance. 这些系统用以非屏蔽双绞线链接的网络集线器系统代替了基于同轴电缆所部署的早期以太网，并最终选择一个能提供更高性能的可交换全工系统替代了载波侦听多路访问、冲突检测模式。 3.In business environments,just like other environments,increasing the number of wi-fi access-points provides redunda

50、ncy ,support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. 在商业环境中。正如其他环境一样，不断增加的wi-fi 访问点数量通过数用更多的信道或定义更小的单元来提供冗余，对快速漫游的支持以及更大的总网络容量。 4.Over the years,Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward “thin” access-points with more of the network

51、intelligence houses in a centralized network appliance,relegating individual access-points to the role of mere “dumb”radios. 经过多年，wi-fi实现已经移向了瘦访问点，使用设在一个集中网络装置中的更多网络智能，将单独访问点降低到只是“哑的”无线电设备的角色。 1. Original: Ethernet defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the physical layer, through me

52、ans of network access at the Media Access Control (MAC)/Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format. Translation:通过在介质访问控制/数据链路层的网络访问方法和一种公共寻址格式，Ethernet为物理层定义了大量连线和发送信号的标准。 2. Original: Adapters generally come programmed with a globally unique address, but this can be overridden, either to avoi

53、d an address change when an adapter is replaced, or to use locally administered addresses. Translation:适配器通常被设计为具有一个全球唯一地址，但这个地址是可以被取消的，这是为了避免当一个适配器被替换掉时其地址的变化，或者为了使用本地管理的地址。1.2 Wi-Fi III. Translating. 1. Original: The coverage of one or more interconnected access points called a hotspot can compris

54、e an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points Translation:一个或多个互相连接的访问点的覆盖称为“热点”可以由一个很小的区域构成，比如一个具有无线屏蔽墙的单独房间；也可以由一个很大的区域构成，比如被重叠访问点覆盖的许多平方英里的范围。 2. Original: Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem

55、 and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. Translation:将DSL调制解调器或电缆调制解调器与Wi-Fi访问点结合的路由器，通常安装在家庭住宅和其他建筑物中，能为所有连接（无线或通过电缆）到它们的设备提供因特网访问和网络互联。Unit 8 The Internet1.1 Grid Comp

56、uting III. Translating. 1.The impacts of trust and availability on performance and development difficulty can influence the choice of whether to deploy onto a dedicated computer cluster,to idle machines internal to the developing organization ,or to an open external network of volunteers or contract

57、ors. 性能和发展难度上的信任度和可用性能够影响是否选择部署在一个专用计算机集群上，或在开发组织内部的空闲机器上，还是选择部署在志愿者或承包人的一个开放的外部网络中。 2.These technical areas may be taken care of in a commercial solution,though the cutting edge of each area is often found within specific research projects examing the field. 这些技术领域可能在商业解决方案中得到应用，尽管每个领域的尖端通常出现在研究该领域

58、的特定研究项目内 3.OReilly and John Battalle argued that the Web had become a platform ,with software above the level of a single device ,leveraging the power of the “Long Tail ”,and with data as a driving force. Web已经成为一个平台，该平台具有高于单一设备层的软件，大大影响了“长尾”力量，并且将数据作为驱动力。 4.The impossibility of excluding group-menbers who dont contribute to the provision of goods from sharing profits gives rise to the possibility that rational memb