定语与定语从句

1、定语及定语从句一，定语句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。定语可以由形容词，名词，不定式，分词，动名词或从句来充当。eg:Sheisabeautifulgirl.（形容词）ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.（形容词）（修饰不定代词的定语后置）HeisanEnglishteacher.（名词）（ 名 词 作 定 语 时 一 般 用 单 数 ， 例 外 的 有 sports, 如asportsstar）Ihavealotofworktodo.（不定式）Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow. （过去分词短语）Wecans

2、eetherisingsun.（现在分词）=thesunisrising.Heisinthereadingroom.forreadingTheboywhobrokethewindowisTomsbrother.（从句）注意：1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面；但当形容词修饰的是something,anything,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere 等不定代词时，要放在这些词的后面。present（在场的）,absent（缺席的）作定语时需要后置。studentspresent/absent2.不定式做定语通常要放

3、在被修饰的词后。3 分词作定语时，即可放在所修饰词前，也可放在所修饰词后1）分词前置：单独的一个分词作定语，一般放在所修饰词前。Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人（动名词）=theroom2）分词后置分词在以下情况，放在所修饰词的后面i. 分词词组；Therewasagirlsittingthere.有个女孩坐在那里ii. 个别分词如 given,left;Thisisthequestiongiven.这是所给的问题iii. 修饰不定代词 something 等Thereisnothinginteresting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个

4、被动语态的定语从句。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica二，定语从句(AttributiveClauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常由现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引由。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which 等。关系副词有：when,where,why 等。Ilikethebooksthatarewrittenb

5、yMr.Green.先行词关系词A.关系词：关系词通常有三个作用：引导定语从句，指代先行词，在定语从句中充当句子成分。关系词类别关系词先行词充当从句中的句子成分关系代词who人主，宾，表whom人宾which物主，宾，表that人或物主，宾，表as人或物主，宾，表whose人或物定关系副词where地点状when时间状whyreason状Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.1.先行词指人时，定语从句的引导词：(1)指人时，who 和 that 都可以使用.(2)who 和 whom 都可以作定语从句宾语，但从句中的介词提前时，不能用 who.He

6、isthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout.=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.(3)先行词是人时，只用 who,不用或少用 that 的情况：a.当先行词是 one,ones,anyone 时， 引导定语从句的关系词一般只用 who,不用 that如果先行词是 someone,也可用 thatHeisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.Theoneswhotelllieswontgainotherstrust.Anyonewhosawtheaccide

7、ntshouldphonethepolice.Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.b.先行词是 those 时，关系代词一般用 who 不用 thatThosewhodontwishtogoneednotgo.c.Therebe 句型中，修饰人的定语从句的关系代词一般只用 who 来引导Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.d.若一个句子中有两个定语从句，第一个已经用 that,则第二个一般用 whoThemanthatistalkingwithourteacheristh

8、eprofessorwhogaveusareportyesterday.e.当定语从句与先行词较远时，引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用 whoIcameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstillbeautiful.f 非限定性定语从句只用 who 来引导，不用 thatHehasason,whoisadoctor.(4)当先行词是人，只用 that 不用 who 的情况：a.以 who 开头的特殊疑问句， 定语从句的先行词如果是人， 关系代词只用that 不用 whoWhoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustno

9、w?b.当先行词既有人也有物时，定语从句只用 that 来弓导Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.c.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，只用 that 来弓导Heschanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.d.当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，只用 that.ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.e.当先行词是 other 时，定语从句只用 that 引导。Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.2.先

10、行词是物时 that 和 which 一般可以互换使用，但有时不可换用。(1)下列场合一般用 that:a.先行词是 all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,theone,none 等不定代词Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.b.先行词被序数词，形容词最高级以及 first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very 等词修饰ThefirstbookthatIbough

11、tinthisbookstoreisadictionary.ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriendThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroadYoucantakeanyseatthatisvacant.c.先行词有两个：一个指人，另一个指物Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummerd.主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句。e.Therebe 句型中，Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.f.先

12、行词为数词时Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestillunderconstruction.(2)下列场合不能用 thata.在非限定性定语从句中，即逗号后的定语从句不用 that 引导，指人时用 who 或 whom,指物时用 which.b.在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用 that,指人时用 whom,指物时用 which.Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.c.先行词为 that,those 时，关系词用 which 指物,who 指人Whatsthatwhichyouhavego

13、tinyourhand?d.两个定语从句，一个用了 that,另一个则用 which.LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.e.关系代词后有插入语时，只用 whichHerearesomestampswhichIthink-youcantakeaway.3 .当关系词在从句中作宾语时，关系词可以省略。4 .当先行词指时间，地点，原因(thereason)时，且关系词在从句中作状语，用 when,where,why如果关系词在从句中作主语，表语或宾语，则用 that 或which.Iwanttov

14、isittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.Idontknowthereasonwhyhedidntagreewithus.=Ididntknowthereasonforwhichhedidntagreewithus.5 .当先行词是 theway,并且关系词在从句中作方式

15、状语时，可以用that,inwhich 引导，也可省略。当先行词是 time,time 当“次数”讲时，用 that 引导定语从句，且 that 可以省略；当 time 表示“一段时间，时间”讲时，定语从句用 when 或 at/duringwhich 弓 I 导Idontliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)Ivefailed.Ilneverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.6 .当先行词 family,clas

16、s,team,army,company 等被当作单数时，定语从句中用 which,被当作复数时，用 who 或 whom.Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.Theparty,whoareallchildren,havelosttheirway.7 .当先行词是动物时，定语从句一般用 whichThedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.8 .“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，常常将介词前置于作宾语的关系词前，Ilovet

17、hemusicthatIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjustnowismybrother.介词后面的关系词指人时只用 whom,不能用 who 或 that;指物时只用 which,不能用 that.注意，并非所有情况下介词都可以前移，含有介词的短语动词不可拆开，介词仍需放在动词后面，如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof 等。“介词+which/whom”前还可以用 some,any,none,all,

18、both,neither,many,most,each,few 等代词，名词或数词等。Hissons,bothofwhomlovedmusicverymuch,spentmostoftheirmoneyonCDs.Thehouse,theroofofwhichisblue,willbeusedasalibrary.9 .非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不密切，去掉定语从句，句子的意思仍然完整，形式上用逗号把主句和从句分开，使用时注意以下几点：l 非限定性定语从句不能用 that 引导l 非限定性定语从句中的关系词不能省略。D.as 引导的定语从句的用法1. as 可引导限定性定语从

19、句，用于suchas.，so.as.,thesame.as结构中。Heboughtmesuchawatchaswasadvertisedinthenewspaper.注意：比较 thesameas和 thesamethatHeboughtmethesamewatchasIlostlastweek.他买了一块和我上星期丢的一样的表。（一样，但不是同一个）HeboughtmethesamewatchthatIlostlastweek,他把我上星期丢的那块表又买回来了。（同一个）2,当非限定性定语从句的先行词不是主句中的某一个词，而是整个主句时，可以用 which 或 as 引导。在以下情况下用 a

20、s 引导：a.从句意思为“正如/正像.一样b.从句位于句首，构成以下结构：asiswellknown 众所周知 asoftenhappens这种情况经常发生asisoftenthecase 情况经常这样 asissupposed 如所预料的一样ashasbeenpointedout 如所指由的 ashasbeensaidbefore 如前所说在下面情况经常用 which 引导：主句和从句表示因果关系。Helostthegame,whichmadeusverydisappointed.非限定性定语从句是否定意义。Hegainedabigfortune,whichmeantnothingtohim

21、.E.其他：1.分隔定语从句：定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来，这种定语从句叫做分隔定语从句，此时须注意辨别从句的先行词。Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch.Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMr.Joe,toldthestory.2.定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一致。注意：先行词前有 oneof 修饰，定语从句的谓语用复数；(nottheonlyoneof=oneof)先行词前有 the(only)oneof 修饰时，定语从句的谓语用单数。Timisoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostud

22、yabroad.(很多学生由国，Tim 是其中之一)Timisnottheonlyoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.Timistheoneofthestudentswhoisgoingtostudyabroad.(学生中只有 Tim 一个人由国)现象：1)Thegirlwhodancesbeautifullygaveusaperformancethatday.2)Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?3)Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago.4)Thisisthebookth

23、atIboughtlastweek.5)Ihaveahousewhichfacesthesouth.6)Hellreadallthebooksthataresoldhere.7)ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou.概念：在复合句中修饰名词或代词，充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句翻译模式：”的”。特点：1） 从句开头的 that,which,who,whom 等叫引导词它们的作用是把从句引导由来.2）在理论上，从句都有引导词。3）常见的定语从句的引导词有 that,which,who,who,whose 等。4）引导词其实指代它所说明的名词或代词。5）

24、引导词同时又作定语从句的一个成份（主语宾语定语状语）O6）定语从句一般紧跟在它所说明的名词或代词（先行词）后面（有例外情况）。7）先行词指定语从句说明（修饰）的名词或代词。引导词的用法：引导词指代人（先行词是人）的情况（主宾定）：Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?Theboythat/whomIlikemostisnotonlytallandhandsomebutgenerous.Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisadriver.引导词指代物（先行词是物）的情况（主宾定）：Ihaveahousewhichislocatedonthehill

25、side.Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtlastweek.ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyouIwanttobuythehousewhosewindowsarelargeandred.引导词作主语的情况：1)ThewomanwhooftencomesisTomsmother.2)Ihavefoundamanwhocanrepairmywatch.3)Heisamanwhoshouldlearnfromothers.4)Thehouseswhicharetobebuiltwillbegiventoyoungworkers.5)

26、TheyworkinfactorythatmakescolourTVsets.引导词作宾语的情况：1Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.2ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.3ThatistheverycomputerthatIwanttobuy.4Heisamanwhomweshouldlearnfrom.5Iknowthemanwhomyoutalkedto.引导词作定语的情况：1Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisnotnewlybuilt.2Doyouknowthewomanwhosedaughter

27、is川？引导词作状语的情况：引导词作介词的宾语的情况：、that/who/whom/which 的用法：引导词 that 可以在定语从句中指代人或事物，充当主语或宾语。1)Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago.2)ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek.先行词是人，可以用 who(主语)或 whom(宾语)来代替 that;先行词是物，可以用 which 来代替 that.1)Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?2)TheTVwhichyouboughtistooold.练习1)Illnever

28、forgetthedayswespenttogetherinthemountains.2)Thehousesaretobebuiltwillbegiventoyoungworkers.3)Theyworkinafactorymakescars.4)ThewomanoftencomesisTommother.Iknowthemanyoutalkedto.注意事项 1:(不用 that)1)介词的宾语，不用 that2)引导非限制性定语从句，不用 that1)Thedeskontherearesomebooksarenewlybought.2)Ivelostmypen,Ilikeverymuch.

29、3)Isthisthepenwithhewrotethefamousbook?4)Thestreetalongtherenotreesisnewlybuilt.WhichisthedoorbehindMaryishidden?注意事项 2:(不用 which)1)先行词是下面的单词，或者被下面的单词修饰/说明/限制，不用 which:all/few/little/much/none/nothing/something/anything/any/every/no/each/some/any/noneof2)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级，不用 which3)先行词前有 theonly/theve

30、ry/thesame/thelast,不用 which1)Allwehavetodoeverydayispractisingsinging.2)Inthelibrarythereisnobookisworthreading.3)Ivereadallthebooksyougaveme.4)ThisisthebestfilmIveeverseen.5)ThatistheverytypeofcomputersIwanttobuy.6)Itisnottheonlydictionaryhehasbought.7)Whichisthebookyouboughtyesterday?8)Whoistheman

31、istalkingwithyourfather?9)Theyweretalkingaboutthethingsandpersonstheyhadseeninthatschool.补充说明：下面情况，要用 that 引导定语从句：a)先行词既有人又有物b)避免重复二、whose 的用法：指代人或物，在从句中作定语，表示“他/它的”：Heisusingadeskwhoselegsarenotofthesamelength.Wealldisliketheboywhosefatherisamanager.1)Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisntnewlybuilt.2)Have

32、yourcalledMrsLiu,whosedaughterwasalsohurtintheaccident?3)Canhebethemanwhosecarhasbeenstolen?三、when/where/why 的用法：指代表示时间、地点、原因的名词，在从句中充当状语：1)Illneverforgetthedaysweplayedvolleyballonthebeach.2)Theywanttorentahousetheykeeptheirproduct.3)Doesanybodyknowthereasonshedidntcomeyesterday?lIdoubtifthereasonh

33、etoldyouwastrue.说明 theway,用 that,而不用 how;说明 themoment、time(day),用 that 代 when:1)IthoughtyouwerestillastudentthefirsttimeIsawyou.2)ThemomentIsawyouIfeltsomethingunusualmighthavehappened.3)Canthisbethewayhedealtwiththeproblem?4)Idislikethewayhespoketohismother.5)Dontstopanduseyourdictionaryeverytimeyo

34、ucometoanewword.四、(such)as/(thesame.)as/as 的用法：表示“象”、“正如”、“就象”，代替一个单词或者一个句子。1)Youcanneverseethesamefilmwesawlastnight.2)Cansuchadictionaryyouhavebeborrowedfromthelibrary?3)Hedidntcome,wehadexpected.4)isknowntousall,heisthebestboyinourclass.、感受定语从句1、Ahugecrackcutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.Thecrackwaseightkilometerslongandthirtymetreswide.fAhugecrackcutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.2.ThegirlwasJimssister.Wesawheryesterday.fThegirlwasJimssister.3. ThTheearthquakewasfeltinBeijing.Beijingismorethantwohundredkilometersaway.Theearthquake